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Where Has Our Beach Gone? the Impacts of the UK’S 2014 Storms Paul Russell, Gerd Masselink, Tim Scott, Daniel Conley and Mark Davidson

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Where Has Our Beach Gone? the Impacts of the UK’S 2014 Storms Paul Russell, Gerd Masselink, Tim Scott, Daniel Conley and Mark Davidson Where has our beach gone? The impacts of the UK’s 2014 storms Paul Russell, Gerd Masselink, Tim Scott, Daniel Conley and Mark Davidson Destructive storm waves tend to erode coasts and beaches, removing beach sand and gravel. A frequent question after a storm is, ‘Where has our beach gone?’ This article looks at where the beach sediment goes, what takes it there, whether it will come back and how long that recovery will take, and puts this in the context of the UK 2013/14 storms. If you are studying coasts, read on he coastal zone is a popular area for deep depressions (extreme storms) to people to live. It houses 10% of the focus their effects on the southwest of Tworld’s population but represents England. Wave data from this region only 2% of the global land surface. It is also (Figure 1) show that the measured important to society from an infrastructural, waves frequently exceeded 5.9 metres, environmental and economic point of view. At a value they only usually exceed for 1% the same time, the coastal zone is a hazardous of the time. environment. There are short-term threats The 8-week sequence of Atlantic (storms) and long-term threats (sea-level rise), storms from mid-December 2013 for coastal communities and resources. to mid-February 2014 was the most Living and working in the coastal zone energetic winter of waves since at least The railway line at Dawlish was makes society vulnerable to coastal hazards, 1950. It therefore represents at least a severely damaged by waves as demonstrated by recent events, including: 1:60 year event. The extensive physical during the 2014 storms ■ Hurricane Katrina, 2005 (US Gulf coast) impacts (beach and dune erosion) and ■ Cyclone Yasi, 2011 (Australia) socioeconomic impacts (flooding, ■ Hurricane Sandy, 2012 (US northeast damage to infrastructure) of this sequence of Erosion of coastal dunes by the storm coast) storms highlight the vulnerability of the UK to was widespread and many beaches lost con- ■ Typhoon Haiyan, 2013 (Philippines) such coastal hazards (see also The Big Picture siderable quantities of sediment, exposing on the back cover). the underlying rocky shore platforms or the The UK’s 2014 winter storms foundations of coastal-protection structures. More recently, and closer to home, the Atlantic Coastal impacts Some or all of this beach sediment may return coast of Europe experienced an unprecedented Almost all the coastal towns and villages in due course, but permanent changes to the sequence of energetic wave conditions during of southwest England were affected by coast were also observed. For example, a the 2013/14 winter. Coastal wave heights coastal flooding and/or damage to coastal natural arch at Porthcothan in Cornwall and reached over 10 metres and peak wave infrastructure at some time, or several a stack at Pom Pom Rock in Dorset (see the periods — the time between successive waves times, during the 2013/14 winter. The most photos top right) both collapsed during the — often exceeded 20 seconds. costly impact was the damage to the main storm of 6 January 2014. What caused these huge waves? During London–Penzance railway line at Dawlish, winter 2013/14 the jet stream was particularly south Devon, which led to its closure. This is Why did the impacts of each storm vigorous and positioned unusually far south estimated to have cost the regional economy vary? over central England. This caused the winds between £1 million and £20 million per day The coastal impact of the individual storms and waves associated with a sequence of for the 2-month duration of the closure. varied due to slight changes in the direction 2 Geography Review November 2015 Where has our beach gone? The impacts of the UK’s 2014 storms Paul Russell, Gerd Masselink, Tim Scott, Destruction of stack, Pom Daniel Conley and Mark Davidson Pom Rock, Dorset, due to waves from the Hercules storm, 6 January 2014 Destructive storm waves tend to erode coasts and beaches, Huge storm waves pound Chesil removing beach sand and gravel. A frequent question after Beach, Dorset during the extreme storms of winter 2013/14 a storm is, ‘Where has our beach gone?’ This article looks at where the beach sediment goes, what takes it there, whether it will come back and how long that recovery will take, and puts this in the context of the UK 2013/14 storms. If you are studying coasts, read on he coastal zone is a popular area for deep depressions (extreme storms) to people to live. It houses 10% of the focus their effects on the southwest of Tworld’s population but represents England. Wave data from this region only 2% of the global land surface. It is also (Figure 1) show that the measured important to society from an infrastructural, waves frequently exceeded 5.9 metres, environmental and economic point of view. At a value they only usually exceed for 1% the same time, the coastal zone is a hazardous of the time. environment. There are short-term threats The 8-week sequence of Atlantic (storms) and long-term threats (sea-level rise), storms from mid-December 2013 for coastal communities and resources. to mid-February 2014 was the most Living and working in the coastal zone energetic winter of waves since at least The railway line at Dawlish was makes society vulnerable to coastal hazards, 1950. It therefore represents at least a severely damaged by waves as demonstrated by recent events, including: 1:60 year event. The extensive physical during the 2014 storms 12 ■ Hurricane Katrina, 2005 (US Gulf coast) impacts (beach and dune erosion) and Petra ■ Cyclone Yasi, 2011 (Australia) socioeconomic impacts (flooding, Brigid Ruth Sevenstones ■ Hurricane Sandy, 2012 (US northeast damage to infrastructure) of this sequence of Erosion of coastal dunes by the storm of approach of the storms and their associated 10 measured wave coast) storms highlight the vulnerability of the UK to was widespread and many beaches lost con- waves. Hercules height 1% exceedence ■ Typhoon Haiyan, 2013 (Philippines) such coastal hazards (see also The Big Picture siderable quantities of sediment, exposing The storm of 6 January 2014 was the most 8 on the back cover). the underlying rocky shore platforms or the extensive. It represented a 1:5 to 1:10 year height (m) Wave The UK’s 2014 winter storms foundations of coastal-protection structures. wave event in terms of wave height and also 6 More recently, and closer to home, the Atlantic Coastal impacts Some or all of this beach sediment may return had exceptionally long wave periods of up to coast of Europe experienced an unprecedented Almost all the coastal towns and villages in due course, but permanent changes to the 23 seconds. These huge waves approached 4 sequence of energetic wave conditions during of southwest England were affected by coast were also observed. For example, a from the west and impacted both the north the 2013/14 winter. Coastal wave heights coastal flooding and/or damage to coastal natural arch at Porthcothan in Cornwall and and south coasts of the southwest England 2 reached over 10 metres and peak wave infrastructure at some time, or several a stack at Pom Pom Rock in Dorset (see the peninsula. periods — the time between successive waves times, during the 2013/14 winter. The most photos top right) both collapsed during the The storm of 5 February was not one of the 0 — often exceeded 20 seconds. costly impact was the damage to the main storm of 6 January 2014. most energetic storms in terms of wave height. 01 Dec 2013 01 Jan 2014 01 Feb 2014 01 Mar 2014 01 Apr 2014 What caused these huge waves? During London–Penzance railway line at Dawlish, However, because its storm track was further Date Why did the impacts of each storm winter 2013/14 the jet stream was particularly south Devon, which led to its closure. This is south, it sent huge waves into the normally Figure 1 Time series of significant wave height measured at Sevenstones Lightship at vigorous and positioned unusually far south estimated to have cost the regional economy vary? sheltered south coasts of Cornwall and Devon the southwest tip of Cornwall from 1 December 2013 to 1 April 2014. Four of the most over central England. This caused the winds between £1 million and £20 million per day The coastal impact of the individual storms and was responsible for the damage to the extreme storms are named: Hercules (6 January), Brigid (1 February), Petra (5 February) and waves associated with a sequence of for the 2-month duration of the closure. varied due to slight changes in the direction Dawlish railway. and Ruth (8 February) 2 Geography Review November 2015 www.hoddereducation.co.uk/geographyreview 3 Further research The RCRU’s 7.5-m aluminium tower, mounted with two For pictures of the damage and repairs digital video cameras on the crest of the gravel barrier at to the main London–Penzance railway Westward Ho! line at Dawlish, see: www.bbc.co.uk/ newsround/26889145 Have a look at our video from Porthleven on the morning of 5 February 2014, the same day the damage occurred at Dawlish. See the huge storm waves impacting the cliff, and watch for sections of the cliff collapsing: www.youtube.com/ watch?v=B3fxbVVDZ9Q Our presentation on storms from the Geographical Association conference (scroll down to Lecture 2): http://geography.org. uk/cpdevents/annualconference/#1 Butt, T. and Russell, P. (2004) Surf Science, (a) Before (b) After University of Hawaii Press. Masselink, G. and Hughes, M.
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