DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of Bluetooth from 4.0 To

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of Bluetooth from 4.0 To Evolution of Bluetooth from v4.0 to v5.0 Brian Petted & Mahendra Tailor November 15, 2017 1 Laird Confidential Meet Your Presenters: Mahendra Tailor Brian Petted Technology Leader Technology Leader [email protected] [email protected] 2 Laird Confidential The Evolution of BLE from v4.0 to v5.0 • Agenda / Topic Enumeration • BLE Feature Additions • BLE Top Level Changes • BLE Signaling (v4.0) (v5.0) - High Rate (2.0 Mbps) - Long Range (500 kbps, 125 kbps) - BLE Signal Spectra (v4.0)(v5.0): Compliance Considerations • Q&A Forum 3 Laird Confidential Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth & Wi-Fi at the Time of v4.0 . Classic Bluetooth about 2mbps Wi-Fi > 100mbps Throughput BLE < 50kbps Power Consumption 4 Laird Confidential BLE Specification Timeline 4 x Range, 6 years 2 x Speed 5 8 x Advert Payload Dec 2016 Secure Connections Packet Length Extension 4.2 Dec 2014 Any Role Topology 4.1 Dec 2013 First introduction 4.0 Jun 2010 5 Laird Confidential Comparison of BLE, Classic Bluetooth at v5 Classic Bluetooth BLE v5 Around 1mbps Throughput BLE Power Consumption 6 Laird Confidential BLE Throughput Evolution in iOS v11 Write With Response 2.5 kbps Write Without Response 5.2 kbps Packed CE Length 37 kbps Larger MTU 48 kbps EDL (Extended Data Length) 135 kbps L2CAP + EDL 197 kbps L2CAP + EDL + 15ms Int 394 kbps Source: Apple WWDC 2017 7 Laird Confidential One Reason for Throughput Improvement Came in v4.2 39 bytes LE Data Packet Extension! Duty Cycle as low as 6% 255 bytes Duty Cycle increased to as high as 70% 8 Laird Confidential v4.2 : Security Enhancements • LE Secure Connections (LESC) Secure Connections based on a long term key derived from a pairing based on a Diffie-Hellman exchange. 9 Laird Confidential Recap of where we are with v5 10 Laird Confidential High Speed Physical Layer • 2 Msps modulation • 3 dB reduced sensitivity • 29% range reduction Throughput increased to 1.4 Mbps Source: Nordic Semiconductor 11 Laird Confidential Long-Range Physical Layer • Standard 1 Msps modulation Link Layer Header • From 8 to 18 bytes 2 Coding Schemes: S=2: 4.5 dB increased sensitivity • 68% range increase S=8: 12 dB increased sensitivity • 400% range increase Source: Nordic Semiconductor 12 Laird Confidential LE CODED: Coding Scheme Forward Error Correction • 2 bits for every input bit Pattern Mapper • S=2:1 symbol per input bit • S=8: 4 symbols per input bit S=2 - 2 symbols per bit • 500 kbps S=8 -8 symbols per bit • 125 kbps Source: Nordic Semiconductor 13 Laird Confidential LE CODED : Increased range but reduced throughput Source: Nordic Semiconductor Increased Power Consumption 14 Laird Confidential Advertising Extensions in v5 Source: Nordic Semiconductor 15 Laird Confidential Advertising on Data Channels Longer packets and coding • Congested advertising channels These are sent in primary channels Reduces contention and duty cycle This is sent in data channels Source: Nordic Semiconductor 16 Laird Confidential Advert Extensions : Chained Data 17 Laird Confidential Advert Extensions : Synchronous Data 18 Laird Confidential Physical Layer Considerations 19 Laird Confidential The Evolution of BLE v4.0 to v5.0 Bluetooth Low Energy Hybrid Digital Transmission System / Frequency Hopping: • 40 channels versus 79 channels on 2 MHz channel spacing versus 1 MHz • Primarily a single-carrier system Hybrid Digital Transmission System (DTS) / FH • Many protocol transactions occur on a single channel • Frequency hopping only required for longer data sequences and rarely utilizes all channels in a hop sequence • Frequency hopping sequence generation complexity lowered 20 Laird Confidential The Evolution of Bluetooth v4.0 to v5.0 • Bluetooth Low Energy Hybrid Digital Transmission System / Frequency Hopping: 21 Laird