Exposure Basics
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Sample Manuscript Showing Specifications and Style
Information capacity: a measure of potential image quality of a digital camera Frédéric Cao 1, Frédéric Guichard, Hervé Hornung DxO Labs, 3 rue Nationale, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, FRANCE ABSTRACT The aim of the paper is to define an objective measurement for evaluating the performance of a digital camera. The challenge is to mix different flaws involving geometry (as distortion or lateral chromatic aberrations), light (as luminance and color shading), or statistical phenomena (as noise). We introduce the concept of information capacity that accounts for all the main defects than can be observed in digital images, and that can be due either to the optics or to the sensor. The information capacity describes the potential of the camera to produce good images. In particular, digital processing can correct some flaws (like distortion). Our definition of information takes possible correction into account and the fact that processing can neither retrieve lost information nor create some. This paper extends some of our previous work where the information capacity was only defined for RAW sensors. The concept is extended for cameras with optical defects as distortion, lateral and longitudinal chromatic aberration or lens shading. Keywords: digital photography, image quality evaluation, optical aberration, information capacity, camera performance database 1. INTRODUCTION The evaluation of a digital camera is a key factor for customers, whether they are vendors or final customers. It relies on many different factors as the presence or not of some functionalities, ergonomic, price, or image quality. Each separate criterion is itself quite complex to evaluate, and depends on many different factors. The case of image quality is a good illustration of this topic. -
Alternative Processes a Few Essentials Introduction
Alternative Processes A Few Essentials Introduction Chapter 1. Capture Techniques From Alternative Photographic Processes: Crafting Handmade Images Chapter 2. Digital Negatives for Gum From Gum Printing: A Step-by-Step Manual, Highlighting Artists and Their Creative Practice Chapter 3. Fugitive and Not-So-Fugitive Printing From Jill Enfield?s Guide to Photographic Alternative Processes: Popular Historical and Contemporary Techniques 2 Featured Books on Alternative Process Photography from Routledge | Focal Press Use discount code FLR40 to take 20% off all Routledge titles. Simply visit www.routledge.com/photography to browse and purchase books of interest. 3 Introduction A young art though it may be, photography already has a rich history. As media moves full steam ahead into the digital revolution and beyond, it is a natural instinct to look back at where we?ve come from. With more artists rediscovering photography?s historical processes, the practice of photography continually redefines and re-contextualizes itself. The creative possibilities of these historical processes are endless, spawning a growing arena of practice - alternative processes, which combines past, present and everything in between, in the creation of art. This collection is an introduction to and a sample of these processes and possibilities. With Alternative Photographic Processes, Brady Wilks demonstrates techniques for manipulating photographs, negatives and prints ? emphasizing the ?hand-made? touch. Bridging the gap between the simplest of processes to the most complex, Wilks? introduction demonstrates image-manipulation pre-capture, allowing the artist to get intimate with his or her images long before development. In the newly-released Gum Printing, leading gum expert Christina Z. -
Modern Classic Slrs Series : Nikon FM
Modern Classic SLRs Series : Nikon FM - Specifications Type: 35mm single-lens reflex Picture Format: 24mm x 36mm (35mm film format) Lens mount: Nikon bayonet mount Nikkor 50mm f/1.4, f/2 or 55mm f/1.2 as standard; more than Lenses available: 55 Nikkor lenses in all. Vertical-travel, metal focal-plane shutter with speeds from 1 to Shutter: 1/1000 sec., plus "B" Via shutter release button, with mode selector set to black index Shutter release: line position Fixed eye-level pentaprism type with built-in through-the-lens (TTL) exposure meter; shutter speed indicated in the viewfinder; lens aperture setting indicated in the viewfinder when lens in use is fitted with an aperture-direct-readout (ADR) lens aperture Viewfinder: scale; LED display indicates five exposure graduations through combinations of three symbols ('+', 'o', '-' ); finder coverage, approx. 93% of the picture field; viewfinder magnification, 0.86X with 50mm lens set at infinity Matte Fresnel field with central split-image range-finder surrounded by micro prism ring; 12mm-diameter reference Focusing screen: circle defines area of meter center-weighting; similar to Nikkon Type K screen Reflex mirror: Automatic instant-return type; non-lockable type Through-the-lens, center-weighted metering; full-aperture exposure measurement with Al Nikkor lenses fitted with meter coupling ridge; stop-down exposure measurement for other Exposure meter: lenses; two gallium photo-diodes (GPD) employed for fast and accurate response to a full range of light levels, positioned either side of the -
