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Analysis and Optimisation of Communication Links for Signal Processing Applications

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Analysis and Optimisation of Communication Links for Signal Processing Applications ANDREAS ÖDLING Examensarbete inom elektronik- och datorsystem, avancerad nivå, 30 hp Degree Project, in Electronic- and Computer Systems, second level School of Information and Communication Technology, ICT Royal Institute of Technology, KTH Supervisor: Johnny Öberg Examiner: Ingo Sander Stockholm, November 12, 2012 TRITA-ICT-EX-2012:287 Abstract There are lots of communication links and standards cur- rently being employed to build systems today. These meth- ods are in many way standardised, but far from everyone of them are. The trick is to select the communication method that best suit your needs. Also there is currently a trend that things have to be cheaper and have shorter time to market. That leads to more Component Off The Shelf (COTS) systems being build using commodity components. As one part of this work, Gigabit Ethernet is evaluated as a COTS-solution to building large, high-end systems. The computers used are running Windows and the pro- tocol used over Ethernet will be both TCP and UDP. In this work an attempt is also made to evaluate one of the non-standard protocols, the Link Port protocol for the TigerSHARC 20X-series, which is a narrow-bus, double- data-rate protocol, able to provide multi-gigabit-per-second performance. The studies have shown lots of interesting things, e.g. that using a standard desktop computer and network card, the theoretical throughput of TCP over Gigabit Ethernet can almost be met, reaching well over 900 Mbps. UDP performance gives on the other hand birth to a series of new questions about how to achieve good performance in a Windows environment, since it is constantly outperformed by the TCP connections. For the Link Port assessment a custom built IP block is made that is able to support the protocol in full speed, using a Xilinx Virtex 6 FPGA. The IP block is verified through simulation against a model of the Link Port pro- tocol. It is also shown that the transmitter of the IP block is able to send successfully to the receiver IP block. The IP block that is created, is evaluated against some competing multi-gigabit protocols to show it in comparison, and it is a rather small IP block, capable of handling all transactions on the bus as long as data is provided by its host. Referat I nuläget finns många olika sorters kommunikationslänkar, både standardiserade och inte. Dessutom har krav på kor- tare tid till marknad i många fall gett upphov till att fler och fler system byggs med färdiga komponenter som kopp- las ihop till hela system. Som ett led i detta används ofta väl beprövade tekniker som man vet fungerar. Som en del i det här arbetet kommer prestandan hos Gigabit Ethernet att utvärderas för vanliga persondato- rer som kör Windows genom att använda TCP och UDP- protokollen. Dessa är utrustade med standardnätverkskort med låg kostnad och undersökningen går ut på att ta reda på om dessa kort och datorer kan användas till att byg- ga system med hög prestanda. Dessutom kommer ett ic- kestandardiserat protokoll, Länkportsprotokollet för Ti- gerSHARC 20X-serien, som är ett protokoll som stödjer flera Gbps, att utvärderas för prestanda. Studien av TCP och UDP ledde till mycket intressan- ta resultat. Bland annat så har studien visat att man kan få TCP-kommunikation mellan två persondatorer att vara bara enstaka Mbps från det teoretiska maximala värdet, och kommunikationshastigheter långt över 900 Mbps har uppmätts för TCP. UDP i sin tur, väckte mer frågor än det nåddes svar, och den hade genomgående sämre prestanda än TCP-testerna. Det tyder på att man, när man gör pro- gram för vanliga persondatorer, inte tjänar något på att använda UDP utan snarare tvärt om. För studien av Länkportar så skapades ett IP-block som kan sända och ta emot data i samma hastighet som specificeras som den högsta i protokollbeskrivningen, fyra gigabit per sekund. Blocket verifierades genom simulering och genom att låta sändaren sända data som mottagaren lyckades ta emot. Slutligen jämfördes Länkporten mot andra protokoll med liknande karakteristik, och jämförelsen framställer det skapade IP-blocket som ett gott alternativ till andra protokoll, mycket på grund av sin enkelhet. Contents Abstract iii Refereat iv Contents v List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Listings xii Definitions xiii I Prelude 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Purpose . 3 1.2 Goals . 4 1.3 Motivations for This Work . 4 1.4 Limitations for This Work . 5 1.5 Layout for the Report . 5 2 Background and Related Work 7 2.1 History of Radar Systems . 7 2.1.1 Radar Construction Basics . 8 2.1.2 A Probable Future . 9 2.2 An Example System . 9 2.2.1 Conceptual Radar System . 9 2.2.2 Data Transfers in the Conceptual Radar System . 10 2.3 A Background to Physical Signalling . 12 2.4 Multi-Gigabit Transceivers . 14 2.5 The Link Port Protocol . 15 2.5.1 Some Link Port Characteristics . 15 v 2.5.2 Previous Work on Link Ports . 17 2.6 Communication Protocols . 18 2.7 Previous Work on Protocol Comparison . 19 2.7.1 TCP and UDP Performance Over Ethernet . 20 2.7.2 RapidIO Analysis . 