Archaeological Evaluation on Land East of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops, Essex, CM8 3NW January 2017

Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops, Essex, CM8 3NW January 2017

by Laura Pooley figures by Ben Holloway and Emma Holloway

fieldwork by Ben Holloway with Sarah Carter, Jane Roberts and Alec Wade on behalf of Brad Davies, Mersea Homes Ltd

NGR: TL 8376 1209 (centre) Planning ref.: OUT/MAL/15/00267 CAT project ref.: 17/01b ECC code: WIMC17 Colchester Museum accession code COLEM: 2017.2 OASIS ref.: colchest3-272668

Colchester Archaeological Trust Roman Circus House, Roman Circus Walk, Colchester, Essex, CO2 7GZ tel.: 01206 501785 email: [email protected] CAT Report 1061 February 2017 Environmental report added April 2017 Contents 1 Summary 1 2 Introduction 1 3 Archaeological background 1 4 Results 3 5 Finds 5 6 Environmental results 6 7 Discussion 8 8 Acknowledgements 9 9 References 9 10 Abbreviations and glossary 10 11 Contents of archive 10 12 Archive deposition 10

Appendix 1 Context list 12 Appendix 2 Environmental results 14

Figures after p14

OASIS summary sheet

List of maps, photographs, tables and figures Cover: general site shot

Map 1 Chapman and André map of Essex 1777 showing the enclosure 2 of Tiptree Heath, development site indicated by the blue arrow Map 2 1895 6-inch OS map overlaid on modern aerial shot, boundary 2 ditch indicated by the blue arrow

Photograph 1 T4, looking NW 3 Photograph 2 T7, ditch F15, looking NW 3 Photograph 3 T9, looking SW 4

Table 1 All finds by context 6

Fig 1 Site location Fig 2 Results Fig 3 Trench plans: T1-T6 Fig 4 Trench plans: T7-T9, T11-T12 Fig 5 Feature and representative trench sections CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

1 Summary An archaeological evaluation (fourteen trial-trenches) was carried out on land east Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops, Essex in advance of the construction of fourteen new dwellings. The development is located within what was Tiptree Heath, a historically important area of pasture and open woodland until the early 19th century. The earliest feature excavated was a later prehistoric pit. A large post-medieval/modern boundary ditch was probably associated with the enclosure of Tiptree Heath and a post-medieval pit contained large quantities of vitrified brick. The remaining undated pits, postholes and gullies were probably of an agricultural/ horticultural nature.

2 Introduction (Fig 1) This is the archive report for an archaeological evaluation by trial-trenching on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops, Essex carried out 16th-18th January 2017. The work was commissioned by Brad Davies, Mersea Homes Ltd, in advance of the construction of fourteen new dwellings, and was undertaken by Colchester Archaeological Trust (CAT).

In response to consultation with Essex County Council Place Services (ECCPS), Historic Environment Advisor Maria Medlycott advised that in order to establish the archaeological implications of this application, the applicant should be required to commission a scheme of archaeological investigation in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

All archaeological work was carried out in accordance with an Archaeological brief for trial trenching , detailing the required archaeological work, written by Maria Medlycott (ECCPS 2016), and a written scheme of investigation (WSI) prepared by CAT in response to the brief and agreed with ECCPS (CAT 2016).

In addition to the brief and WSI, all fieldwork and reporting was done in accordance with English Heritage’s Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE ) (English Heritage 2006), and with Standards for field archaeology in the East of England (EAA 14 and 24 ). This report mirrors standards and practices contained in the Institute for Archaeologists’ Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (CIfA 2014a) and Standard and guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials (CIfA 2014b).

3 Archaeological background The following archaeological background utilises the Essex Historic Environment Record (EHER) held at Essex County Council, County Hall, Chelmsford.