Confidential The Evolution of BLE v4.0 to v5.0 • BLE Specification declaration of changes from v4.0 to v5.0: - Slot Availability Mask (SAM) - 2 Msym/s PHY for LE ✓ - LE Long Range✓ - High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising - LE Advertising Extensions - LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2 • PHY Baseline Discussion: BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic • PHY Discussion: BLE v5.0 evolution from BLE v4.0 • PHY Discussion: BLE v5.0 PHY Details - R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder - Pattern Mapper • PHY Discussion: Spectrum and Compliance Considerations 22 Laird Confidential PHY Baseline Discussion BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic • PHY Baseline Discussion: BLE (v4.0) versus BT Classic (Non-Enhanced Data Rate [EDR]) • Bluetooth Classic: - Modulation Type GFSK (Gaussian Filtered Frequency Shift Keying) - Baseband Filter: Gaussian Pulse Shaping BT Product: BT=0.5 - Data Rate: 1 Mbps - Modulation Index: 0.28 – 0.35 (Sub MSK condition of 0.5) - Channelization of Carrier Frequencies: 2402 + k*1 [MHz] k=0,1,…,78 - Frequency Hopping Selection over 79 channels down to 20 channels (Adaptive Frequency Hopping) • Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE – v4.0 v5.0) - Modulation Type GFSK (Gaussian Filtered Frequency Shift Keying) - Baseband Filter: Gaussian Pulse Shaping BT Product: BT=0.5 - Data Rate: 1 Mbps - Modulation Index: 0.45 – 0.55 (MSK condition of 0.5 +/- 10% , Stable Modulation Index 0.5 +/- 0.1%) - Channelization of Carrier Frequencies: 2402 + k*2 [MHz] k=0,1,…,39 - Frequency Hopping Selection over 40 channels – Selection not considered here 23 Laird Confidential PHY Discussion: BLE v4.0 to BLE v5.0 Additions: • Additional Uncoded Data Rate: 2 Mbps • Additional Coded Data Rate: 500 kbps - Convolutional Encoder Rate-1/2, Constraint Length k=4 - 2 coded bits per source bit - Coding Gain, Reduced Receiver Bandwidth • Additional Coded Data Rate: 125 kbps - Convolutional Encoder Rate-1/2, Constraint Length k=4 - Manchester Pattern Mapper (4:1 Rate buffer, 4 signal elements per coded bit) - Coding Gain, Further Reduced Receiver Bandwidth 24 Laird Confidential Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps 2 3 g0(x)= 1 + x+ x + x + + + PATTERN MAPPER z-1 z-1 z-1 P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1] P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 1][0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0] + + + c=[c c c c …] 00 01, 10 11 s=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …] R = 500 kbps 2 3 dc Rs= 500 kbps g1(x)= 1+ x + x Convolutional Encoder R=½, k=4 Rse= 500 kse/s Rs= 125 ksps 000 000 000 000 001 001 001 001 010 010 010 010 PATTERN DE-MAPPER 011 011 011 011 P=1, S=2: [0 1][0 1] 100 100 100 100 P=4, S=8: S=2: [0 0 1 1 , 1 1 0 0][0 1] 101 101 101 101 110 110 110 110 111 111 111 111 Viterbi Decoder R=½, c=[c00 c01, c10 c11 …] s=[s00 s01, s10 s11 …] k=4 State Trellis Rdc= 500 kbps Rs= 500 kbps Rse= 500 kse/s Rs= 125 ksps 25 Laird Confidential Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps • R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi decoder, Hard Decision –MatlabSimulation • Coding Gain : Gc 12.99 dB 8.489 dB 4.5 dB 0 Bit Error Ratio - Uncoded and Coded data 10 coded uncoded -1 10 -2 10 X: 12.99 -3 Y: 0.0008176 10 X: 8.489 Y: 0.00107 -4 Bit Error Ratio 10 -5 10 -6 10 -7 10 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 S/N (dB) 26 Laird Confidential Coded Data Transmission: 500 kbps and 125 kbps • R=1/2 k=4 Convolutional Encoder, Viterbi decoder, Hard Decision –MatlabSimulation • Coding Gain : Gc 12.99 dB 8.489 dB 4.5 dB B500kbps 0.5 • Bandwidth Reduction Ratio, pattern mapping (Split Phase Manchester): 10 log10 10 log10 2 3.01 dB B125kbps 0.250 • 4 signal elements per bit, Tse = Tb • Expected Sensitivity Improvements: Coding Gain + Bandwidth Reduction, Manchester Coding Gain[1] Coded / Rate Buffered Data Waveform 1 0.8 0.6 d(t) 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 dB t (nTb) Pattern Mapped (Manchester) Waveform 1 7 dB 0.8 0.6 s(t) 0.4 0.2 [1] Bluetooth Core Specification, Bluetooth Special Interest Group, December 6, 2016. 