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Biological Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis: an Update (Review)

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Biological Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis: an Update (Review) EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 17: 1061-1067, 2019 Biological therapies for atopic dermatitis: An update (Review) DIANA DELEANU1-3 and IRENA NEDELEA1,2 1Allergology and Immunology Discipline, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400058 Cluj-Napoca; Departments of 2Allergy and 3Internal Medicine, ‘Professor Doctor Octavian Fodor’ Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania Received July 6, 2018; Accepted August 22, 2018 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6989 Abstract. Severe atopic dermatitis, which affects both adults in low-income countries (3). Furthermore, the past decades and children, is a debilitating disorder with a significant decline brought a 2-3-fold increase in prevalence in industrialized of patients' quality of life. Although aetiopathogenic factors countries (3). Generally AD onset is in early childhood, as are currently a topic of study and interpretation, the main one of the first steps of the ‘atopic march’, which describes the features of atopic eczema are skin barrier disturbance and natural history of atopic manifestations, and it is character- immune dysregulation. Severe refractory disease that fails to ized by xerotic skin and acute flare-ups of intensely pruritic improve with conventional therapy may benefit from biologic eczematous lesions (4). Recent studies recognize a predilection therapy. Progress in understanding immunopathology of atopic of AD for persistence in adulthood, with a lifetime prevalence dermatitis have allowed identification of therapeutic molecular accounting for 34.1% (5). Early onset, allergic rhinitis and targets in the field of biological therapy. We reviewed the hand eczema in childhood are high-risk factors for persistent different biological treatments with a focus on novel targeted AD (5). AD is a debilitating skin disorder in both children agents: Systemic immunotherapy (Omalizumab, Dupilumab, and adults, and severe refractory cases pose a difficult chal- Lebrikizumab, Tralokinumab, Nemolizumab, Ustekinumab, lenge for clinicians and patients alike. Approximately 20% Fezakinumab, Tezepelumab, Apremilast, allergen specific of patients with AD have moderate to severe forms of the immunotherapy), and topical agents (Tofacitinib, Crisaborole). disease and treatment options approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are of limited or zero efficacy (5). The aetiology of AD remains a topic of study and inter- Contents pretation. Initially regarded as an allergic skin disorder, AD is currently interpreted in the context of the complex interplay 1. Introduction between genetic predisposition to dysfunctional epidermal 2. Systemic immunotherapy in AD barrier and/or lipid composition and exposure to harmful 3. Novel topical agents for AD environmental factors. Therefore, allergy is presumably an 4. Conclusion epiphenomenon of the impaired cutaneous barrier function in atopic individuals. Allergen sensitization may be involved in 1. Introduction disease exacerbation and persistent pattern (6,7). Recent years brought significant improvement in eluci- Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema is a dating the complex interactions between skin barrier, genetic common chronic or recurrent inflammatory skin disorder with and environmental factors. The better understanding of patho- a significant social and economic impact worldwide, affecting logic pathways is a stepping-stone to improved management 2.1-4.9% of adult population, and 15-20% of children (1,2). for AD patients. An increasing prevalence of AD has been reported, especially The aim of this review is to summarize the topic of severe refractory atopic dermatitis from the perspective of novel therapeutic immunomodulatory methods. We have conducted a review on the different biotherapeutic strategies for AD with focus on novel treatments. PubMed database has been Correspondence to: Dr Irena Nedelea, Allergology and consulted for the following keywords: Atopic dermatitis Immunology Discipline, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of or atopic eczema and biologics or biological treatment or Medicine and Pharmacy, 3rd Portelanului Street, Cluj County, antibody treatment. We selected articles that were published 400058 Cluj-Napoca, Romania E-mail: [email protected] within the last five years, in English language and approaching the topic of biological therapies for AD. Based on their mecha- Key words: atopic dermatitis, biological therapy, Omalizumab, Uste- nism of action, these are classified into: IgE directed therapy kinumab, Dupilumab, Nemolizumab, Lebrikizumab, Tralo kinumab, (Omalizumab), anti IL-4 (Dupilumab) and anti IL-4/IL-13 Apremilast, allergen specific immunotherapy