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Utimmunohistochemical Detection of the Alternate Ink4a-Encoded

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Utimmunohistochemical Detection of the Alternate Ink4a-Encoded utImmunohistochemical Detection of the Alternate INK4a-Encoded Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF in Archival Human Cancers and Cell Lines Using Commercial Antibodies: Correlation with p16INK4a Expression Joseph Geradts, M.D., Robb E. Wilentz, M.D., Helen Roberts, B.Sc. Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (JG, HR), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; and Department of Pathology (REW), The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland KEY WORDS: Antibodies, Immunohistochemistry, The INK4a locus encodes two structurally unrelated INK4a, p14ARF, p16INK4a. tumor suppressor proteins, p16INK4a and p14ARF. Mod Pathol 2001;14(11):1162–1168 Although the former is one of the most common targets for inactivation in human neoplasia, the fre- The INK4a gene on chromosome 9p21 is one of the quency of p14ARF abrogation is not established. We most common targets for inactivation in human have developed an immunohistochemical assay neoplasia. The gene is unusual in that it encodes that allows the evaluation of p14ARF expression in two structurally unrelated proteins, p16INK4a and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, using p14ARF, the human homologue of murine p19ARF. commercially available antibodies. p14ARF positive Two different first exons are spliced in different cells showed nuclear/nucleolar staining, which was reading frames to common exon 2 (1). p16INK4a acts absent in all cell lines and tumors with homozygous as a retinoblastoma protein (pRB) agonist by inhib- deletions of the INK4a gene. The assay was applied iting the phosphorylation of pRB by activated to 34 paraffin-embedded cell buttons, 30 non-small cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (2). The principal INK4a cell lung cancers and 28 pancreatic carcinomas, and methods of p16 inactivation are homozygous the staining results were correlated with p16INK4a deletion of the gene, promoter methylation of exon ARF 1␣, and intragenic mutation (3). The frequency of expression. Loss of p14 expression was common INK4a but less frequent than down-regulation of p16INK4a p16 inactivation in human neoplasia rivals that (53% versus 76% of all specimens). The p14ARF and of p53. We previously demonstrated that immuno- p16INK4a expression pattern was concordant in 65 of histochemistry (IHC) is a sensitive and specific method of detecting the absence of functional 92 cases (71%). Significantly, 24 cases were p16INK4a in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tu- p16INK4a؊/p14ARF؉, while the opposite staining mors, whatever the underlying mechanism (4, 5). In pattern was observed in three cases, consistent with contrast, p14ARF primarily acts as a p53 agonist by the notion that the two proteins have nonredun- inhibiting the MDM2-mediated degradation of the dant functions. The immunohistochemical assay latter (6, 7). p14ARF can also be inactivated by ho- described here may facilitate studies on the preva- ARF mozygous deletion, promoter hypermethylation, lence and significance of aberrant p14 expres- and, presumably, intragenic mutation, although no sion in human tumors. mutations selectively targeting exon 1␤ have been described (1). Promoter methylation of exons 1␣ and 1␤ appear to be independent events (8), and comparatively few data exist on the frequency of p14ARF inactivation in human neoplasia. An impor- Copyright © 2001 by The United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. tant reason for this relative lack of data may be the VOL. 14, NO. 11, P. 1162, 2001 Printed in the U.S.A. unavailability of an assay that would allow the eval- Date of acceptance: July 21, 2001. ARF Address reprint requests to: Joseph Geradts, M.D., Department of Pathol- uation of p14 expression in archival tissues. Here ogy and Laboratory Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Car- lton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263; e-mail: [email protected]; we describe such an assay, which utilizes commer- fax: 716-845-3427. cially available reagents and which should be ap- 1162 plicable in any immunohistochemical laboratory. retrieval in 0.1 M EDTA pH8.0 (20 minutes at 95 to We demonstrate the validity of our method and its 100° C), the sections were reacted with the anti- application to paraffin-embedded cell lines and tu- p16 monoclonal antibody at 1 ␮g/mL at 4°C over- mors, and we provide evidence that, at least in night. Some of the p16INK4a staining data had some human cancers, p14ARF abrogation, although been included in two earlier studies (5, 12). For important, may be less common than, and inde- p14ARF IHC, we initially tested all five antibodies pendent of, p16INK4a inactivation. (see Results). We chose to optimize reaction