Spiritual Ideals and Social Psychology of Auroville: A
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SPIRITUAL IDEALS AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF AUROVILLE: A TRANSDISCIPLINARY INTERPRETIVE INQUIRY by Bindu Mohanty A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the California Institute of Integral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities with a Concentration in East-West Psychology California Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, CA 2008 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read SPIRITUAL IDEALS AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF AUROVILLE: A TRANSPERSONAL INTERPRETIVE INQUIRY by Bindu Mohanty, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria of approving a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Humanities with a Concentration in East- West Psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies. _____________________________________________________ Jorge N. Ferrer, Ph.D, Chair Department Chair, East-West Psychology _____________________________________________________ Daniel Deslauriers, Ph.D Full Professor, East-West Psychology _____________________________________________________ Karen T. Litfin Professor, University of Washington © 2008, Bindu Mohanty SPIRITUAL IDEALS AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF AUROVILLE: A TRANSDISCIPLINARY INTERPRETIVE INQUIRY ABSTRACT This theoretical and qualitative study explores the relationship between spiritual ideals and the social psychology of the tranpersonally-oriented community of Auroville. Located in rural south India, Auroville is a growing international town based on the spiritual vision of the philosopher-sage Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950). Founded in 1968 by Sri Aurobindo’s spiritual collaborator, the Mother (née Mirra Alfassa), Auroville’s primary mission is to aid the spiritual evolution and transformation of the world by manifesting a spiritual society. This evolutionary vision, which gives the community its transpersonal orientation, comprises a number of spiritual ideals that have inspired people to join Auroville. The dissertation uses interpretive qualitative research methodology to determine the spiritual ideals that are individually held by the residents of Auroville, and the relationship between the spiritual ideals and the following facets of the social psychology of Auroville: the dialectic between the individual and the collective; challenges and inspirations that arise for individuals as they relate to the community; and potential collective shadow issues. A community- wide survey, researcher’s observations, archival data, individual as well as focus- group interviews were the means of data collection. iv A transdisciplinary approach that engages theoretically with the disciplines of sociology, anthropology, social psychology, and transpersonal psychology was adopted in the analysis and interpretation of data. The analysis reveals how Aurovilians, inspired by their transpersonal ideals, struggle to transcend their personal, socially constructed identity to embrace a wider and more comprehensive sense of self. Research findings indicate that, as an experimental society, Auroville offers an alternative to mainstream society, particularly in the social aspects of work and organization. Both in its ideals and in its development, Auroville is characterized by the evolutionary processes of self-organization, differentiation, unity, and random fluctuations that allow for the emergence of novel structures. By analyzing the positive effect of Auroville’s spiritual ideals on its population, this dissertation demonstrates the power of human imagination in furthering the development of societies. The study concludes that Auroville, despite the numerous social and developmental challenges, is an evolving postsecular and spiritual society. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It was January 1st, 2005. I woke up shivering in an unfamiliar room. As I rubbed the sleep from my eyes, I remembered that I had arrived here from Auroville, half-way across the world, only hours ago in the midst of a rain- shower. I was clear on my goal—I wanted to work at the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) on this research project that had gripped me. But the path did not promise to be easy—in mid-life, I had launched myself and my partner into an unknown adventure (both of us being penniless and strangers to the area). As Karlheinz slept, peacefully enough, next to me, I sat in the dark taking stock of our situation. When dawn broke through, dispelling the last withering remnants of the night, the new light of a new year revealed something that I had never witnessed before: Across the bay, framing the famed bridges of the Bay Area was the covenant of a double rainbow—not one, but two rainbows lit up the gray skies. I knew then—knew with my heart—that this journey was meant to be. My deepest gratitude goes out to the Energy that sustains us as the Universe. I am grateful for its guidance in my life and in the writing of this dissertation. All that has given love and meaning to my life, I cherish as unique forms of this universal Energy. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the unconditional support of my loved ones—my parents, brothers, and Karlheinz—in all of my endeavors. This particular journey would not have been possible without an initial grant from Stichting de Zaaier of the Netherlands. I particularly would like to vi thank board members Mia Berden and Henk Thomas for their belief in and support of Auroville and in me as an Aurovilian. Auroville has been and will always be one of my deepest loves. I thank the community there—the “refractory, smut-nosed children of the dream”—for inspiring me with their enduring chutzpah. I would also like to express heartfelt gratitude to Ananda Reddy for deepening my understanding of Integral Yoga through his weekly classes on The Life Divine at Auroville. In the writing of this dissertation, I am particularly indebted to all my survey-respondents and interviewees for their engagement in the research process. I specially thank Carel, Grace, Tim, Harini, Jothi Charles, Amy, Auralee, Alan, Gilles Guigan, Manoj and Raji of Auroville for helping me out in various ways during the research period. I am not sure how much they believed in the research process, but I know that they believed in me. For my stay in the Bay Area, I am grateful to the Cultural Integration Fellowship, particularly to Jean Johnson, Shyamsundar Kotagal and the late Bina Chaudhuri for their generosity and hospitality. Thanks also to B Sullivan, fellow- Aurovilian in exile, for being there for me, as always, unconditionally. Over the years, CIIS has been my home away from home. Because of all the student jobs that I have held in various departments, I came to know most of the staff, student-workers, and faculty, and I am sincerely appreciative for the sense of community that was instilled through these relations. I would particularly like to thank Stephen Julich and Roché Wadehra for enduring with me all those late hours at the Institute’s computer lab, long after everybody else had gone vii home. It is hard to imagine myself going through the grueling challenge of being a PhD student without their love and support. I treasure the fun and friendship I have had with the staff. Because of my work, I particularly got to know Euler Bautista, Jonathan Mills, Ishtar Kramer and Angie Choi, and I would like to voice my appreciation for the way they embody the values of CIIS while discharging their duties. I also value the dedication of the library staff and particularly thank Lise Dyckman and Tamara Thebert for their professional help, cheerfully rendered. I express my gratitude to Joseph Subbiondo, President, CIIS, Dorotea Reyna, Director of Development, and Michael Szkotak, former Director of Financial Aid for awarding me the Watumull Scholarship and the Louis Gainsborough Scholarship to support my work. Right from the beginning the faculty of the East-West Psychology Department has been extremely supportive of my studies, and I especially cherish the guidance I got from my advisor, Brendan Collins, committee member, Daniel Deslauriers, and chair, Jorge Ferrer. Jorge has been an encouraging friend and mentor, even before I embarked on my PhD, and I trust will always continue to be so. In the context of my dissertation, I owe a scholarly debt to Jorge for his brilliant articulation of the participatory nature of our spiritual reality. I would like to take the opportunity to express my gratitude to the core faculty of the Philosophy, Cosmology, and Consciousness Department for their openness and passion in the pursuit of knowledge and for letting me join their oversized classes. I particularly thank Brian Swimme for his inspiration, friendship, and, well, simply for being Brian! Lastly, I offer my viii gratitude to committee member Karen T. Litfin and close friend Shanti Pillai—I deeply value their work as scholars and cherish them as women who have inspired me by their determination and courage. ix DEDICATION For all those who love adventure x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: THE CITY OF HUMAN UNITY ................... 1 Background to Auroville ................................................................................