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t (4nTb) 27 Laird Confidential Additional Data RatesAdditional Signal SpectraCertification Impacts BLE Signal Spectral Density dBm/1 kHz 30 20 • 500 kbps 1 Mbps • 1 Mbps 2 Mbps 10 0 • Bandwidth Change • Bandwidth Change -10 • PSD Change • Band edge Change -20 -30 BLE Signal Spectral Density dBm/1 kHz BLE Signal Spectral Density dBm/1 kHz S(f) [dBm/1 kHz] 30 30 -40 20 20 -50 10 10 -60 0 0 -70 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -10 -10 frequency [Hz] 6 x 10 -20 -20 BLE Signal Spectral Density dBm/3 kHz 30 -30 -30 S(f) [dBm/1 kHz] S(f) [dBm/1 kHz] 20 -40 -40 -50 -50 10 -60 -60 0 -70 -70 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -10 frequency [Hz] 6 frequency [Hz] 6 x 10 x 10 -20 S(f) [dBm/3 kHz] -30 -40 • 125 kbps 1 Mbps -50 • Bandwidth Change -60 • PSD Change -70 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 frequency [Hz] 6 x 10 28 Laird Confidential PHY Discussion: BLE Evolution from v4.0 to v5.0 • Increased RX Sensitivity longer range • Lower coded data rates: Lower Throughput • Higher uncoded data rates: Higher Throughput • Spectrum has discrete components in 500 kbps and 125 kbps cases FCC PSD, BW re-test • Higher uncoded rates: FCC PSD re-test 2 Msym/s PHY for LE ✓ LE Long Range✓ High Duty Cycle Non-Connectable Advertising LE Advertising Extensions LE Channel Selection Algorithm #2 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 29 Laird Confidential Q&A / Wrap-Up 30 Laird Confidential Bluetooth 5 Offerings from Laird SaBLE-x-R2 2.4 GHz Bluetooth 5 Low Energy (BLE) Module • Built upon the latest generation BLE Silicon (TI CC2640RF2 Wireless MCU) • Features dedicated ARM Cortex-M3 processor for host applications, M0 processor for BLE core, and Sensor Processor Engine • On-board trace Antenna or U.FL connector options available, certified with multiple antenna options • Drop-In Replacement for SaBLE-x for seamless BT5 upgrade path BL652 Bluetooth 5 Low Energy (BLE) + NFC Module • Features new Nordic nRF52 with ARM Cortex M4F (512K Flash
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
    CHAPTER21 Chapter Goals • Identify and discuss different types of digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies. • Discuss the benefits of using xDSL technologies. • Explain how ASDL works. • Explain the basic concepts of signaling and modulation. • Discuss additional DSL technologies (SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDSL, IDSL, and VDSL). Digital Subscriber Line Introduction Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a modem technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data, such as multimedia and video, to service subscribers. The term xDSL covers a number of similar yet competing forms of DSL technologies, including ADSL, SDSL, HDSL, HDSL-2, G.SHDL, IDSL, and VDSL. xDSL is drawing significant attention from implementers and service providers because it promises to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to dispersed locations with relatively small changes to the existing telco infrastructure. xDSL services are dedicated, point-to-point, public network access over twisted-pair copper wire on the local loop (last mile) between a network service provider’s (NSP) central office and the customer site, or on local loops created either intrabuilding or intracampus. Currently, most DSL deployments are ADSL, mainly delivered to residential customers. This chapter focus mainly on defining ADSL. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream—from an NSP’s central office to the customer site—than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send.