The proposed development site is located to the southeast of the historic core of Wickham Bishops. Cartographic evidence identifies two areas of historic greens extending out of the settlement on roads on the northern and southern side of the development area, this formed part of Tiptree Heath. The 1777 Chapman and André map of Essex shows the development area as having been enclosed; such enclosures of the Heath took place in a piecemeal fashion from the medieval period onwards. There is potential to both date the enclosure and for medieval settlement to be identified along the roadside edge. The Historic Environment Characterisation also indicates the potential for multi-period archaeological deposits in the area.

1 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Map 1 Chapman and André map of Essex 1777 showing the enclosure of Tiptree Heath, development site indicated by the blue arrow

2 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

4 Results (Figs 2-4) Fourteen trial-trenches measuring 30m long by 1.8m wide were laid out across the development site. All were machine stripped under the supervision of a CAT archaeologist.

Three layers were identified. Modern topsoil (L1, c 160-310mm thick, medium grey/brown slightly sandy silty-clay) sealed subsoil (L2, c 100-280mm thick, light- medium grey/brown slightly sandy silty-clay) which sealed natural sands (L3).

Trench 1 (T1): Post-medieval/modern ditch F1 was aligned NW/SE. This ditch continued to the SE as ditch F15 in T7.

Gullies F4 and F5 ran parallel to each other on a NW/SE alignment. The U-shaped gullies measured approximately 0.23m wide by 0.20m deep, with F5 containing fragments of coal (not retained). Two similar parallel gullies (F6) were left unexcavated. These gullies are likely to be of a post-medieval/modern agricultural/horticultural nature, with plough marks recorded further to the NE.

Undated pit F2 and natural feature F3 was also excavated.

Trench 2 (T2): Undated pit F9 showed evidence of burning with red clay and a few lumps of charcoal scattered throughout the fill.

Trench 3 (T3): Undated ditch F12 was aligned E/W and measured 1.09m wide by 0.27m deep. Post-medieval pit F20 contained a large quantity of fragments of vitrified brick and some peg-tile.

Trench 4 (T4): Undated postholes F10 and F11 measured 0.36m in diameter by 0.18m deep and 0.32m diameter and 0.07m deep. These posthole bases had vertical sides, a flat base and charcoal rich fill.

Trench 5 (T5): Undated posthole F7 and undated pit F8 were excavated.

Trench 6 (T6): Later prehistoric pit F17 contained three small sherds of possible Middle Iron Age pottery from the upper fill. It was overcut during excavation but measured 0.64m in diameter and 0.14m deep.

Trench 7 (T7): Post-medieval/modern ditch F15 was aligned NW/SE and measured 2m wide by 0.76m deep. This ditch continued to the NW as ditch F1 in T1. A layer of imported material (L4) was identified between the existing roadside ditch and F15. It was sealed by L1 and sealed L3.

Undated pits or natural features F16 and F23 were also excavated.

Trench 8 (T8): Undated postholes F13 and F14 were excavated.

Trench 9 (T9): Undated pit F21 was excavated.

Trench 11 (T11): Undated pits F22 and F24 were excavated.

Trench 12 (T12): Modern postholes F18 and F19 were excavated. Posthole F18 still contained the remains of the wooden post (not retained).

Trenches 10, 13, 14 (T10, T13, T14): No archaeological remains were encountered in these trenches.

3 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Photograph 1 T4, looking NW

Photograph 2 T7, ditch F15, looking NW

4 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Photograph 3 T9, looking SW

5 Finds Only four features produced finds, ditch F1/F15, pit F17 and pit F20. Finds included pottery, ceramic building material (CBM), glass and iron. All of the finds are listed by context in Table 1.

