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A Comparison of the Concurrency Features of Ada 95 and Java Benjamin M

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A Comparison of the Concurrency Features of Ada 95 and Java Benjamin M A Comparison of the Concurrency Features of Ada 95 and Java Benjamin M. Brosgol Aonix 200 Wheeler Road Burlington, MA 01803 USA +1.781.221.7317 (Phone) +1.781.270.6882 (FAX) [email protected] 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION Ada [1] and Java [2] [3] are unusual in providing direct Both Ada and Java support concurrent pro- language support for concurrency: the task in Ada and the gramming, but through quite different thread in Java. Although they offer roughly equivalent functionality – the ability to define units of concurrent approaches. Ada has built-in tasking features execution and to control mutual exclusion, synchron- with concurrency semantics, independent of ization, communication, and timing – the two languages have some major differences. This paper compares and the language’s OOP model, whereas Java’s contrasts the concurrency-related facilities in Ada and Java, thread support is based on special execution focusing on their expressive power, support for sound software engineering, and performance. properties of methods in several predefined A brief comparison of concurrency support in Ada and Java classes. Ada achieves mutual exclusion may be found in [4]; this paper extends those results. A through protected objects with encapsulated comprehensive discussion of Ada tasking appears in [5]; components; Java relies on the classical references targeting Java concurrency include [6] and [7]. The term “concurrent” is used here to mean “potentially “monitor” construct with “synchronized” parallel.” Issues related to multiprocessor environments or methods. Ada models condition-based distributed systems are beyond the scope of this paper. synchronization and communication through Section 3 summarizes the Java language and technology. Sections 4 through 6 contrast task/thread “lifetime” issues protected entries or through rendezvous; Java in Ada and Java: declaration, creation/startup, and provides the somewhat low-level “wait” / termination. Sections 7 and 8 deal with the most important elements of the languages’ concurrency support, “notification” methods. Both languages offer namely mutual exclusion and synchronization/communi- timing control; Ada additionally provides cation. Sections 9 and 10 focus on the languages’ approaches to scheduling and time-related support. Section user-specifiable scheduling policies. 11 compares how the languages cope with the “inheritance anomaly”, an interaction between concurrency and Object- Compared to Java, Ada’s concurrency model Oriented Programming. Section 12 contrasts Ada and Java is more reliable, better-structured, more with respect to the interactions between exception handling and the concurrency features. Section 13 touches on some completely defined, more efficient, and more additional issues, and Section 14 presents the conclusions. appropriate for real-time applications. An extended example in both Ada and Java, the bounded buffer, appears in an Appendix. 1.1 Keywords Ada, Java, concurrency, threads, tasking, inheritance 3. JAVA SUMMARY anomaly, Object-Oriented Programming This section provides an overview of the Java technology and the basic language features. Among the references for further information on Java are [2], [3], and [8]. Additional points of comparison between Ada and Java may be found in [4] and [9]. 3.1 Java Technology Elements Sun [10] has described Java as a “simple, object-oriented, network-savvy, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral, portable, high-performance, multithreaded, and dynamic language”. This is an impressive string of § Run-time checking on array indexing and many buzzwords – [8, pp. 3ff] summarizes how Java complies other operations with these goals – but it is useful to distinguish among three elements: · Security-related classes · The Java language · The implementation of the JVM, which performs a load-time analysis of the class file to ensure that it has · The predefined Java class library not been compromised · The Java execution platform, also known as the Java · The implementation of the browser or applet viewer, Virtual Machine or simply JVM. which checks that a downloaded applet does not invoke methods that access the client machine’s file In brief, Java is an Object-Oriented language with features system for objects/classes, encapsulation, inheritance, poly- morphism, and dynamic binding. Its surface syntax has a · Signed applets strong C and C++ accent: for example, the names of the primitive types and the forms for the control structures are 3.2 General-Purpose Language Features based heavily on these languages. However, the OO model At one level Java can be regarded as a general-purpose is more closely related to so-called “pure” OO languages programming language with traditional support for software such as Smalltalk and Eiffel. Java directly supports single development. Its features in this area include the following: inheritance and also offers a partial form of multiple inheritance through a feature known as an “interface”. · simple control structures heavily resembling those found in C and C++ A key property of Java is that objects are manipulated indirectly, through implicit references to explicitly allocated · a set of primitive data types for manipulating numeric, storage. The JVM implementation performs automatic logical, and character data garbage collection, as a background thread. · a facility for constructing dynamically-allocated linear One can use Java to write stand-alone programs, known as indexable data structures (arrays) applications, in much the same way that one would use Ada, C++, or other languages. Additionally, and a major · a facility for code modularization (“methods”) reason for the attention that Java is currently attracting, one · limited block structure, allowing the declaration of can use Java to write applets – components that are variables, but not methods, local to a method referenced from HTML pages, possibly downloaded over the Internet, and executed by a browser or applet viewer on · exception handling a client machine. The primitive data types in Java are boolean, char, byte, Supplementing the language features is a comprehensive set short, int, long, float, double. Java is distinctive in of predefined classes. Some support general-purpose specifying the exact sizes and properties of these primitive programming: for example, there are classes that deal with types. For example, an int is a 2’s complement 32-bit string handling, I/O, and numerics. Others, such as the quantity, with “wrap around” when an operation overflows. Abstract Windowing Toolkit, deal with Graphical User The floating-point types are defined with IEEE-754 Interfaces. Still others support specialized areas including semantics [11], implying that results and operands may be distributed component development, security, and database signed zeroes, signed infinities, and NaN (“Not a connectivity. Number”). Unlike Ada, Java does not allow range constraints to be specified for variables from numeric types. There is nothing intrinsic about the Java language that prevents a compiler from translating a source program into Java’s char type is 16-bit Unicode. Its source represent- a native object module for the target environment, just like ation is likewise base on Unicode, although external files a compiler for a traditional language. However, it is more may be stored in 8-bit format with conversion on the fly typical at present for a Java compiler to generate a so-called during file loading. Like C and C++ but unlike Ada, class file instead: a sequence of instructions, known as Java’s treatment of identifiers is case sensitive. “bytecodes”, that are executed by a Java Virtual Machine. Java lacks a number of data structuring facilities found in This facility is especially important for downloading and traditional languages: running applets over the Internet, since the client machine running a Web browser might be different from the server · enumeration types machine from shich the applet is retrieved. Obviously security is an issue, which is addressed through several · heterogeneous data structures (records / structs) mechanisms, including: · conditional data structures (variant records / unions) · Java language semantics An enumeration type can be simulated by constants (static § Type safety “final” variables), a record/struct can be modeled by a class, and a variant record/union can be modeled by an inheritance § Absence of pointers (and hence absence of hierarchy. insecurities from pointer manipulation) Significantly, Java also lacks an explicit pointer facility, a § Prevention of accesses to uninitialized variables restriction motivated by security concerns. As a con- sequence, it is not possible to obtain a pointer to a method, functionality that languages like Ada and C/C++ provide package name as qualifier. The general-purpose package for “callbacks” in GUI programming. There is a java.lang is implicitly imported by every Java program, workaround to simulate callbacks, namely a reference to an and its classes (such as String) are therefore automatically object of a class that implements the method, but this is accessible without the package name as prefix. not as direct as the mechanisms in Ada and C/C++. Like Ada, but unlike C and C++, Java does not supply a preprocessor. Higher level and better-structured mechan- 3.3 Java Run-Time Execution Model isms provide the needed functionality more reliably than Java’s execution model is based on a run-time stack (more preprocessor directives. generally, one stack
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