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Stem Cell Factor Is Selectively Secreted by Arterial Endothelial Cells in Bone Marrow

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Stem Cell Factor Is Selectively Secreted by Arterial Endothelial Cells in Bone Marrow ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04726-3 OPEN Stem cell factor is selectively secreted by arterial endothelial cells in bone marrow Chunliang Xu1,2, Xin Gao1,2, Qiaozhi Wei1,2, Fumio Nakahara 1,2, Samuel E. Zimmerman3,4, Jessica Mar3,4 & Paul S. Frenette 1,2,5 Endothelial cells (ECs) contribute to haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) maintenance in bone marrow, but the differential contributions of EC subtypes remain unknown, owing to the lack 1234567890():,; of methods to separate with high purity arterial endothelial cells (AECs) from sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs). Here we show that the combination of podoplanin (PDPN) and Sca-1 expression distinguishes AECs (CD45− Ter119− Sca-1bright PDPN−) from SECs (CD45− Ter119− Sca-1dim PDPN+). PDPN can be substituted for antibodies against the adhesion molecules ICAM1 or E-selectin. Unexpectedly, prospective isolation reveals that AECs secrete nearly all detectable EC-derived stem cell factors (SCF). Genetic deletion of Scf in AECs, but not SECs, significantly reduced functional HSCs. Lineage-tracing analyses suggest that AECs and SECs self-regenerate independently after severe genotoxic insults, indicating the per- sistence of, and recovery from, radio-resistant pre-specified EC precursors. AEC-derived SCF also promotes HSC recovery after myeloablation. These results thus uncover heterogeneity in the contribution of ECs in stem cell niches. 1 The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA. 2 Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA. 3 Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA. 4 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA. 5 Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to P.S.F. (email: [email protected]) NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:2449 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04726-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04726-3 aematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), at the top of the hae- Sca-1bright but cannot be cleanly separated by FACS because SECs Hmatopoietic cell hierarchy, give rise to all mature hae- also express Sca-1 (Fig. 1b). The difference in staining patterns for matopoietic cells throughout life. HSCs are thought to be Sca-1 between the classical in vitro or the physiological in vivo maintained in specific niches, allowing their maintenance and staining methods implies that a sizable fraction (~20%; compare – + regulation of their fate1 3. Staining of endogenous HSCs using Supplementary Fig. 1a and Fig. 1a) of in vitro-stained CD31 CD150, CD48, CD41, and lineage expression has revealed that cells are not bona fide ECs. they are broadly distributed close to sinusoidal endothelial cells Previous studies have suggested that the lymphatic vessel (SECs)4. Subsequent studies have revealed that perivascular marker VEGFR3 can label sinusoids by immunofluorescence stromal cells enriched in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) activity, imaging17, but commercial anti-VEGFR3 antibodies cannot marked by Nestin-GFP, expressed high levels of the major HSC distinguish SECs from AECs by FACS. Searching to fractionate + niche factors and were associated with HSCs in bone marrow the Sca-1 ECs, we used another lymphatic EC marker, PDPN18, − − + (BM)5. Selective diphtheria toxin-induced depletion of these cells which separated CD45 Ter119 CD31 cells into three distinct − + − prevented homing of progenitors in BM5, whereas the depletion populations: Sca-1bright PDPN , PDPN Sca-1dim, and PDPN − of overlapping CXCL12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells reduced Sca-1 double-negative cells (Fig. 1c). PDPN is mucin-type HSC numbers in BM6. BM HSCs were also reduced after con- transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on lymphatic ECs and ditional deletion of Cxcl12 or stem cell factor (Scf) in perivascular fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs)19. To evaluate the spatial – + + cells7 10. Nestin-GFP stromal cells are heterogeneous in that the localisation of PDPN vessels in the BM, we injected Nestin- + NG2 peri-arteriolar fraction was found to regulate HSC pro- GFP mice (which brightly marks arteries) with fluorescently- liferation11, and contribute to BM CXCL12 content10. Con- labelled antibodies against PDPN, CD31, and VE-cadherin and stitutive deletion of Scf in endothelial cells (ECs) also reduced imaged whole-mount sternal BM. We found that anti-PDPN, but HSC numbers in BM, suggesting that ECs contribute to the HSC not an isotype-matched antibody, exclusively labelled SECs, and niche. Co-deletion of Scf in perivascular cells (Lepr-Cre) and ECs spared Nestin-GFPbright arteries (Fig. 1d and Supplementary − (Tie2-Cre) further reduced HSC numbers, suggesting additive Fig. 1b). These results suggest that Sca-1bright PDPN cells are + − and multicellular contributions in HSC niches7. AECs and