Trench, feature Description Date (finds) nos. T1, F1 (1) CBM: fragment of peg-tile (42g), 14mm thick; fragment of Post-medieval/ unfrogged red brick (550g), 60mm thick modern Iron: iron bolt (60g), post-medieval/modern T7, F15 (9) Pottery: sherd (1g) Staffordshire-type white earthenware, Late 18th- Fabric 48D, late 18th-19th/early 20th century 19th/early 20th CBM: fragment of unfrogged brick (204g), pinkish-cream century colour, 55mm thick, post-medieval Glass: fragment of pale blue bottle glass (16g), later post- medieval/modern Iron: iron strip, 115mm long, 20mm wide, 5mm thick, 82g, post-medieval/modern T6, F17 (5) Pottery: three sherds (10g) of hand-made sand-tempered Later pottery, later prehistoric ( c Middle Bronze Age-Iron Age) prehistoric

5 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

T3, F20 (7) CBM: peg-tile fragments (13:430g), 14-16mm thick, one Probably late peg-hole 14mm diameter, fine orange/brownish-orange 17th-early 18th sandy fabric; brick fragments (7: 856g), three have century surviving thicknesses (38mm, 45mm, 51mm thick), unfrogged, fine orange/reddish-orange sandy fabric, probably late 17th-early 18th century Vitrified CBM: brick fragments with complete thicknesses (11: 3.38kg), 8 are 45mm thick, 3 are 50mm thick, probably late 17th-early 18th century; brick fragments (79: 7.3kg); peg-tile fragments (8:254g) Table 1 All finds by context (* CAR 7)

Prehistoric pottery by Stephen Benfield Three small sherds of moderately thick, hand-made sand-tempered pottery (10g) were recovered from a small pit F17 (5) in T6. These are the only finds from the feature and come from the upper part of the fill. The fabric is dark-brown with an oxidised surface and the sherds probably relate to the same pot. The sherds have some abrasion and there is mineralised sand adhering to the surfaces. One sherd has two small grooves at one edge that appear to be possible scored decoration or finger-tip indentations. With such small, relatively undiagnostic sherds that are not part of a larger assemblage close dating is difficult. Overall a later prehistoric date (Middle Bronze Age-Iron Age) appears likely. That the pieces here are entirely sand-tempered and hand-made could indicate a Middle Iron Age date ( circa 400/350-late 1st century BC), although decoration on the body (if that is what the marks noted above represent) would generally tend to indicate an earlier date, in this case probably Bronze Age-Early Iron Age.

Vitrified CBM by Laura Pooley Ninety fragments of vitrified CBM, weighing almost 11kg was recovered from pit F20. Vitrification is caused when bricks are heated to such an extent that they change into darker/purplish colours with volcanic, glassy textures. Vitrification in this instance occurred on both the outer surfaces of the brick and the shattered surfaces. It is possible that this material represents the waste from a nearby brick-clamp (kiln) where bricks had shattered during firing.

6 Environmental report by Lisa Gray, MSc MA ACIfA Archaeobotonist

Introduction – aims and objectives Five samples were presented for assessment. The aim of this assessment was to determine the significance and potential of the plant macro-remains in the samples, consider their use in providing information about diet, craft, medicine, crop-husbandry, feature function and environment.

Sampling and processing methods Samples were taken and processed by Colchester Archaeological Trust (Appendix 2). All samples were processed using a Siraf-type flotation device. Flots were collected in a 300-micron mesh sieve then dried. 50 litres of soil were sampled in total.

Once with the author the flots were scanned under a low powered stereo-microscope with a magnification range of 10 to 40x. The whole flots were examined. The abundance, diversity and state of preservation of eco- and artefacts in each sample were recorded. A magnet was passed across each flot to record the presence or absence of magnetised material or hammerscale. Identifications were made using uncharred reference material (author’s own and the Northern European Seed Reference Collection at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London) and reference manuals (such as Beijerinck 1947; Cappers et al. 2006; Charles 1984; Fuller

6 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

2007; Hillman 1976; Jacomet 2006). Nomenclature for plants is taken from Stace (Stace 2010). Latin names are given once and the common names used thereafter.

At this stage, to allow comparison between samples, numbers have also been estimated but where only a very low number of items are present they have been counted. Identifiable charred wood >4mm in diameter has been separate from charred wood flecks. Fragments this size are easier to break to reveal the cross-sections and diagnostic features necessary for identification, and are less likely to be blown or unintentionally moved around the site (Asouti 2006, 31; Smart and Hoffman, 1988, 178- 179). Charred wood flecks <4mm diameter have been quantified but not recommended for further analysis unless twigs or roundwood fragments larger then 2mmØ were present.