agents (Lebrikizumab, Tralokinumab), IL-31 directed therapy (Nemolizumab), anti IL-12/23 (Ustekinumab), IL-22 blockade (Fezakinumab), thymic stromal lymphopoietin 1062 DELEANU and NEDELEA: NOVEL TARGETED THERAPIES FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS directed therapy (Tezepelumab), phosphodiesterase inhibitors immediate and the late phase allergic inflammation. Another (Apremilast, Crisaborole), and JAK inhibitors (Tofacitinib). mechanism of action involves mast cells and eosinophils' apop- tosis in allergic patients treated with Omalizumab compared 2. Systemic immunotherapy in AD to controls (22,23). Omalizumab in AD. Anti-IgE therapy in AD brought T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 imbalance and their associated cytokines conflicting results. Although most data from small random- are one facet of the pathological processes of AD. Several ized trials, case series and case reports documented clinical experimental agents have been investigated for their poten- benefit and resolution of eczema, a small number of studies tial beneficial effects in the treatment of AD, by modulating showed no improvement of disease with Omalizumab (24-33). Th1/Th2 homeostasis. The response variation to treatment helped to pinpoint patients that are most likely to respond to anti-IgE therapy. Lack of Omalizumab. Blocking the consequences of mast cells filaggrin mutations and lower elevations of total serum IgE and basophil activation during the allergic inflammatory are factors associated with a likely favourable response to cascade has been a major therapeutic goal, and the use of Omalizumab (34,35). All of the studies noted the safety Omalizumab has inaugurated a new era in the treatment of profile in both adult and paediatric population treated with atopic disease. Initially, Omalizumab was approved by the Omalizumab. However, the wide variability of response to FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe persistent asthma treatment remains largely obscure, while lack of standardized that is uncontrolled with a combination of a medium to high- protocols regarding dosing is currently an unanswered task. dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting β2-agonist, in Another notable conclusion of placebo-controlled studies adults and patients of 6 years and older who are sensitized showed that the improvement in clinical outcome of patients to perennial aeroallergens (8,9). In 2014, FDA also approved treated with Omalizumab was similar to improvements in Omalizumab for the treatment of chronic spontaneous urti- control groups (27,36). caria in adults and children over 12 years of age who exhibit In the authors' experience, in a case series of three severe symptoms, inadequately controlled by high doses patients with severe refractory atopic dermatitis with atopic of H1 antihistamines (10). In addition, Omalizumab was diathesis (sensitization to house dust mites, and moderate proven to bring favourable results in patients with different serum levels of total IgE in all three cases, co-existing asthma subtypes of chronic inducible urticaria, allergic rhinitis, and rhinitis in one patient), Omalizumab, 300 mg monthly, eosinophilic esophagitis, food allergy and anaphylaxis, as brought a significant disease improvement, which occurred well as premedication in allergen specific immunotherapy, within the first three months of treatment. Churg-Strauss disease, eosinophilic otitis media, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic rhinosinusitis, Dupilumab. In 2017, the FDA approved Dupilumab for the bullous pemphigoid, contact dermatitis and atopic derma- treatment of adult patients with moderate to severe atopic titis (11-15). refractory dermatitis, clinical studies proving concomitant Mechanism of action. Omalizumab is a recombinant efficacy in other atopic disorders, such as asthma and nasal humanized monoclonal IgG1 antibody composed of 5% polyposis (37). In addition, Dupilumab efficacy is under inves- murine and 95% human sequence. It prevents the interaction tigation for eosinophilic esophagitis and atopic dermatitis in of IgE with its receptors by recognizing and binding to the Fc paediatric patients (37). portion (the CH3 domain) of free serum or membrane-bound Mechanism of action. Dupilumab is a fully human on B cells immunoglobulin E molecule, but not IgE bound to monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin-4 (IL-4) its high (FcεRI) or low (CD23) affinity receptors (16). The receptor-α (IL-4Rα) that blocks the synergistic effects CH3 domain serves as the site by which IgE binds to its recep- of IL-4 and IL-13 on allergic inflammation. Atopy is the tors (17). inappropriate secretion of immunoglobulin of E isotype in Binding of Omalizumab to free, soluble IgE blocks the response to allergen exposure. IL-4 and IL-13 are key drivers binding of IgE to its receptors, and subsequently blunts allergen- of the Th2 allergic inflammation and
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