Lab 12 - Introduction to Mac OS X Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii. Spis treści 1 MAC OS X 2 Desktop 2.1 Menu Bar 2.2 Dock 3 Windows in MAC OS X 4 Exposé 5 Basic system navigation 5.1 Keyboard layout 5.2 Capturing screen view 6 System Preferences 6.1 Changing system language 7 Terminal 8 Finder 9 Folders structure 10 User management 11 Tasks 12 Useful links MAC OS X Mac OS X is a family of computer operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., starting March 2001. Since 2002 has been included with all new Macintosh computer systems and it's designed to run exclusively on them. Version 10.5 “Leopard” introduced new graphical user interface, followed until current version - 10.8 “Mountain Lion”, released June 25, 2012. Mac OS X, whose "X" represents the Roman numeral for "10" and is a prominent part of its brand identity, is a Unix-based operating system, built on technologies developed at NeXT between the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996. Its sixth release Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" gained UNIX 03 certification while running on Intel processors. Mac OS X's core is a POSIX compliant operating system (OS) built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple released this set of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X. Desktop After turning the operating system on the desktop appears. It's very similar to the Microsoft Windows. There are files and folders, wallpaper as a background and screen-savers (System preferences > Desktop & Screen Savers preferences pane). Grafika:Mac-os-x-desktop.png Menu Bar Menu bar located on the top of the screen serves the purpose of system and application navigation, unlike is Microsoft Windows systems it is not bound to application's window. Leftmost apple icon allows the access of basic system functions at any time (e.g. switch off, log out, system preferences). Next to is current application menu. The default one starts with Finder, followed by already known File, Edit, View, Help dropdown menu. Every application opened “overwrites” the menu bar with its own buttons. On the right side of the bar there is a system volume adjust, a clock, spotlight (tool for searching), and some additional buttons like Bluetooth or network activation etc., depending on settings and running application. Grafika:Mac-os-x-menubar.png Dock At the bottom of the screen (by default, it can be changed to right or left side) there is a dock. Dock is a place to keep shortcuts of applications and folders, minimized windows and trash. An easiest way to organize shortcuts in dock is by drag&drop option. Beside shortcuts of apps folders can be put in the dock as well. Minimized widows are on the right side of dock (to the left from trash). Trash stores deleted files and folders. By dragging an cd/dvd icon on a trash, computer will eject disc. Only one click on the application icon is needed to open it. Right click on an icon opens additional menu where from we can close an application/folder, add it or remove it from the dock. Objects in the dock can be: opened – signalized by an ellipse (from 10.5 Leopard, triangle in earlier releases) below icon. Clicking such icon brings windows of the application or folder to the front. closed – single click opens the application/folder and changed the menu bar at the top. hidden – also signalized by an ellipse, application is maximized on clicking. Grafika:Mac-os-x-dock-right.png Windows in MAC OS X Window in MAC OS X is very similar to window in Windows or Linux systems. Main difference from the Microsoft Windows systems is the location of minimize, maximize, close button on the left left instead of the right. Each window consists of following elements: title bar - icon and name of application or place, three buttons in the left corner of the window (quit, hide in dock, enlarge window), in folders: one button in the top right corner of the window (toggle toolbar and sidebar), scroll bar (if content is larger than window's size). Grafika:Mac-os-x-windows.png Exposé Exposé is the easiest way to organize opened Windows and switch between them (similar to alt-tab). Very often we face the problem of multiple opened windows which are hard to control. With help comes the Exposé tool, which will display all active and hidden application on the screen with thumbnails and their names. Exposé is called out by pressing F3 button by default. Other options are: fn-F9 (same as F3) – displays all active applications, we choose which should be brought to front (either by arrow keys on the keyboard or clicking them with the mouse) fn-F10 – display one active application and all of its windows, on the dock at the bottom it's possible to highlight and switch to only other active applications, it's impossible to open an inactive one. fn-F11 – slides all of the windows to the sides so that desktop is visible. Grafika:Mac-os-x-expose-f3.png Grafika:Mac-os-x-expose-f10.png.jpg Pressing F3 (or other respective combination) again causes the desktop to be shown in the state before entering Exposé. Basic system navigation For more experienced users of Microsoft Windows first interaction of Mac OS might cause some frustrations. First and foremost, all keyboard shortcut come with command (⌘) button instead of ctrl (on Windows), further on most basic shortcuts are the same: cmd-C (copy), cmd-S (save), cmd-A (select all), etc. Keyboard layout Keyboard layout also differs from common keyboards used for PC's. Function keys work as system management (regulating brightness, volume, playback, etc.). The cmd button takes alt's space next to space bar. Beside that there are icons on the keys rather than text (e.g. page up/page down, home/end, shift, caps lock). Capturing screen view Since the Mac keyboard do not have a “print screen” key like other keyboards it's not that obvious how to take a screenshot. In turn it is resolved by combination of cmd-shift-numerical buttons: cmd-shift-3 saves screen view as .png image on the desktop cmd-shift-4 saves a portion of the screen (crosshair cursor appear to select area) cmd-shift-4 then spacebar saves a window adding ctrl to the combination copies the view to clipboard instead of saving it. Another option is to use system-included application Grab (Applications > Utilities > Grab) where further use is rather straight-forward. System Preferences Mac OS X has very well developed system setting tool to configure it to fit individual requirements. Toll is called System Preferences and is accessed from apple dropdown menu or Applications list. Grafika:Mac-os-x-sys- pref.png.jpg Window is divided into five sectors: Personal - desktop, screensaver, international etc., Hardware - displays, keyboard, mouse, sound etc., Internet & Wireless - network, sharing etc., System - accounts, software update, date & time etc., Other - dependent on installed apps. Changing system language Changing system language is relatively easy. Go to Language & Text and simply follow the instructions. One you move your language of choice to the top of the list, the next time system is started it will changed. Terminal For more advanced users in Mac OS X is available Terminal. Default system shell is bash. There are available all standard tools, known from other Unix systems and script languages. Worth mentioned are editors such as: emacs, vim, tools: cp, mv, ls or tar, system shells: bash, tcsh, zsh and script languages: Perl, PHP, tcl. Python etc. Terminal is accessed from Applications > Utilities > Terminal or Finder > Go > Utilities > Terminal. Grafika:Mac- os-x-terminal.png Finder Finder is the default file management application for MAC OS X (Equivalent of Windows Explorer in Microsoft Windows). Finder is opened at the start of the system, and always available in the “background”, so it doesn't have to be opened manually. Its menu bar is brought forward whenever we click on the desktop or inside a folder window. To open a Finder window click New Finder Window in File menu of Finder (cmd-N) or by Finder icon in dock. To open a file from Finder use cmd-O. To choose default application for opening certain file type, right click on a file and choose Get Info, in the Open with section you can choose the default application.Grafika:Mac-os-x-finder-menu.png Icons, similarly as in Microsoft Windows are representing files, apps or folder graphically. Double-click to open. All operations, such as drag&drop, rename, copy/paste features are also available as in Windows or Linux. However, renaming differs, to rename a file or folder highlight it and press Enter, or right-click and choose rename option. Removing is more complex than just pressing Delete key, you have to use cmd-backspace combination to remove a file/folder with keyboard, drag&drop to Trash works too. By default icons are not placed in a clean grid, it’s possible to put several filed on top of each other. Clean Up options assigns files proper place on the grid. Clean up option. Clean up option. Toolbar in finder makes navigation easier. It contains several buttons: navigation - go backward/forward, view choice (icons, list, columns, or Cover Flow) view selected file (eye icon) choose an action to perform (gear icon) search – in folder, this one searches only for files or folder with specified name).