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Lab 12 - Introduction to Mac OS X

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Spis treści

1 MAC OS X 2 Desktop 2.1 2.2 Dock 3 Windows in MAC OS X 4 Exposé 5 Basic system navigation 5.1 Keyboard layout 5.2 Capturing screen view 6 6.1 Changing system language 7 Terminal 8 9 Folders structure 10 User management 11 Tasks 12 Useful links

MAC OS X

Mac OS X is a family of operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc., starting March 2001. Since 2002 has been included with all new computer systems and it's designed to run exclusively on them. Version 10.5 “Leopard” introduced new , followed until current version - 10.8 “Mountain Lion”, released June 25, 2012.

Mac OS X, whose "X" represents the Roman numeral for "10" and is a prominent part of its brand identity, is a Unix-based , built on technologies developed at NeXT between the second half of the 1980s and Apple's purchase of the company in late 1996. Its sixth release Mac OS X v10.5 "Leopard" gained UNIX 03 certification while running on Intel processors.

Mac OS X's core is a POSIX compliant operating system (OS) built on top of the XNU kernel, with standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple released this set of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating system which is Mac OS X.

Desktop

After turning the operating system on the desktop appears. It's very similar to the . There are files and folders, wallpaper as a background and screen-savers (System preferences > Desktop & Screen Savers preferences pane).

Grafika:Mac-os-x-desktop.png

Menu Bar

Menu bar located on the top of the screen serves the purpose of system and application navigation, unlike is Microsoft Windows systems it is not bound to application's window. Leftmost apple allows the access of basic system functions at any time (e.g. switch off, log out, system preferences). Next to is current application menu. The default one starts with Finder, followed by already known File, Edit, View, Help dropdown menu. Every application opened “overwrites” the menu bar with its own buttons. On the right side of the bar there is a system volume adjust, a clock, (tool for searching), and some additional buttons like Bluetooth or network activation etc., depending on settings and running application. Grafika:Mac-os-x-menubar.png

Dock

At the bottom of the screen (by default, it can be changed to right or left side) there is a . Dock is a place to keep of applications and folders, minimized windows and .

An easiest way to organize shortcuts in dock is by drag&drop option. Beside shortcuts of apps folders can be put in the dock as well. Minimized widows are on the right side of dock (to the left from trash). Trash stores deleted files and folders. By dragging an cd/dvd icon on a trash, computer will eject disc. Only one click on the application icon is needed to open it. Right click on an icon opens additional menu where from we can close an application/folder, add it or remove it from the dock. Objects in the dock can be:

opened – signalized by an ellipse (from 10.5 Leopard, triangle in earlier releases) below icon. Clicking such icon brings windows of the application or folder to the front. closed – single click opens the application/folder and changed the menu bar at the top. hidden – also signalized by an ellipse, application is maximized on clicking.

Grafika:Mac-os-x-dock-right.png

Windows in MAC OS X

Window in MAC OS X is very similar to window in Windows or systems. Main difference from the Microsoft Windows systems is the location of minimize, maximize, close button on the left left instead of the right.

Each window consists of following elements:

title bar - icon and name of application or place, three buttons in the left corner of the window (quit, hide in dock, enlarge window), in folders: one button in the top right corner of the window (toggle toolbar and sidebar), scroll bar (if content is larger than window's size).

Grafika:Mac-os-x-windows.png Exposé

Exposé is the easiest way to organize opened Windows and switch between them (similar to alt-tab). Very often we face the problem of multiple opened windows which are hard to control. With help comes the Exposé tool, which will display all active and hidden application on the screen with thumbnails and their names.

Exposé is called out by pressing F3 button by default. Other options are:

fn-F9 (same as F3) – displays all active applications, we choose which should be brought to front (either by arrow keys on the keyboard or clicking them with the mouse) fn-F10 – display one active application and all of its windows, on the dock at the bottom it's possible to highlight and switch to only other active applications, it's impossible to open an inactive one. fn-F11 – slides all of the windows to the sides so that desktop is visible.

Grafika:Mac-os-x-expose-f3.png Grafika:Mac-os-x-expose-f10.png.jpg

Pressing F3 (or other respective combination) again causes the desktop to be shown in the state before entering Exposé. Basic system navigation

For more experienced users of Microsoft Windows first interaction of Mac OS might cause some frustrations. First and foremost, all keyboard shortcut come with command (⌘) button instead of ctrl (on Windows), further on most basic shortcuts are the same: cmd-C (copy), cmd-S (save), cmd-A (select all), etc.

Keyboard layout

Keyboard layout also differs from common keyboards used for PC's. Function keys work as system management (regulating brightness, volume, playback, etc.). The cmd button takes alt's space next to space bar. Beside that there are icons on the keys rather than text (e.g. page up/page down, home/end, shift, caps lock).

Capturing screen view

Since the Mac keyboard do not have a “print screen” key like other keyboards it's not that obvious how to take a screenshot. In turn it is resolved by combination of cmd-shift-numerical buttons:

cmd-shift-3 saves screen view as .png image on the desktop cmd-shift-4 saves a portion of the screen (crosshair cursor appear to select area) cmd-shift-4 then spacebar saves a window adding ctrl to the combination copies the view to clipboard instead of saving it.