    [Show full text]
  • A Technology Comparison Adopting Ultra-Wideband for Memsen’S File Sharing and Wireless Marketing Platform
    A Technology Comparison Adopting Ultra-Wideband for Memsen’s file sharing and wireless marketing platform What is Ultra-Wideband Technology? Memsen Corporation 1 of 8 • Ultra-Wideband is a proposed standard for short-range wireless communications that aims to replace Bluetooth technology in near future. • It is an ideal solution for wireless connectivity in the range of 10 to 20 meters between consumer electronics (CE), mobile devices, and PC peripheral devices which provides very high data-rate while consuming very little battery power. It offers the best solution for bandwidth, cost, power consumption, and physical size requirements for next generation consumer electronic devices. • UWB radios can use frequencies from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, a band more than 7 GHz wide. Each radio channel can have a bandwidth of more than 500 MHz depending upon its center frequency. Due to such a large signal bandwidth, FCC has put severe broadcast power restrictions. By doing so UWB devices can make use of extremely wide frequency band while emitting very less amount of energy to get detected by other narrower band devices. Hence, a UWB device signal can not interfere with other narrower band device signals and because of this reason a UWB device can co-exist with other wireless devices. • UWB is considered as Wireless USB – replacement of standard USB and fire wire (IEEE 1394) solutions due to its higher data-rate compared to USB and fire wire. • UWB signals can co-exists with other short/large range wireless communications signals due to its own nature of being detected as noise to other signals.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 8: Overview of Computer Networking Roadmap
    Lecture 8: Overview of Computer Networking Slides adapted from those of Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 5th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross, Addison-Wesley, April 2009. Roadmap ! what’s the Internet? ! network edge: hosts, access net ! network core: packet/circuit switching, Internet structure ! performance: loss, delay, throughput ! media distribution: UDP, TCP/IP 1 What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view PC ! millions of connected Mobile network computing devices: server Global ISP hosts = end systems wireless laptop " running network apps cellular handheld Home network ! communication links Regional ISP " fiber, copper, radio, satellite access " points transmission rate = bandwidth Institutional network wired links ! routers: forward packets (chunks of router data) What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view ! protocols control sending, receiving Mobile network of msgs Global ISP " e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet ! Internet: “network of networks” Home network " loosely hierarchical Regional ISP " public Internet versus private intranet Institutional network ! Internet standards " RFC: Request for comments " IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force 2 A closer look at network structure: ! network edge: applications and hosts ! access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links ! network core: " interconnected routers " network of networks The network edge: ! end systems (hosts): " run application programs " e.g. Web, email " at “edge of network” peer-peer ! client/server model " client host requests, receives
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems
    Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems Paul Sabatino, [email protected] This paper details the impact of new advances in residential broadband networking, including ADSL, HDSL, VDSL, RADSL, cable modems. History as well as future trends of these technologies are also addressed. OtherReports on Recent Advances in Networking Back to Raj Jain's Home Page Table of Contents ● 1. Introduction ● 2. DSL Technologies ❍ 2.1 ADSL ■ 2.1.1 Competing Standards ■ 2.1.2 Trends ❍ 2.2 HDSL ❍ 2.3 SDSL ❍ 2.4 VDSL ❍ 2.5 RADSL ❍ 2.6 DSL Comparison Chart ● 3. Cable Modems ❍ 3.1 IEEE 802.14 ❍ 3.2 Model of Operation ● 4. Future Trends ❍ 4.1 Current Trials ● 5. Summary ● 6. Glossary ● 7. References http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/rbb/index.htm (1 of 14) [2/7/2000 10:59:54 AM] Digital Subscriber Lines and Cable Modems 1. Introduction The widespread use of the Internet and especially the World Wide Web have opened up a need for high bandwidth network services that can be brought directly to subscriber's homes. These services would provide the needed bandwidth to surf the web at lightning fast speeds and allow new technologies such as video conferencing and video on demand. Currently, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Cable modem technologies look to be the most cost effective and practical methods of delivering broadband network services to the masses. <-- Back to Table of Contents 2. DSL Technologies Digital Subscriber Line A Digital Subscriber Line makes use of the current copper infrastructure to supply broadband services.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Multi–Programme TV/HDTV by Satellite
    Digital multi–programme TV/HDTV by satellite M. Cominetti (RAI) A. Morello (RAI) M. Visintin (RAI) The progress of digital technology 1. Introduction since the WARC’77 is considered and the perspectives of future The significant progress of digital techniques in applications via satellite channels production, transmission and emission of radio are identified. Among these, digital and television programmes is rapidly changing the established concepts of broadcasting. multi–programme television systems, with different quality levels (EDTV, SDTV) and possible The latest developments in VLSI (very–large scale evolution to HDTV, are evaluated in integration) technology have significantly contrib- uted to the rapid emergence of digital image/video terms of picture quality and service compression techniques in broadcast and informa- availability on the satellite channels tion–oriented applications; optical fibre technolo- of the BSS bands (12 GHz and gy allows broadband end–to–end connectivity at 22 GHz) and of the FSS band (11 very high bit–rates including digital video capabil- GHz) in Europe. A usable channel ities; even the narrow–band terrestrial broadcast capacity of 45 Mbit/s is assumed, as channels in the VHF/UHF bands (6–7 MHz and 8 well as the adoption of advanced MHz) are under investigation, in the USA [1] and channel coding techniques with in Europe [2], for the future introduction of digital QPSK and 8PSK modulations. For television services. high and medium–power satellites, in operation or planned, the The interest for digital television in broadcasting receiving antenna diameters and multimedia communications is a clear exam- required for correct reception are ple of the current evolution from the analogue to reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Bluetooth® 5
    Volume 1 Issue 1 Understanding Bluetooth® 5 Primary Logo Secondary Stacked Logo 1 Contents 3 Foreword 4 A Look Back and Ahead 5 Case Study: Bluetooth 5 Automatic Parking Meter 6 Bluetooth 5 Mesh Networking 11 Industry Experts Roundtable 14 Bluetooth 5: Your Questions Answered Weclome From the Editor For design engineers, “methods” can mean many things: The Scientific Method, for example, provides the basis for testing hypotheses. The Engineering Method allows us Editor to solve problems using a systematic approach. Method Engineering allows us to create Deborah S. Ray new methods from existing ones. And, I think we’ve all said, “There’s a method to my madness,” when creating new designs or applying existing ones in new ways. Contributing Writers Barry Manz Publishing high-quality technical content is just one method we use to enable our customers Steven Keeping and subscribers to apply technologies and electronic components in new ways and to help drive Steve Hegenderfer revolution and solutions in their various industries. Methods was conceived to provide a new format Technical Contributors to meet our readers’ evolving information needs. And with the resounding success of our Bluetooth 5 Paul Golata webinar on April 11—and the huge thirst for more information around the concepts and applica- Rudy Ramos tion of the new standard—we knew we had the topic for the first edition of our new ezine. So, like Design and Layout Method Engineering, new methods of content delivery came from a project that was underway. Ryan Snieder This first issue of Methods includes a variety of Bluetooth 5 related content that supports and extends the webinar.
