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Ecologia E Etnoecologia De Hypancistrus Zebra (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) No Rio Xingu, Amazônia Brasileira

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Ecologia E Etnoecologia De Hypancistrus Zebra (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) No Rio Xingu, Amazônia Brasileira UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA AQUÁTICA E PESCA Ecologia e etnoecologia de Hypancistrus zebra (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) no rio Xingu, Amazônia brasileira Alany Pedrosa Gonçalves Belém-PA 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA AQUÁTICA E PESCA ALANY PEDROSA GONÇALVES ECOLOGIA E ETNOECOLOGIA DE HYPANCISTRUS ZEBRA (SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE) NO RIO XINGU, AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal do Pará, como requisito parcial para obtenção de grau ao nível de Mestrado. Orientadora: Prof. Dra. Victoria Judith Isaac Nahum. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/ICB – UFPA. Belém-PA 2011 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA AQUÁTICA E PESCA ECOLOGIA E ETNOECOLOGIA DE HYPANCISTRUS ZEBRA (SILURIFORMES: LORICARIIDAE) NO RIO XINGU, AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA ALANY PEDROSA GONÇALVES Belém-PA 2011 i APOIO FINANCEIRO E LOGÍSTICO A discente contou com os seguintes auxílios financeiros: CNPq: bolsa de mestrado por 23 meses; CAPES: bolsa de mestrado sanduiche (auxílio moradia), concedido través do Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica – Novas Fronteiras (PROCAD-NF 2009). O presente trabalho, contou com o apoio financeiro para desenvolvimento das coletas, através de três projetos de pesquisa, pelas seguintes instituições: CNPq: edital universal-CNPq/2008, em apoio ao projeto “CICLO DE VIDA E REPRODUCÃO NATURAL E EM CATIVEIRO DE Hypancistrus zebra, ISBRÜCKER E NIJSSEN, 1991, DO RIO XINGU, PARÁ, BRASIL”; FAPESPA: edital Nº. 014/2008, em apoio ao projeto “ECOLOGIA E MANEJO DE Hypancistrus zebra, ISBRÜCKER E NIJSSEN, 1991, NO RIO XINGU, PARÁ”; FAPESPA: edital Nº. 003/2008 – Edital Universal, em apoio ao projeto “BIOLOGIA E DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DE Hypancistrus zebra, ISBRÜCKER E NIJSSEN, 1991, NO RIO XINGU, PARÁ”. Além do apoio financeiro, as coletas e análises de dados aconteceram através do apoio dos seguintes parceiros: Laboratório de Biologia Pesqueira e Manejo dos Recursos Aquáticos – Universidade Federal do Pará; Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas – Campus Universitário de Altamira - Universidade Federal do Pará; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental/Seção de Meio Ambiente – Instituto Evandro Chagas; Laboratório de Ecologia Marinha e Oceanografia Pesqueira – Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia. ii EPÍGRAFE Ciclo da Vida (Elton John e Tim Rice) Desde o dia que chegamos ao planeta E abrimos nossos olhos para o sol Há mais a ser visto além do que já vimos E mais a fazer do que já foi feito Alguns dizem “devore ou seja devorado” Outros dizem “viva e deixe viver” Mas todos concordam juntos Você nunca deve tirar mais do que dá No ciclo da vida Esta é a roda da fortuna Este é o salto da fé Esta é a faixa de esperança Até encontrarmos nosso lugar Nos caminhos que se desenrolam No ciclo, no ciclo da vida Alguns de nós caem pela estrada Enquanto outros alcançam as estrelas Alguns de nós navegam acima dos problemas Enquanto outros têm que viver com as cicatrizes Há muito para se conseguir aqui Mais para se encontrar do que o que já foi encontrado Mas o sol se move alto no céu azul safira E mantêm-se, ora grande, ora pequeno, neste ciclo sem fim. iii DEDICATÓRIA Aos que se tornaram familiares, Aos que nasceram familiares, E aos que conheci ontem. Dedico tanto aos que me deixam louco, Tanto aos que enlouqueço. Aos que me criticaram em tudo, E a um ou outro que atura Minha “chatura”. Aos amigos que correm, Aos amigos que contemplam. Aos que me consideram muito, E aos que, com razão, fazem pouco. Aos que conhecem o que penso, E aos que só conhecem o que faço. Aos que passam o dia comigo, E aos que estão todo o tempo em mim. Este trabalho é a soma de todos vocês. E se ele não é melhor, É por falta de memória, Mas não por falta de amigos Autor desconhecido.... Ao meu avô Aristides Gonçalves de Souza (in memoriam), meus pais Vicente Gonçalves e Maria Laura meus exemplos de vida que sempre procuro seguir! iv AGRADECIMENTOS À Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), através do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca (PPGEAP), pela oportunidade de aperfeiçoar meus conhecimentos no mundo aquático; à Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), através do Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia (PPGECO), por abrir as portas para a realização da disciplina de Ecologia Humana e Manejo de Recurso. Ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Pará (FAPESPA) e Fundação de Amparo ao Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa (FADESP) pelo apoio financeiro para realização das coletas de campo. Ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Programa Nacional de Cooperação Acadêmica – Novas Fronteiras (PROCAD-NF 2009), pela concessão de bolsa de mestrado e mestrado sanduíche, respectivamente. Eternos agradecimentos e gratidão a minha orientadora e “mãe científica” Dra. Victoria Isaac, que foi fundamental na minha formação e permanência em Belém nestes 29 meses de estudos. Obrigado por todo o apoio e muita paciência comigo, seja respondendo a mesma coisa várias vezes, seja atrapalhando suas férias com as correções dos artigos! À Cléo Batista, Orino Raiol e Thays Costa pela ajuda nos parte burocrática do mestrado. Aos professores das disciplinas do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca: MSc. Allan Jamesson, Dra. Cristina Maneschy, Dra. Daniely Félix, Dra. Edma do Socorro, Dr. Eduardo Paes, Dra. Flávia Frédou, Dr. Franklin Noel, Dr. James Lee, Dra. Ozileia, Dr. José Souto, Dr. José Helder Benatti, Dr. Juarez Pezzuti, Dra. Jussara Martineli, Dr. Maurício Camargo, Dr. Mauro Ruffino, MSc. Roberta Kelley, Dr. Thierry Frédou, Dr. Tommaso Giarrizzo, Dr. Ulrich Saint-Paul, Dr.Uwe Krumme, Dra.Valéria Oliveira, Dra.Valerie Sarpedonti, MSc. Vanessa Costa, Dra. Virag Venekey e Dra. Victoria Isaac. E aos pesquisadores que me ajudaram na definição da metodologia deste trabalho, identificação taxonômica e referências: MSc. Aisha Bailey (University of the West Indies/Jamaica), Dra. Cecília Volkmer-Ribeiro (MCN/FZB), Dr.Colin Beasley (UFPA), Dr. Eric Hyslop (University of the West Indies/Jamaica), MSc. Gustavo Figueiredo (UNEMAT), Ingo Seidel (DATZ). Dra. Isabella Cardone (UNESP), Dr. James Lee (UFPA), Dr. Luciano Montag (MPEG/UFPA)Dr. Luis Carlos Gomes (Nupelia/UEM), Dra. Norma Hahn (Nupelia/UEM), Mats v Petersson (PlanetCatfish), Dra. Rosilene Delariva (CESUMAR), Dr. Timothy Wood (Wright State University/Estados Unidos), Dr. Tommaso Giarrizzo (UFPA). Aos pesquisadores que compuseram a banca de avaliação do plano de qualificação e defesa final da dissertação: Dr. Luciano Montag, Dr. Renato Silvano e Dr. Ronaldo Barthem. E aos pesquisadores que disponibilizaram a partilhar experiências e contribuir para a melhoria de cada capítulo que integra essa dissertação, além de toda paciência do mundo: MSc. Allan Jamesson, Dr. Eduardo Paes, Dr. Renato Silvano e MSc.Vanessa Costa. A todos os pescadores e pescadoras de acari zebra do rio Xingu, pela paciência, atenção e respeito tanto com a equipe de trabalho e com a pesquisa: Aderval, Aldecir, Alemão, Alex, Aline, Antônio Cláudio, Aristeu, Bem-te-vi, Bina, Daildo, Damilton, Daniel, David, Edson Cavalcante, Edson Gomes, Elenilson, Elídio, Fábio, Francisco, Gabriel, Jailson, Jedaias, Jedequias, Jeremias, Jesinaldo, Jessiney, João Barbosa, Otávio, João Carlos, José Luiz, José Paulo, Josinaldo, Josivaldo, Maria Leni, Marizan, Marles, Nelson Balão, Nelson Dias, Odilon, Odinaldo, Pedro Paulo, Pezão, Quinha, Rita, Ronilson, Sidney e Wanderlei. Sem vocês este trabalho não existiria! Meus sinceros agradecimentos aos pilotos Romildo e Rubinho, em Vitória do Xingu e todos da equipe Juliana Santos Embarcações, em Altamira, pelo apoio nas viagens de campo: Aderval, Antônio, Bião, Chico Balsa, Chiquinho Cabeludo, Paula, Paulo Raposa e Valdir. A todos que acompanharam a saga de um ano, fazendo coletas mensais no rio Xingu: Alfredo, Álvaro, Ana Paula, Anderson, Antônia Cléia, Aristides, Cristiane, Erick, Heriberto Jr, Igor, James, Lúcio, Marcelo, Maria Eliete, Márcia, Maysa, Romildo, Vicente e Vivianne. E a todos que contribuíram com este trabalho, seja dando auxílio nas entrevistas de etnoecologia com os pescadores: Cristiane, Igor, Gladson, Leandro e Vivianne; seja se aventurando a passar noites mal dormidas no MADAM, fazendo companhia nas análises infinitas de conteúdo estomacal (Cris Folha, Sheila e meu maninho Paulo Arthur. Obrigado pelo apoio incondicional! A turma de mestrado em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca 2009: Ana Paula, Átilla, Caroline, Dalila, Daniela, Deborah, Gisele, Milena e Paulo Marcelo. E toda equipe do Laboratório de Biologia Pesqueira e Manejo dos Recursos Aquáticos da UFPA/Belém, por toda contribuição e apoio neste período: James, Kássio, Sheila; GEA (Allan, Douglas, Fabíola, Flaviana, Luciana, Marcelo, Rory, Sarita e Tommaso); GEMPA (Alfredo, Álvaro, Ana Paula, Bianca, Gilberto, Jorge (in memoriam), Júlio, Leocyvan, Morgana, Renata, Roberto, Síbila, Thais e Walter); GPECAS (Andréia, Carol, Dany Brito, DanyMedeiros, Hebert, Leila e Priscila). vi Agradeço de modo especial à Natalina (Naty) por todo carinho que sempre me tratou; com certeza as tardes no MADAM não seriam as mesmas sem os seus cuidados e aquele delicioso
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