Results (Appendix 2) The plant remains Charred and dried waterlogged plant remains were present. The only charred plant remains were fragments of charcoal. Fragments of identifiable size were found in samples <1>, <2>, <3> and <5>. Uncharred/modern root rhizome fragments were abundant in each sample. Low numbers of dried waterlogged possible cabbage/ mustard ( Brassica/Sinapis sp.) seeds were present in in samples <1>, <2>, <4> and <5>. Low numbers of dried waterlogged goosefoot/orache ( Chenopodium/Atriplex sp.) seeds were found in samples <2> and <4>. A dried waterlogged knotgrass ( Polygonum aviculare ) seed was found in sample <5>. One modern bedstraw ( Galium verum/mollugo ) seed was found in sample <4>.

Fauna Terrestrial mollusca were found in low numbers in sample <3>.

Inorganic remains A magnet was passed through each flot and no magnetic material was found. No other artefacts or non-geological inorganic remains were found.

Discussion Biases in recovery, residuality, contamination No information about contamination or stratigraphic integrity were given at the time of writing. The abundance of modern rootlets in these samples does suggest the possibility of bioturbation and the possibility that the dried waterlogged seeds are intrusive. It is also possible that the low number of charred plant remains are also intrusive. It is difficult to be sure that a charred plant remains is of the age of the dated context unless radiocarbon dating is carried out, or unless the items came from a well- sealed deposit or an assemblage that was numerous relative to the quantity of soil sampled.

Quality and type of preservation The plant remains in these samples were preserved by charring and anaerobically rather than by waterlogging, as the uncharred seeds that are present are types with robust endocarps that can survive changing levels of waterlogging and aeration of the soil.

Charring of plant macrofossils occurs when plant material is heated under ‘…reducing conditions…’ where oxygen is largely excluded (Boardman and Jones 1990, 2) leaving a carbon skeleton resistant to biological and chemical decay (English Heritage 2011,17). These conditions can occur in a charcoal clamp, the centre of a bonfire, pit or in an oven, or when a building burns down with the roof excluding the oxygen from the fire (Reynolds, 1979, 57).

Charred plant remains are very resilient, they survive changing preservation conditions and being moved around in the soil. The charred plant remains in these samples are

7 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

well-preserved enough to be identifiable but the number of charred items per litre of sampled soils is very low meaning that these plant remains are more likely to be general background waste than associated with a feature.

Potential of these samples to provide information about food, crop-processing, craft, medicine, trade, feature function and environment The likelihood that the dried waterlogged plant remains are intrusive means that only the charred plant remains have most potential to provide useful information. As they are charcoal they can provide information about fuel or be identified to see if any of the taxa are suitable for radiocarbon dating.

The quantity of charred plant remains relative to the bulk sample sizes is small. It is possible that these are general background waste rather than indicative of original feature use. They could have moved from their original context by bioturbation and reworking.

A recent study of intrusion and residuality in the archaeobotanical record for southern and central England (Pelling et al . 2015) has highlighted the problem of assigning charred plant remains such as these to the dated contexts they were taken from because it is possible that these durable charred plant remains survived being moved between contexts by human action and bioturbation so cannot be properly interpreted unless radiocarbon dates are gained from the plant macro-remains themselves. That is the only way to secure a genuine date for the charred plant macro-remains like these (Pelling et al. 2015, 96).

Therefore, it is not wise to assume that the context in which the plant macro-remains were found during excavation were the contexts in which they were originally deposited, especially when the preservation of the plant remains is poor and numbers are very low relative to the amount of soil sampled.

Significance of the samples and recommendations for further work No further archaeobotanical work is recommended on these samples.