Another option is to use system-included application (Applications > Utilities > Grab) where further use is rather straight-forward. System Preferences

Mac OS X has very well developed system setting tool to configure it to fit individual requirements. Toll is called System Preferences and is accessed from apple dropdown menu or Applications list. Grafika:Mac-os-x-sys- pref.png.jpg

Window is divided into five sectors:

Personal - desktop, screensaver, international etc., Hardware - displays, keyboard, mouse, sound etc., Internet & Wireless - network, sharing etc., System - accounts, software update, date & time etc., Other - dependent on installed apps.

Changing system language

Changing system language is relatively easy. Go to Language & Text and simply follow the instructions. One you move your language of choice to the top of the list, the next time system is started it will changed.

Terminal

For more advanced users in Mac OS X is available Terminal. Default system is bash. There are available all standard tools, known from other Unix systems and script languages. Worth mentioned are editors such as: emacs, vim, tools: cp, mv, ls or tar, system shells: bash, tcsh, zsh and script languages: Perl, PHP, tcl. Python etc. Terminal is accessed from Applications > Utilities > Terminal or Finder > Go > Utilities > Terminal. Grafika:Mac- os-x-.png

Finder

Finder is the default file management application for MAC OS X (Equivalent of Windows Explorer in Microsoft Windows). Finder is opened at the start of the system, and always available in the “background”, so it doesn't have to be opened manually. Its menu bar is brought forward whenever we click on the desktop or inside a folder window.

To open a Finder window click New Finder Window in File menu of Finder (cmd-N) or by Finder icon in dock. To open a file from Finder use cmd-O. To choose default application for opening certain file type, right click on a file and choose Get Info, in the Open with section you can choose the default application.Grafika:Mac-os-x-finder-menu.png

Icons, similarly as in Microsoft Windows are representing files, apps or folder graphically. Double-click to open. All operations, such as drag&drop, rename, copy/paste features are also available as in Windows or Linux. However, renaming differs, to rename a file or folder highlight it and press Enter, or right-click and choose rename option. Removing is more complex than just pressing Delete key, you have to use cmd-backspace combination to remove a file/folder with keyboard, drag&drop to Trash works too. By default icons are not placed in a clean grid, it’s possible to put several filed on top of each other. Clean Up options assigns files proper place on the grid.

Clean up option. Clean up option.

Toolbar in finder makes navigation easier. It contains several buttons:

navigation - go backward/forward, view choice (icons, list, columns, or ) view selected file (eye icon) choose an action to perform (gear icon) search – in folder, this one searches only for files or folder with specified name). Menu bar Spotlight offers also an in-built looking up words in the system's language. Folders structure

In MAC OS X all folders, documents and apps are placed in strictly defined order. Structure of a disk of a computer working under control of MAC OS X can be viewed by clicking icon of a hard drive disk, placed on a Desktop or in Finder. After choosing icon of a disk, first level of files in disk is shown. Library and System folders are a system folders and any change in this folders may cause a system failure. Applications folder is a place to keep all applications that are used by all users (apps for a specific users are placed in Users/name_of_user/Applications folder). Some of built in Apps:

AddressBook Dictionary iTunes - organize , movies, videos, etc., Chess iMovie - amateur app to create amazing movies iDVD – to create dvd menus iChat - messenger iCal - iPhoto - organize and correct photos iWeb – creates a simple website based on pre-made templates Mail QuickTime - movie player System Preferences - web browser - small yellow stickies placed on the screen

Grafika:Mac-os-x-apps.png User management

To add, delete and modify user accounts is used Accounts in System Preferences. To make any change it is necessary to input an administrator password. Each user has their own user folder, placed in Users folder. Home directory for each user is represented with a house icon. Grafika:Mac-os-x-accounts.png

Tasks

Get acquainted with hardware: one-piece computer, keyboard, and one-button mouse. Get acquainted with available operations on icons placed in a folder or on Desktop. Check how to select multiple icons and how to drag&drop icons. Make screen captures: two full-screen captures: with saving and copying to clipboard selection capture window capture Create a folder named Lab_d_g_n and copy to it screen captures made just before. Create another screen capture and rename it to "to_move". Move this file to folder made in point above. How to do that and what's the difference between moving and copying? Change the default application for screen capture files from Preview to Gimp. Search all elements called 'Picture'. Search only elements made during the laboratory. Delete content of the created folder using keyboard, drag&drop, and right click of the mouse. Finally, delete the folder. Test Exposé tool. What are the options for this tool placed in System Preferences? What is the difference between Exposé options and how to trigger them? Create user account called 'Student_d_g_n'. Log in on this account. Working on administrator account check if you have an access to home folders of another users. Check Sleep option. How to get back to work after sleeping? What's the role of power button placed on the computer? Delete 'Student_d_g_n' account. Eject cd/dvd disc in all possible ways. Run Terminal app and test available commands. How to show list of all? Run ls command. Get acquainted with folders' structure. Is it similar to that known from Windows or Linux ? Test Tab key during typing commands and moving through folders. What is the default location opened by Finder? What are the numbers in the Terminal title bar? When do they change? Switch system language to your mother tongue. Useful links

http://www.apple.com http://docs.info.apple.com/jarticle.html?path=Mac/10.5/en/cdb_whatcalled.html

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