A N E W E R a I N O P T I
A NEW ERA IN OPTICS EXPERIENCE AN UNPRECEDENTED LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE NIKKOR Z Lens Category Map New-dimensional S-Line Other lenses optical performance realized NIKKOR Z NIKKOR Z NIKKOR Z Lenses other than the with the Z mount 14-30mm f/4 S 24-70mm f/2.8 S 24-70mm f/4 S S-Line series will be announced at a later date. NIKKOR Z 58mm f/0.95 S Noct The title of the S-Line is reserved only for NIKKOR Z lenses that have cleared newly NIKKOR Z NIKKOR Z established standards in design principles and quality control that are even stricter 35mm f/1.8 S 50mm f/1.8 S than Nikon’s conventional standards. The “S” can be read as representing words such as “Superior”, “Special” and “Sophisticated.” Top of the S-Line model: the culmination Versatile lenses offering a new dimension Well-balanced, of the NIKKOR quest for groundbreaking in optical performance high-performance lenses Whichever model you choose, every S-Line lens achieves richly detailed image expression optical performance These lenses bring a higher level of These lenses strike an optimum delivering a sense of reality in both still shooting and movie creation. It offers a new This lens has the ability to depict subjects imaging power, achieving superior balance between advanced in ways that have never been seen reproduction with high resolution even at functionality, compactness dimension in optical performance, including overwhelming resolution, bringing fresh before, including by rendering them with the periphery of the image, and utilizing and cost effectiveness, while an extremely shallow depth of field. -
Exposure Metering and Zone System Calibration
Exposure Metering Relating Subject Lighting to Film Exposure By Jeff Conrad A photographic exposure meter measures subject lighting and indicates camera settings that nominally result in the best exposure of the film. The meter calibration establishes the relationship between subject lighting and those camera settings; the photographer’s skill and metering technique determine whether the camera settings ultimately produce a satisfactory image. Historically, the “best” exposure was determined subjectively by examining many photographs of different types of scenes with different lighting levels. Common practice was to use wide-angle averaging reflected-light meters, and it was found that setting the calibration to render the average of scene luminance as a medium tone resulted in the “best” exposure for many situations. Current calibration standards continue that practice, although wide-angle average metering largely has given way to other metering tech- niques. In most cases, an incident-light meter will cause a medium tone to be rendered as a medium tone, and a reflected-light meter will cause whatever is metered to be rendered as a medium tone. What constitutes a “medium tone” depends on many factors, including film processing, image postprocessing, and, when appropriate, the printing process. More often than not, a “medium tone” will not exactly match the original medium tone in the subject. In many cases, an exact match isn’t necessary—unless the original subject is available for direct comparison, the viewer of the image will be none the wiser. It’s often stated that meters are “calibrated to an 18% reflectance,” usually without much thought given to what the statement means. -
Irix 45Mm F1.4
Explore the magic of medium format photography with the Irix 45mm f/1.4 lens equipped with the native mount for Fujifilm GFX cameras! The Irix Lens brand introduces a standard 45mm wide-angle lens with a dedicated mount that can be used with Fujifilm GFX series cameras equipped with medium format sensors. Digital medium format is a nod to traditional analog photography and a return to the roots that defined the vividness and quality of the image captured in photos. Today, the Irix brand offers creators, who seek iconic image quality combined with mystical vividness, a tool that will allow them to realize their wildest creative visions - the Irix 45mm f / 1.4 G-mount lens. It is an innovative product because as a precursor, it paves the way for standard wide-angle lenses with low aperture, which are able to cope with medium format sensors. The maximum aperture value of f/1.4 and the sensor size of Fujifilm GFX series cameras ensure not only a shallow depth of field, but also smooth transitions between individual focus areas and a high dynamic range. The wide f/1.4 aperture enables you to capture a clear background separation and work in low light conditions, and thanks to the excellent optical performance, which consists of high sharpness, negligible amount of chromatic aberration and great microcontrast - this lens can successfully become the most commonly used accessory that will help you create picturesque shots. The Irix 45mm f / 1.4 GFX is a professional lens designed for FujiFilm GFX cameras. It has a high-quality construction, based on the knowledge of Irix Lens engineers gained during the design and production of full-frame lenses. -
Basic View Camera