    [Show full text]
  • BANDWIDTH UTILIZATION on CABLE-BASED HIGH SPEED DATA NETWORKS Terry D
    BANDWIDTH UTILIZATION ON CABLE-BASED HIGH SPEED DATA NETWORKS Terry D. Shaw, Ph. D.1 CableLabs Abstract These observations indicate the The CableLabs Bandwidth Modeling and importance of deploying DOCSIS 1.1 in Management project addresses the use, order to meet this increasing demand for management, performance simulation, and upstream capacity. Preliminary simulation network economics of cable high-speed data results indicate DOCSIS 1.1 will enable a systems. On this project, we have analyzed significant increase in upstream system consumer usage patterns based upon data carrying capacity over the already collected on live cable-based high-speed substantial capacity of DOCSIS 1.0. These data systems as well as network simulations. simulations indicate that DOCSIS 1.1 will allow almost 20% more upstream capacity Usage data on live cable networks than DOCSIS 1.0. indicate that traffic flows are fairly predictable over DOCSIS™ networks. Simulations have also been used to study Some of the primary patterns emerging the characteristics of specific types of traffic include: found on cable networks. For example, simulations of peer-to-peer applications • Skewed distribution of bandwidth indicate that one user without rate limits can consumption. As a general rule in consume up to 25% of upstream capacity many systems, 30% of the with a usage pattern resembling a very high- subscribers consume about 60% of speed constant bit-rate application. These the data. simulation results highlight the potential • Students drive seasonal benefits for cable operators to manage their characteristics. System usage is bandwidth using tools such as rate limits, appreciably higher during local service tiers, and byte caps on usage.
    [Show full text]
  • How Cable Modems Work by Curt Franklin for Millions of People, Television Brings News, Entertainment and Educational Programs Into Their Homes
    How Cable Modems Work by Curt Franklin For millions of people, television brings news, entertainment and educational programs into their homes. Many people get their TV signal from cable television (CATV) because cable TV provides a clearer picture and more channels. See How Cable TV Works for details. Many people who have cable TV can now get a high-speed connection to the Internet from their cable provider. Cable modems compete with technologies like asymmetrical digital subscriber lines (ADSL). If you have ever wondered what the differences between DSL and cable modems are, or if you have ever wondered how a computer network can share a cable with dozens of television channels, then read on. In this article, we'll look at how a cable modem works and see how 100 cable television channels and any Web site out there can flow over a single coaxial cable into your home. Photo courtesy Motorola, Inc. Motorola SB5100E SURFboard Extra Space Cable Modem You might think that a television channel would take up quite a bit of electrical "space," or bandwidth, on a cable. In reality, each television signal is given a 6-megahertz (MHz, millions of cycles per second) channel on the cable. The coaxial cable used to carry cable television can carry hundreds of megahertz of signals -- all the channels you could want to watch and more. (For more information, see How Television Works.) In a cable TV system, signals from the various channels are each given a 6-MHz slice of the cable's available bandwidth and then sent down the cable to your house.
    [Show full text]
  • Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy
    Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy Joe Decuir Standards Architect,,gy CSR Technology Councilor, Bluetooth Architecture Review Board IEEE Region 6 Northwest Area chair Agenda Wireless Applications Perspective How do wireless devices spend energy? What is ‘classic’ Bluetooth? Wha t is Bluet ooth Low Energy? How do the components work? How low is the energy? Perspective: how does ZigBee & 802.15.4 work? What is Bluetooth Low Energy good for? Where can we learn more? Shilliihort range wireless application areas Voice Data Audio Video State Bluetooth ACL / HS x YYxx Blue too th SCO/eSCO Y x x x x Bluetooth low energy xx x xY Wi-Fi (()VoIP) YYYx Wi-Fi Direct Y Y Y xx ZigBee xx x xY ANT xx x xY State = low bandwidth, low latency data Low Power How do wireless devices spend power? Dutyyy Cycle: how often they are on The wireless world has put a lot of effort into reducing this Protocol efficiency: what do they do when on? Different MACs are tuned for different types of applicati ons TX power: how much power they transmit And how efficient the transmit amplifier is How long they have to transmit when they are on Data rate helps here – look at energy per bit How muchhlh energy the signal processing consumes This is driven by chip silicon process if the DSP dominates This is driven TX power if the RF dominates Example transmit power & efficiency comparisons High rate: 802.11n (single antenna) vs UWB, short range In 90nm, an 802.11n chip might spend ~200mW in DSP, but 500mW in the TX amplifier (mostly because they are about 10% efficient on OFDM carriers)
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient Communication Scheme for Bluetooth Low Energy in Large
