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Princess Point: Inter-Community Variation and Localized Settlement-Subsistence Practice

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Princess Point: Inter-Community Variation and Localized Settlement-Subsistence Practice Princess Point: Inter-Community Variation and Localized Settlement-Subsistence Practice by Christopher Ball A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto © Copyright by Christopher Ball 2020 Princess Point: Inter-Community Variation and Localized Settlement-Subsistence Practice Christopher Ball Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2020 Abstract This dissertation examines Princess Point macrobotanical remains as a means of identifying and exploring the nature and extent of inter-community variations in local subsistence practice, small- scale habitat production, and the operation of settlement-subsistence based communities of practice in Early Late Woodland Period (AD 500-1050) southern Ontario. The Princess Point Complex is one of a number of pre-contact cultures that existed throughout South-Central Ontario during the Early Late Woodland period and are likely ancestral to later Iroquoian societies (Saunders 2002). By employing multi-scalar, comparative analyses of eight Princess Point botanical assemblages, this project seeks to identify the critical similarities and differences between them as a means of better understanding to what extent Princess Point communities were either characterized by a strict adherence to a single, uniform settlement-subsistence strategy or differentiated from one another by variations in localized human-environmental relationships as evidenced by a reliance on differing suites of target resources. This study is also concerned with generating understandings of the social dynamics and environmental factors which may have underlain Princess Point settlement-subsistence decision-making processes. This study also explores the relative importance of localized subsistence-based communities of practice among the Princess Point and the degree to which Traditional Ecological Knowledge may have either ii been shared via cooperative action or developed in relative isolation via the independent operation of otherwise neighbouring or spatially affiliated pre-contact communities. Beyond the identification of significant inter-community variability in localized subsistence practice and site-level subsistence-based communities of practice among the Princess Point, this study also identifies a number of broader trends in Princess Point human-environmental relationships and highlights the flexible, often idiosyncratic, nature of localized Princess Point settlement-subsistence decision-making processes. Evidence presented in this study also suggests the parallel operation of a broader, more regionally consistent community of practice at the regional level. This study also engages more directly with questions pertaining to the organization of Princess Point community social dynamics. In this regard, Princess Point subsistence-based communities of practice appear to have represented largely autonomous social units within a broader, overarching cultural landscape characterized, in part, by an adherence to a shared set of traditional subsistence practices. iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation committee; David Smith, Gary Crawford, and Max Friesen. I would like to thank Dave Smith for serving as my supervisor and for giving me the opportunity to pursue my dissertation research at the University of Toronto. I would also like to express my gratitude to Gary Crawford and Max Friesen for their support, guidance, and thoughtful commentary which have all been absolutely invaluable to me over the course of my degree. Without the support of my committee, none of this would have been possible and I will be forever grateful for their unerring dedication to helping me become a better researcher and scholar. I would also like to thank the Department of Anthropology who have supported my work through University of Toronto fellowships, research assistantships, and grants. In particular, I would like to thank Natalia Krencil for her understanding, compassion, and hypercompetence. Her willingness and ability to help with problems big and small has saved me from the consequences of my own mistakes on more than one occasion and I will always be grateful for everything that she has done to help me through. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my family for all their support. I would like to thank my parents, Ian and Patricia, for raising me and for all of their love, encouragement, kindness, and good humor. I also want to thank my brother, Mark, for his friendship and support. I would also like to thank my two cats, Geoffrey and Vesper, who helped me edit my dissertation by casually stomping across my keyboard and deleting entire paragraphs in one fell swoop. Finally, and by far most importantly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and love for Sarah. Without her love, understanding, care, and seemingly unending patience, none of this would have been possible. I want to thank you, with all my heart, for listening to me rant at length about the trivial minutia of my work, and for your ceaseless love, support, and encouragement. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................v List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................x List of Plates ................................................................................................................................ xiv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Organization of Study ..........................................................................................................6 Chapter 2 The Princess Point Complex: Background and Environmental Context ........................8 2.1 Chronological and Geographic Setting ................................................................................8 2.2 Chronology and Continuity..................................................................................................9 2.3 Environmental Context ......................................................................................................16 2.4 Ethnobotanical Parallels: Anthropogenesis and Resource Acquisition Strategies ............21 2.5 Environmental Constraints.................................................................................................25 2.6 Material Culture .................................................................................................................28 2.7 Settlement and Scheduling .................................................................................................29 2.7.1 Population Estimates ..............................................................................................32 2.8 Subsistence .........................................................................................................................33 2.8.1 Catchment Areas ....................................................................................................36 2.9 Northeastern Context .........................................................................................................38 2.9.1 Stable Isotope Analyses .........................................................................................41 2.9.2 Chronology ............................................................................................................44 2.10 Social Dynamics ................................................................................................................44 2.11 Site Selection .....................................................................................................................45 2.12 Site Summaries ..................................................................................................................46 2.12.1 Cayuga Bridge (AfGx-1) .......................................................................................46 v 2.12.2 Grand Banks (AfGx-3) ..........................................................................................48 2.12.3 Lone Pine (AfGx-113) ...........................................................................................51 2.12.4 Princess Point (AhGx-1) ........................................................................................52 2.12.5 Bull’s Point (AhGx-9)............................................................................................55 2.12.6 Meyer (AfGx-26) ...................................................................................................56 2.12.7 Forster (AfGx-134) ................................................................................................57 2.12.8 Holmedale (AgHb-191) .........................................................................................58 Chapter 3 Theoretical Considerations ............................................................................................61 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................61
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