7 Discussion The earliest feature identified on the site was a later prehistoric pit, c Middle Bronze Age-Iron Age. Iron Age settlement and burials have previously been identified close to Mope Lane, Wickham Bishops, 1.4km to the WNW of the development site during work in the 1910s-1930s. Related Iron Age features and finds were also identified during a watching brief at Mope Lane in 1998 (EAH 1998, p210 no75) with Late Iron Age-Early Roman cremations excavated at Thistle Hall, Mope Lane in 2009 (CAT Report 519). This pit maybe related to this activity or could equally be an isolated feature.

Later cartographic sources show that the development site was originally located within Tiptree Heath, a historically important area of common rough pasture and wood-pasture shared between neighbouring parishes. Registered as common land by at least 1401, encroachment on this area began in a piecemeal fashion in the medieval period, but extensive open tracts remained until the early 19th century when it was finally enclosed by the Enclosure Act. Chapman and André's map of 1777 shows that the area of the development site had been enclosed by this date (Map 1). The large NW/SE ditch (F1 and F15) likely represents the southwestern boundary of this enclosure, a ditch that was still in existence by the late 19th century when it appears on the first edition OS map (Map 2). The vitrified brick in pit F20 may suggest that a brick-clamp was operating nearby in the late 17th-early 18th century, but many of the remaining undated pits, postholes and gullies are probably of an agricultural/ horticultural nature.

8 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

8 Acknowledgements CAT thanks Brad Davies, Mersea Homes for commissioning and funding the work. The project was managed by C Lister, fieldwork was carried out by B Holloway with S Carter, J Roberts and A Wade. Figures are by BH and E Holloway. The project was monitored for ECCPS by Maria Medlycott .

9 References Note: all CAT reports, except for DBAs, are available online in PDF format at http://cat.essex.ac.uk Asouti, E 2006 'Factors affecting the formation of an archaeological wood charcoal assemblage.' Retrieved on 13th February 2015 from World Wide Web: http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~easouti/methodology_application.htm Beijerinck, W 1947 Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora. Veenman and Zonen Wageningen. Cappers, R J T, 2006 Digital Zadenatlas Van Nederlands - Digital Seeds Atlas of the Bekker, R M, Netherlands. Groningen Archaeological Studies Volume 4. and Jans, J E A Groningen: Barkhius Publishing Groningen. CAT 2014 Health and Safety Policy CAT 2015 Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) for archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops, Essex, CM8 3NW CAT Report 2009 An archaeological evaluation at Thistle Hall, Mope Lane, 519 Wickham Bishops, Essex: July 2009 Charles, M 1984 ‘Introductory remarks on the cereals.’ Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 1, 17-31. CIfA 2014a Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation CIfA 2014b Standard and guidance for the collection, documentation, conservation and research of archaeological materials DCLG 2012 National Planning Policy Framework. Dept of Communities and Local Government. EAA 14 2003 Standards for field archaeology in the East of England, East Anglian Archaeology, Occasional Papers, 14 . Ed. D Gurney EAA 24 2011 Research and archaeology revisited: A revised framework for the East of England , East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Papers 24 , by Maria Medlycott EAH 29 1998 Archaeology in Essex 1997, no75 Wickham Bishops, Sparkey Cottage, Mope Lane , Essex Archaeology and History 29 ECC Historic 2008 Maldon Distric Historic Environment Characteristics Project , Environment MDC/ECC Report Branch ECCPS 2015 Brief for archaeological trial-trenching at land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops English 2006 Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment Heritage English 2011 Environmental Archaeology: A Guide to the Theory and Heritage Practice of Methods for Sampling and Recovery to Post- Excavation. Swindon: English Heritage Publications. Fuller, D 2007 ‘Cereal Chaff and Wheat Evolution’ Retrieved on 12th February 2010 from World Wide Web: http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~tcrndfu/archaeobotany.htm Hillman, G C 1976 ‘Criteria useful in identifying charred Wheat and Rye Grains.’ Unpublished versions of notes likely to have entered publication in some form and given to the author by Gordon Hillman during her MSc in 1995-1996. Jacomet, S 2006 Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites – second edition . Basel: Basel University Archaeobotany Lab IPAS. Pelling, R, 2015 ‘Exploring contamination (intrusion and residuality) in the Campbell, G, archaeobotanical record: case studies from central and Carruthers, W, southern England’. In Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Hunter, K and (2015) 24: 85-99.