    sensors Article Efficient Communication Scheme for Bluetooth Low Energy in Large Scale Applications Maciej Nikodem 1,* , Mariusz Slabicki 2 and Marek Bawiec 1 1 Faculty of Electronics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze˙ Wyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 2 Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 4 November 2020; Published: 8 November 2020 Abstract: The use of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications has become widespread and popular. This has resulted in the increased number of deployed BLE devices. To ensure energy efficiency, applications use connectionless communication where nodes broadcast information using advertisement messages. As the BLE devices compete for access to spectrum, collisions are inevitable and methods that improve device coexistence are required. This paper proposes a connectionless communication scheme for BLE that improves communication efficiency in IoT applications where a large number of BLE nodes operate in the same area and communicate simultaneously to a central server. The proposed scheme is based on an active scanning mode and is compared with a typical application where passive scanning mode is used. The evaluation is based on numerical simulations and real-life evaluation of a network containing 150 devices. The presented scheme significantly reduces the number of messages transmitted by each node and decreases packet loss ratio. It also improves the energy efficiency and preserves the battery of BLE nodes as they transmit fewer radio messages and effectively spent less time actively communicating.
    [Show full text]
  • EVOLUTION and CONVERGENCE in TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2002 2Nd Edition 2005
    the united nations 11 abdus salam educational, scientific and cultural international organization ISBN 92-95003-16-0 centre for theoretical international atomic physics energy agency lecture notes EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2002 2nd Edition 2005 editors S. Radicella D. Grilli ICTP Lecture Notes EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 11 February - 1 March 2002 Editors S. Radicella The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy D. Grilli The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS - First edition Copyright © 2002 by The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics The Abdus Salam ICTP has the irrevocable and indefinite authorization to reproduce and dissem• inate these Lecture Notes, in printed and/or computer readable form, from each author. ISBN 92-95003-16-0 Printed in Trieste by The Abdus Salam ICTP Publications & Printing Section iii PREFACE One of the main missions of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, founded in 1964 by Abdus Salam, is to foster the growth of advanced studies and research in developing countries. To this aim, the Centre organizes a large number of schools and workshops in a great variety of physical and mathematical disciplines. Since unpublished material presented at the meetings might prove of great interest also to scientists who did not take part in the schools the Centre has decided to make it available through a new publication titled ICTP Lecture Note Series. It is hoped that this formally structured pedagogical material in advanced topics will be helpful to young students and researchers, in particular to those working under less favourable conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Technology Survival Guide for Online Learning Developed by the Temple College Elearning Department (Version 1.13)
    A Technology Survival Guide for Online Learning Developed by the Temple College eLearning Department (Version 1.13) Introduction Online learning requires having the appropriate resources in order to access your online courses and other etools. This guide will cover the basics of what will be needed in terms of necessary resources including: • Computer (PC) Hardware Configuration • Computer Operating System • Internet Browser • Software Applications (Word Processor) In addition, this guide will also inform and educate students regarding common problems and issues experienced by learners and how to avoid them. Topics covered will include: • Internet Speed • Internet Connectivity & Performance Issues • Tips for using other eLearning Tools o Viewing or Downloading Videos o Using the Respondus LockDown Browser o Using the Respondus LockDown Browser Using MyLabs Plus • The Importance of Backing up Data Files • Downloading Viewers to Access Course Files • Office 365 eMail • Office 365 (Word/Excel/Powerpoint) 1 Part 1: Online Learning & Your PC Configuration As you chart your course for successful online learning at Temple College it is important that you have the appropriate hardware equipment to avoid operability or compatibility issues when accessing your online courses and course materials. In addition, you will need the necessary productivity software to ensure that you can complete assignments such as papers, essays, etc. Hardware Learners are encouraged to have a PC that is no more than a few years old to ensure compatibility and optimal performance. As a general guideline the following table below lists suggested PC configurations for online learners. It is strongly recommended that your PC configuration at least meet the “Good” category configuration.
    [Show full text]