con- ditions for one of them, i.e., monoclonal antibody 14PO2. After dewaxing and rehydration, the en- MATERIALS AND METHODS dogenous peroxidase activity was quenched for Cell Lines and Tissues 20 minutes with 0.3% H202 in methanol. The sec- tions then underwent antigen retrieval in 0.01 M All lung cancer and mesothelioma cell lines (des- citrate buffer pH6.0 at 95 to 100° C for 20 minutes ignated by the prefix “H”) were originally estab- (cell blocks) or 40 minutes (tissues). After block- lished at the National Cancer Institute—Navy Med- ing with 1% horse serum for 20 minutes, the ical Oncology Branch (9). Breast cancer cell lines sections were reacted with primary antibody at 1 MCF–10A, SKBR3, BT474, T47D, MDA–MB–231, ␮g/mL (cell blocks) or 4 ␮g/mL (tissues) at 4°C MDA–MB–361, and MDA–MB–468 were provided overnight. The detection reactions for both by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Clare Hall p16INK4A and p14ARF followed the Vectastain Elite Laboratories (London, UK). Colorectal carcinoma ABC protocol as suggested by the manufacturer. cell lines SW480, SW620, SW837, SW1463, RKO and Diaminobenzidine (from Vector) with hematoxy- DLD–1, and cell lines PC-3 and U2OS, as well as a lin counterstain was used for color development. nude mouse xenografts of cell lines H417 and Negative antibody controls were stained under H2009, had been used in previous immunohisto- identical conditions. External positive controls chemical studies (4, 10, 11). The non-small cell lung for p14ARF included normal breast, colon, appen- cancers (NSCLC) were part of a cohort of well- dix, and tonsil, a phyllodes tumor, and nude characterized tumors from Australia (12). The pan- mouse xenografts of lung cancer cell lines H417 creatic carcinomas were from the pathology files of and H2009. Several cell lines and tumors with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (5, 13). Nor- known homozygous INK4a deletions served as mal breast, skin, colon, appendix, and tonsil and external negative controls. A specimen was con- the phyllodes tumor were from the Department of sidered positive for p16INK4A or p14ARF if there Cellular Pathology at the John Radcliffe Hospital was nuclear staining above any cytoplastic back- (Oxford, UK). The cell lines, xenograft, human tu- ground; cytoplasmic staining itself was disre- mors and normal tissues had been fixed in 10% garded (5). If the cells of interest failed to show buffered formalin, processed, and embedded in distinct nuclear reactivity, the specimen was con- paraffin using routine procedures. sidered negative for the respective protein. In tissue sections, admixed stromal, inflammatory, Materials and normal epithelial cells served as positive in- Mouse monoclonal anti-p16INK4a antibody Ab-7 ternal controls. and monoclonal anti-p14ARF antibodies 14PO2 and 14P03, as well as polyclonal Ab-1 were obtained from LabVision/NeoMarkers (Fremont, CA). Rabbit RESULTS polyclonal anti-p14ARF antibodies Ab-1/PC409 and Development of an Immunohistochemical Assay ZF14 were obtained from Oncogene Research Prod- for p14ARF ucts (via CN BioSciences, Nottingham, UK) and Zymed Laboratories (South San Francisco, CA), re- In preliminary experiments, we tested five anti- ARF spectively. The Elite ABC detection kit was pur- p14 antibodies (three polyclonals and two chased from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA). monoclonals) obtained from three companies. After antigen retrieval in 0.1 M EDTA and primary incubation overnight at 1:400 (polyclonals) or 2 Immunohistochemistry ␮g/mL (monoclonals), all five antibodies pro- Five ␮m thick paraffin sections were cut onto duced the expected nuclear staining pattern in coated slides and stored at 4°C until used. The positive controls. Because the monoclonal anti- experiments were carried out in a Shandon Se- bodies appeared to be more sensitive, we opti- quenza immunostainer. The immunohistochem- mized the reaction conditions for one of them, ical assay for detecting p16INK4a in fixed and 14PO2 from NeoMarkers. To validate the IHC as- paraffin-embedded tissues has been described in say, we used the positive and negative control detail elsewhere (4, 5, 14). Briefly, after antigen specimens detailed in the Methods. Variables Immunohistochemistry of p14ARF in Archival Tissues (J. Geradts et al.) 1163 tested included primary antibody concentration, control stains. Cells devoid of p14ARF, e.g., those different antigen retrieval techniques, and differ- with a homozygous INK4a deletion, typically ent detection reactions, among others. We found showed nonspecific cytoplasmic reactivity, but it necessary to employ a longer antigen retrieval no nuclear staining above the background (Fig. time and higher primary antibody concentration 1B). for archival tissues, compared with formalin- fixed, paraffin-embedded cell buttons. In cells ARF expressing p14ARF, the staining pattern was pre- Immunohistochemical Evaluation
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