9 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Marshall, P Reynolds, P 1979 The Iron Age Farm: The Butser Experiment London: British Museum Press. Smart, T L and 1988 ‘Environmental Interpretation of Archaeological Charcoal.’ In Hoffman, E S Hastorf, C A and Popper, V S, Current Palaeobotany. Chicago and London. University of Chicago Press. Stace, C 2010 New Flora of the British Isles 3 nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

10 Abbreviations and glossary Bronze Age period from c 2500 – 700 BC CAT Colchester Archaeological Trust CIfA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists context specific location of finds on an archaeological site ECCHEA Essex County Council Historic Environment Advisor ECCPS Essex County Council Place Services EHER Essex Historic Environment Record feature (F) an identifiable thing like a pit, a wall, a drain: can contain ‘contexts’ Iron Age period from 700 BC to Roman invasion of AD 43 layer (L) distinct or distinguishable deposit (layer) of material medieval period from AD 1066 to Henry VIII modern period from c AD 1800 to the present natural geological deposit undisturbed by human activity NGR National Grid Reference OASIS Online Acces S to the Index of Archaeological Investigation S, http://oasis.ac.uk/pages/wiki/Main post-medieval from Henry VIII to c AD 1800 prehistoric pre-Roman residual something out of its original context, eg a Roman coin in a modern pit section (abbreviation sx or Sx) vertical slice through feature/s or layer/s wsi written scheme of investigation

11 Contents of archive Finds: none retained Paper and digital record One A4 document wallet containing: The report (CAT Report 1061) ECC evaluation brief, CAT written scheme of investigation Original site record (feature and layer sheets, finds record, plans) Site digital photos and log, architectural plans, attendance register, risk assessment

12 Archive deposition The paper and digital archive is currently held by the Colchester Archaeological Trust at Roman Circus House, Roman Circus Walk, Colchester, Essex CO2 7GZ, but will be permanently deposited with Colchester Museum under accession code COLEM: 2017.2.

10 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Distribution list: Brad Davies, Mersea Homes Historic Environment Advisor, Essex County Council Place Services Essex Historic Environment Record, Essex County Council

Colchester Archaeological Trust Roman Circus House, Roman Circus Walk, Colchester, Essex, CO2 7GZ tel.: 01206 501785 email: [email protected]

Checked by: Philip Crummy Date: 2.2.2017

11 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

Appendix 1 Context list

(s) = sample

Trench Feature Finds Context Description Date No. No. No. T1 F1 2 Ditch Upper: dark brownish/grey slightly sandy silty- Post-medieval clay with occasional small-medium stones / modern Lower: dark to dark brownish/grey sandy silty- clay with frequent-common small-medium stones and gravel T1 F2 1(s) Pit Soft, moist, dark grey/brown/black sandy-silt undated with charcoal flecks and 3% stone T1 F3 Natural Soft, moist, medium grey sandy-silt, 50% - stone T1 F4 Gully Soft, friable, moist, light grey/brown sandy-silty undated clay, 10% stone T1 F5 Gully Soft, friable, light grey/brown sandy-silty clay, undated 10% stone and 1% coal T1 F6 Gully Unexcavated undated T5 F7 Posthole Loose, moist, medium grey/brown sandy with undated gravel and 20% stone T5 F8 Pit? Soft, moist, medium grey/brown silt with undated occasional charcoal and flecks of CBM T2 F9 3(s) Pit Firm, moist, medium orange/brown/red clay undated with charcoal flecks and 7% stone T4 F10 4(s) Posthole Soft black charcoal undated T4 F11 Posthole Soft, friable, moist, light grey/brown silty-clay undated with occasional-frequent charcoal, 10% stone T3 F12 Ditch Loose, moist, light-medium grey/brown sandy- undated clay with daub flecks, 50% stone T8 F13-F14 Postholes Firm, moist, light grey silty-clay with charcoal undated flecks T7 F15 9 Ditch Upper: very dark grey sandy-silty clay with Post-medieval very occasional charcoal flecks, occasional / modern small-medium stones Middle: mid greyish/brown slightly sandy-silty clay, occasional small-medium stones Lower: pale to mid yellowish/brown/grey slightly sandy-silt, occasional small-medium stones T7 F16 Pit / Friable, firm, light-medium grey silty-clay, 5% undated Natural stone T6 F17 5 Pit Soft, moist, medium-dark brown sandy-silt, Prehistoric 6(s) occasional stone T12 F18 Posthole Firm, moist, medium grey/brown silty with Modern charcoal flecks T12 F19 Posthole Firm, moist, medium grey/brown silty with ?Modern charcoal flecks T3 F20 7 Pit Soft, moist, medium grey/brown silty-clay with Post-medieval charcoal and daub flecks, 10% stone T9 F21 Pit Friable, moist, light yellow silty-clay, occasional undated stone