PDPN Sca-1dim cells are SECs, whereas PDPN Sca- − + Whether SCF is homogenously secreted by ECs in the BM 1 double-negative cells (in the CD31 fraction) may not be ECs. remains unclear because there is thus far no method to separate To evaluate further this issue, we stained ECs in vivo by + precisely EC subtypes12. Endomucin CD31Hi (Type H) ECs injection of fluorescently-labelled Isolectin B4 (lectin from have been identified, near the growth plate and endosteum of Griffonia simplicifolia) and anti-VE-cadherin. Both methods young mice, in vessels bridging sinusoids and arterioles where similarly stained the vascular network following intravenous – they regulate osteogenesis in a Notch-dependent manner13 15. injection (i.v.) without staining of the BM parenchyma (Supple- Sca-1 antigen has been used to identify arterioles in imaging mentary Fig. 1d). We then evaluated by FACS analysis PDPN and + + analyses of the BM11,16, but whether Sca-1 can be used by itself to Sca-1 expression on Isolectin B4 VE-cadherin ECs extracted − isolate AECs by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is from flushed enzymatically dissociated BM. Sca-1bright PDPN unknown. cells represented 8–9% of ECs identified by Isolectin B4 or VE- + Here, we report that the combination of podoplanin (PDPN) cadherin, whereas ~86% of ECs were in the PDPN Sca-1dim gate and Sca-1 expression can prospectively distinguish BM AECs (Fig. 1e). In vivo staining with either Isolectin or VE-cadherin did − − from BM SECs. We show that EC-derived SCF is exclusively not reveal PDPN Sca-1 double-negative cells, suggesting that produced by the arterial vasculature of the BM and that selective all BM ECs indeed express either PDPN or/and Sca-1. To confirm Scf deletion in AECs, but not SECs, alters BM HSC numbers. further this issue, we stained enzymatically dissociated BM with AEC-derived SCF also promotes HSC recovery after myeloabla- antibodies against CD45, Ter119, CD31, PDPN, and Sca-1 from tion. Furthermore, we demonstrate using lineage tracing that the mice that had been injected intravenously with fluorescently- − regeneration of the BM vasculature after myeloablation, is labelled Isolectin and anti-VE-cadherin. Upon gating on CD45 − + − − accomplished independently by pre-specified arterial and sinu- Ter119 CD31 cells, we found that PDPN Sca-1 double- soidal radio-resistant precursors. negative cells were not labelled by i.v. injected endothelial − markers, whereas virtually all AECs (Sca-1bright PDPN ) and + SECs (PDPN Sca-1dim) were labelled (Fig. 1f). The majority of + − Results SECs (PDPN Sca-1dim), but not AECs (Sca-1bright PDPN ), Separation of arterial and sinusoid ECs with PDPN and Sca-1. expressed EPHB4, a receptor tyrosine kinase recently described BM ECs are commonly identified as CD31-expressing cells on BM SECs by immunofluorescence staining (Supplementary − − + among the non-haematopoietic CD45 Ter119 fraction. Sca-1 Fig. 1c)20. These results confirm that the ex vivo-stained CD31 expression was previously shown to mark the arterial vasculature fraction contains non-ECs and suggest that PDPN and Sca-1 can by confocal immunofluorescence analyses of the BM11,16.To be used to study prospectively purified populations of AECs and evaluate the ability of Sca-1 expression to isolate prospectively SECs. arterial endothelial cells (AECs), we stained flushed BM nucleated cells with antibodies against CD45, Ter119, CD31, and Sca-1. − FACS analyses revealed that the vast majority (~80%) of CD45 AECs express high levels of canonical niche factors.InNestin- − + Ter119 CD31 cells co-expressed Sca-1 (Supplementary GFP transgenic mice, AECs can be further separated as Nestin- Fig. 1a), suggesting that Sca-1 expression was not restricted to GFPbright and Nestin-GFPdim fractions, whereas SECs were uni- AECs, which should comprise a minor fraction of total BM formly Nestin-GFPdim (Fig. 2a). We next isolated these three ECs11. In vivo injection of antibodies to physiologically labelled populations of ECs (Nestin-GFPbright AECs, Nestin-GFPdim ECs (anti-CD31, anti-VE-cadherin, and anti-Sca-1) revealed, by AECs, and SECs) to interrogate their transcriptome by RNA-seq + + contrast, that virtually all CD31 VE-cadherin (CD144) ECs analysis. Principal component analysis revealed that Nestin- (~99.4%) expressed Sca-1 (Fig. 1a). Whole-mount immuno- GFPbright AECs and Nestin-GFPdim AECs clustered together, fluorescence analysis of sternal bones of the same mice revealed away from SECs (Fig. 2b). Hierarchical clustering analysis of uniform labelling of the entire vascular network and the higher differentially expressed genes also showed the distinct gene staining of arteries by anti-Sca-1, suggesting that AECs may be expression profile of AECs (both Nestin-GFPbright AECs and 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | (2018) 9:2449 | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04726-3 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04726-3 ARTICLE Nestin-GFPdim AECs) compared to SECs, while Nestin-GFPbright of arterial-associated genes, including Efnb2, Gja5, Gja4, and Bmx AECs and Nestin-GFPdim AECs showed few genes that were than SECs (Fig.
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