21 2.7.3 PCI Express Evaluation . 21 2.7.4 USB Experiments . 22 2.7.5 Infiniband Studies . 22 2.7.6 Intel Thunderbolt . 23 2.8 Data Acquisition Networks . 23 2.8.1 Common Features for DAQ Networks . 24 II Contributions 25 3 Methods 27 3.1 Link Port . 27 3.2 Gigabit Ethernet . 28 3.2.1 Setup for the experiment . 28 3.3 Other High-Speed Protocols . 28 4 Ethernet On Windows Computers 29 4.1 Hardware and Software Setup . 30 4.1.1 Offloading Checksum Calculations . 30 4.1.2 Increasing the Transfer Buffers . 31 4.1.3 Increasing the Receiver Buffers . 31 4.1.4 Increasing the Ethernet Frame Size . 31 4.1.5 Control the Interrupt Rate . 31 4.2 Evaluating the Performance . 32 4.2.1 The Measurement Environment . 32 4.3 TCP Specifics . 34 4.3.1 TCP and IP Checksum Offloading . 35 4.3.2 Effects from Interrupt Moderation . 36 4.3.3 Changing the Ethernet Frame Size . 38 4.3.4 Variable Buffer Size . 39 4.4 TCP Evaluation and Summary . 41 4.5 UDP Specifics . 42 4.5.1 Interrupt Moderation Effects . 43 4.5.2 Buffer Size Exploration . 45 4.5.3 Does Frame Size Affect UDP Performance? . 46 4.6 Analysis of UDP Performance . 46 4.7 Summary of Ethernet Performance . 49 4.8 Which Settings to Choose . 50 5 Creating a Link Port IP Block 51 5.1 Link Port Implementation Idea . 51 5.1.1 Key Coding Considerations . 52 5.2 Link Port Transmitter . 52 5.2.1 Transmitter Clocking . 54 5.2.2 Transmitter State Machine . 55 5.2.3 Transmitter LVDS Outputs . 56 5.2.4 The Data Path and Memory Design . 58 5.2.5 Controlling the Transmitter . 58 5.2.6 Checksum Calculator . 60 5.2.7 The Implementation of Block Complete . 61 5.3 Link Port Receiver . 61 5.3.1 Receiver Finite State Machine . 62 5.3.2 Controlling the Receiver . 63 5.3.3 The Deserialisation of Incoming Data . 63 5.3.4 Receiver LVDS Inputs . 64 5.3.5 Getting the Receiver Through Timing . 68 5.4 Testing and Verification . 70 5.5 IP Block Restrictions . 70 5.6 IP Block Metrics . 71 5.7 Link Port Implementation Time . 71 5.8 This Link Port Implementation Contributions . 72 5.9 Comments and Analysis of the Link Port IP Block . 72 6 Comparison of Communication Techniques 75 6.1 Hard facts . 75 6.2 Making a Choice . 76 7 Goal Follow Up and Conclusions 79 8 Future Work 81 Bibliography 83 IIIAppendices 93 A Abbreviations 95 B A Selection of Used Xilinx Primitives 97 C Selection of Needed Constraints 99 D The OSI Model 101 D.1 Physical Layer . 101 D.2 Data Link Layer . 101 D.3 Network Layer . 102 D.4 Transport Layer . 102 D.5 Session Layer . 103 D.6 Presentation Layer . 103 D.7 Application Layer . 103 E PCI Express 105 E.1 Associated Overhead . 107 F Gigabit Ethernet 109 F.1 Real-Time Ethernet . 111 F.2 Efficiency of Gigabit Ethernet . 112 G TCP/IP Protocol Suite 115 G.1 The Internet Protocol Version 4 . 115 G.1.1 Efficiency of the Internet Protocol Datagrams . 117 G.2 The User Datagram Protocol . 118 G.3 The Transmission Control Protocol . 119 G.3.1 Socket Buffer Size . 120 G.3.2 Different TCP Implementations . 120 G.3.3 TCP Offload Engine . 121 G.3.4 RDMA-Enhanced TCP Decoding . 121 G.3.5 TCP Efficiency Over Ethernet . 122 H Link Port for TS20X-Series 125 H.1 Performance of Link Ports . 125 H.2 Uses of Link Ports . 126 I RapidIO 127 I.1 The Logical Layer . 127 I.2 Transaction Layer . 129 I.3 Physical Layers . 130 I.3.1 Serial RapidIO . 130 I.3.2 Parallel RapidIO . 131 J USB 133 K Infiniband 135 L 8B/10B Encoding 137 M Case Study: The ATLAS TADQ-System 139 M.1 The Communication Protocols in ATLAS . 142 M.2 The Physical Interconnects and Software of ATLAS.
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  • Error Behaviour in Optical Networks Laura Bryony James

    Error Behaviour in Optical Networks Laura Bryony James

    Error Behaviour in Optical Networks Laura Bryony James Corpus Christi College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 30th September 2005 Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge This dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as speci¯ed in the text and Acknow- ledgements. Abstract Optical ¯bre communications are now widely used in many applications, including local area computer networks. I postulate that many future optical LANs will be required to operate with limited optical power budgets for a variety of reasons, including increased system complexity and link speed, low cost components and minimal increases in transmit power. Some developers will wish to run links with reduced power budget margins, and the received data in these systems will be more susceptible to errors than has been the case previously. The errors observed in optical systems are investigated using the particular case of Gigabit Ethernet on ¯bre as an example. Gigabit Ethernet is one of three popular optical local area interconnects which use 8B/10B line coding, along with Fibre Channel and In¯niband, and is widely deployed. This line encoding is also used by packet switched optical LANs currently under development. A probabilistic analysis follows the e®ects of a single channel error in a frame, through the line coding scheme and the MAC layer frame error detection mechanisms. Empirical data is used to enhance this original analysis, making it directly relevant to deployed systems. Experiments using Gigabit Ethernet on ¯bre with reduced power levels at the receiver to simulate the e®ect of limited power margins are described.