12 CAT Report 1061: Archaeological evaluation on land east of Malone Cottage, Maypole Road, Wickham Bishops – January 2017

T11 F22 8(s) Pit Firm, moist, medium grey/brown silt with undated charcoal flecks T7 F23 Pit / Friable, firm, moist, light mottled orange/grey undated Natural silty-clay, 3% stone T11 F24 Pit Firm, moist, medium grey/brown silty with undated charcoal flecks

All L1 Topsoil Soft, friable, medium grey/brown slightly-sandy Modern silty-clay with rare charcoal, <1% gravel and 3% stone. Seals L2 and L4. All L2 Subsoil Soft, friable, light-medium grey/brown slightly- Modern sandy silty-clay, 1% stone. Sealed by L1, seals L3. All L3 Natural Natural sands and gravels. Sealed by L2 and L4. T7 L4 Imported Soft, friable dark grey/brown slightly-sandy Post-medieval material silty-clay with rare charcoal and CBM flecks. / modern Exists between the existing roadside ditch and evaluation ditch F15. Sealed by L1, seals L3.

13 Appendix 2 Environmental results

Dried Charred Charred Charred waterlogged Sample description grains seeds chaff seeds Bulk sample Bulkvolume sample (L) (ml) volume Flot Sample Finds No. Grain tissue wood >4mmØ Charred <4mmØ Charred wood root/rhizomes Modern mollusca Terrestrial 1 1 F2 undated pit 10150 ------3 3 1 1 2 3 - 2 3 F3 undated pit 1015 ------1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 4 F10 undated posthole 10 250 ------3 3 - - - 3 - F17 Middle Bronze Age – 4 6 Iron Age pit 102 ------2 1 1 2 3 - 5 8 F22 undated pit 1020 ------1 3 1 1 2 3 -

Key: a = abundance [1 = occasional 1-10, 2 = moderate 11-100, and 3 = abundant >100] d = diversity [1 = low 1-4 taxa types, 2 = moderate 5-10, 3 = high] p = preservation [1 = poor (family level only), 2 = moderate (genus), 3 = good (species identification possible)]

14 Colchester ESSEX

Wickham Bishops

Chelmsford

Gr T2 T6 ea Malone T10 t To th Cottage am

T1 Ro ad T5 T9 T14

T4 T8 T13

T7 T12

M a y T11 p o le R o a d

T10

E 584737 N 212119.5 Malone Cottage E 584799 N 212116.2

T9 T14 T5

E 584776.7 N 212097.3

T4 T13 T8

T7 T12 M a y p o le R o a d

T11 0 20 m

F20 F12

F11 F10

F7 F8

F17

0 10 m Fig 3 Trench plans: T1-T6 T7 F23 F16 F15

T8 F14 F13

F21

T11 F22 F24

T12 F19 F18

0 10 m Fig 4 Trench plans: T7-T9, T11-T12