PROFICIENCY REQUIRED Operating Guide for MEDIA LOAN CALUMET 4X5 VIEW CAMERA Media Loan Operating Guides are available online at www.evergreen.edu/medialoan/ View cameras are usually tripod mounted and lend When checking out a 4x5 camera from Media Loan, themselves to a more contemplative style than the more patrons will need to obtain a tripod, a light meter, one portable 35mm and 2 1/4 formats. The Calumet 4x5 or both types of film holders, and a changing bag for Standard model view camera is a lightweight, portable sheet film loading. Each sheet holder can be loaded tool that produces superior, fine grained images because with two sheets of film, a process that must be done in of its large format and ability to adjust for a minimum of total darkness. The Polaroid holders can only be loaded image distortion. with one sheet of film at a time, but each sheet is light Media Loan's 4x5 cameras come equipped with a 150mm protected. lens which is a slightly wider angle than normal. It allows for a 44 degree angle of view, while the normal 165mm lens allows for a 40 degree angle of view. Although the controls on each of Media Loan's 4x5 lens may vary in terms of placement and style, the functions remain the same. Some of the lenses have an additional setting for strobe flash or flashbulb use. On these lenses, use the X setting for use with a strobe flash (It’s crucial for the setting to remain on X while using the studio) and the M setting for use with a flashbulb (Media Loan does not support flashbulbs). -
Electronic Imaging
Rental Price List Spring 2007 517 Dexter Avenue North RENTAL HOURS: MONDAY-SATURDAY 8:30-5:00 CLOSED SUNDAY Seattle , WA 98109 p. 206 233 0211 f. 206 233 0255 Electronic Imaging DIGITAL STILL CAMERA - NIKON DIGITAL VIDEO Nikon D2X Digital Body..................$175.00 All Digital Cameras include 2 gb memory 12.4 Megapixels Mini DV Camcorder card, camera software and connection cables. USB II interface (except point-shoot cameras have 1 gb cards) Canon Nikon D2H Digital Body..................$100.00 Canon Optura 30..............................$50.00 - CANON 4 Megapixels Canon Optura 60..............................$50.00 Canon EOS 1DS Mark II................$200.00 USB ll interface Canon 3CCD XL-2.....................$175.00 16 Megapixels Canon XH A1 HD...........................$175.00 Full Frame Nikon D200 Digital...........................$150.00 (High Def 1 CCD) Firewire (6 Pin) and USB II Connection 10.2 Megapixels, USB Interface Canon XLH1...................................$300.00 (High Def 3CCD) Canon EOS 1D Mark II..................$100.00 Nikon D80 Digital Body.....................$85.00 8.2 Megapixels 10.2 Megapixels , USB Interface Firewire (6 Pin) and USB II connection SONY Nikon D70 Digital Body.....................$75.00 Sony HandyCam DCR-HC46 ............$40.00 Canon EOS 5D................................$150.00 6 Megapixels , USB Interface Sony HDR-HC3 HandyCam........... $100.00 12 Megapixels (1 Chip High Defi nition Camera) Full Frame Nikon D50 Digital Body......................$60.00 Sony HDR FX-1............................ $225.00 USB II connection 6 Megapixels,USB Interface (3 CCD High Defi nition Camera) Canon 30D Digital Body.................$85.00 VIDEO PROJECTION AND DECKS 8.2 Megapixels Accessories Lenses Canon SX-50 LCD Projector USB II Interface 3x Wide Angle Zoom for XL1........... -
Shutter Speed, Focus, Flash All of It, Usually with No Overrides Fully
Scott Hull 5/14/2020 Learn the rules like a pro, so you can break them like an artist. Pablo Picasso Camera Types Lenses Camera Parts Image Stabilization Sensors Memory Crop Factor Filters Brands Flash Exposure Modes Gadgets Shooting Modes Display Options Metering Modes Find the Buttons Focus Modes Now What? We may not get through all this in one hour, but I’ve included all of the slides for your reference. “Pocket” Camera ILC DSLR (Mirrorless) Digital Single Interchangeable Lens Reflex Lens Compact “Point and Shoot” Compact All digital cameras Most also have: have: . Viewfinder . Lens . Built-in flash . Shutter . ¼ - 20 tripod mount . Shutter release Some Have: . Sensor . Hot shoe . Computer . Mirror / prism . Display screen . Grip . Battery . Selection dial(s) Pop-up Flash Prism Hot Shoe Mirror View Finder ¼ - 20 Tripod Mount CCD Sensor Lens Shutter https://www.photoblog.com/learn/decide-mirrorless-camera-right-for-you Smaller and lighter camera and lenses Less vibration What you see is what you get . Adjust brightness before taking the shot . See the depth of focus through the viewfinder . Focus zoom in viewfinder Review your shot instantly in the viewfinder Playback with less glare Combine with a touch screen . Quickly designate the focus point . Easily move around zoomed images in playback . Quickly change settings by touching the setting • Blue box is 35 mm film frame • The difference (white area) is the crop factor Reported relative to 35 mm film Same focal length lens that was used on film camera now focuses onto a smaller sensor The sensor image area becomes expanded when viewing, so it is effectively magnified Because of this, a 100 mm lens on a Canon APS-C camera gives the same magnification image as a 160 mm lens would on 35 mm film Canon and Nikon have traditionally led the market in DSLRs Sony, Olympus, Canon, and Nikon all have competing mirrorless designs Brand loyalty . -
Hugostudio List of Available Camera Covers
Exakta VX 1000 W/ P4 Finder Hugostudio List of Exakta VX 500 W/ H3.3 Finder Available Camera Covers Exakta VX IIa V1-V4 W/ P2.2 Finder Exakta VX IIa V5-V7-V8 _P3.3 Finder (1960) Exakta VX IIa V6 W/ H3 SLR Exakta VX IIb W/ P3 Asahiflex IIb Exakta VX IIb W/ P4 Finder Canon A-1 Exakta Varex VX V1 - V2 Canon AE-1 Exakta-Varex VX IIa V1-V4 Canon AE-1 Program Exakta Varex VX V4 V5 Canon AV-1 Exakta Varex VX W/ Finder P1 Canon EF Fujica AX-3 Canon EX Auto Fujica AZ-1 Canon F-1 Pic Req* Fujica ST 601 Canon F-1n (New) pic Req* Fujica ST 701 Canon FT QL Fujica ST 801 Canon FTb QL Fujica ST 901 Canon FTb n QL Kodak Reflex III Canon Power Winder A Kodak Reflex IV Canon TL-QL Kodak REflex S Canon TX Konica FT-1 Canonflex Konica Autoreflex T3 Chinon Memotron Konica Autoreflex T4 Contax 137 MA Konica Autoreflex TC Contax 137 MD Leica R3 Contax 139 Quartz Leica R4 Contax Motor Drive W6 Leica Motor Winder R4 Contax RTS Leicaflex SL Contax RTS II Mamiya ZE-2 Quartz Contax139 Quartz Winder Minolta Auto Winder D Edixa Reflex D Minolta Auto Winder G Exa 500 Minolta Motor Drive 1 Exa I, Ia, Ib Minolta SR 7 Exa II Minolta SRT 100 Exa IIa Minolta SRT 101 Exa Type 6 Minolta SRT 202 Exa VX 200 Minolta X370 Exa Version 2 to 5 Minolta X370s Exa Version 6 Minolta X570 Exa Version I Minolta X700 Exakta 500 Minolta XD 11, XD 5, XD 7, XD Exakta Finder H3 Minolta XE-7 XE-5 Exakta Finder: prism P2 Minolta XG-1 Exakta Finder: prism P3 Minolta XG 9 Exakta Finder: prism P4 Minolta XG-M Exakta Kine Minolta XG7, XG-E Exakta Meter Finder Minolta XM Exakta RTL1000 Miranda AII -
Intro to Digital Photography.Pdf
ABSTRACT Learn and master the basic features of your camera to gain better control of your photos. Individualized chapters on each of the cameras basic functions as well as cheat sheets you can download and print for use while shooting. Neuberger, Lawrence INTRO TO DGMA 3303 Digital Photography DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY Mastering the Basics Table of Contents Camera Controls ............................................................................................................................. 7 Camera Controls ......................................................................................................................... 7 Image Sensor .............................................................................................................................. 8 Camera Lens .............................................................................................................................. 8 Camera Modes ............................................................................................................................ 9 Built-in Flash ............................................................................................................................. 11 Viewing System ........................................................................................................................ 11 Image File Formats ....................................................................................................................... 13 File Compression ...................................................................................................................... -
Digital Photography Basics for Beginners
DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY BASICS FOR BEGINNERS by Robert Berdan [email protected] www.canadiannaturephotographer.com These notes are free to use by anyone learning or teaching photography. 1. Choosing a camera - there are 2 main types of compact cameras A) Point and Shoot Camera (some have interchangeable lenses most don't) - you view the scene on a liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, some cameras also offer viewfinders. B) Single Lens Reflex (SLR) - cameras with interchangeable lenses let you see the image through the lens that is attached to the camera. What you see is what you get - this feature is particularly valuable when you want to use different types of lenses. Digital SLR Camera with Interchangeable zoom lens 1 Point and shoot cameras are small, light weight and can be carried in a pocket. These cameras tend to be cheaper then SLR cameras. Many of these cameras offer a built in macro mode allowing extreme close-up pictures. Generally the quality of the images on compact cameras is not as good as that from SLR cameras, but they are capable of taking professional quality images. SLR cameras are bigger and usually more expensive. SLRs can be used with a wide variety of interchangeable lenses such as telephoto lenses and macro lenses. SLR cameras offer excellent image quality, lots of features and accessories (some might argue too many features). SLR cameras also shoot a higher frame rates then compact cameras making them better for action photography. Their disadvantages include: higher cost, larger size and weight. They are called Single Lens Reflex, because you see through the lens attached to the camera, the light is reflected by a mirror through a prism and then the viewfinder.