Nanotechnology and the Built Environment: the Transition to Green Infrastructure
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DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program FY 2005 Annual
DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Cover Photos (clockwise from lower right): On August 8, 2005, President George W. Bush visited the National Solar Thermal Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratories as part of his signing of the Energy Bill. R.J. Montoya Photo National Renewable Energy Laboratory researchers use a computer-controlled data acquisition system at the laboratory’s Outdoor Test Facility to characterize the performance and reliability of PV cells and modules. Jim Yost, PIX14094 A Cornell University student cleans the solar-powered rooftop of his team’s entry in preparation for the 2005 Solar Decathlon competition in Washington, D.C. Stefano Paltera/Solar Decathlon Global Solar Energy, a member of the Thin Film PV Partnership, produces PV material by depositing CIGS (copper indium gallium diselenide) on a lightweight, flexible polymide substrate in roll form. Global Solar Energy, PIX13419 The DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program Raymond A. Sutula, Manager, DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program The Solar Energy Technologies Program, within the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), is responsible for developing solar energy technologies that can convert sunlight to useful energy and make that energy available to satisfy a significant portion of our nation's energy needs in a cost-effective way. The Solar Program supports research and development that addresses a wide range of applications, including on- site electricity generation, thermal energy for space heating and hot water, and large-scale power production. This is a great time to be involved with solar energy. Photovoltaic (PV) systems are being installed in the United States and around the world in unprecedented quantities. -
An Overview of Solar Cell Technology
An Overview of Solar Cell Technology Mike McGehee Materials Science and Engineering Global Climate and Energy Project Center for Advanced Molecular Photovoltaics Precourt Institute Stanford University Nanosolar Konarka John Benner provided the slides with the NREL logo. Primary Photovoltaic (PV) Markets Residential Rooftop Commercial Rooftop Ground‐ mounted (Usually utility scale) 2 How cheap does PV need to be to compete w/ coal? June 2008 Installed System Price per Watt, 2008-2011 3Q10 Breakout $5.92 $3.72 $3.17 $2.83 Original Source: Deutsche Bank, January 2011; Systems are global (i.e., blended across geographies) My source: R. Swanson, IEEE PV Specialists Conf., June 2011 4 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future PV is a booming industry, especially in China 5 But not everyone prospered in 2011 Solyndra, SpectraWatt and Evergreen Solar went bankrupt. Jon Stewart, The Daily Show What makes the PV industry so itinteres ti?ting? • PV addresses the energy problem, which many passionately want to solve. • By 2050 the world will need ~ 30 TW of power. • Some think PV could provide 20 % of that. It takes a panel rated at 5 W, to averaggpe 1 W of power throu gyygh the day and year, so we would need 30 TW of PV capacity. • At $1/W, the industry would take in $30 trillion. • The industry is now well over $40 B/yr. There are many approaches to making PV cells and experts do not agree on which one is the best 20x-100x 500x Cu(In,Ga)Se2 ~ 1-2 um c-Si ~ 180 um National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future Lots of records in 2011! More factors that make the plot interesting • The overall global economy has been turbulent for a few years. -
Nanotechnology and the Built Environment
December 13, 2012 Commissioned by Second Edition NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: INVESTING IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Green building is a growing priority amid global efforts to reduce energy consumption and use resources more efficiently. Innovative nanotechnology companies, such as those highlighted in this report, are likely to prove essential for growth in the built environment as their technologies enable more sustainable development in each of the following sectors: 3D Printing, Cementitious Materials, Insulation, Lighting/LEDs, Photovoltaics, Smart Grid Technologies, Steel, Water Treatment, and Windows. See inside for applicable disclosures. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: INVESTING IN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 How Nanotechnology Enables Green Building ............................................................................................................................ 4 Large‐scale Green Building Profile: NYC’s World Trade Center Complex ............................................................................. 7 Building with “Smarter” Technologies Can Drive Energy Savings ........................................................................................ 8 Market Opportunities for Green Building ........................................................................................................................... -
Economics of Solar PV
© EnergyBusinessReports.com Solar PV Market Potential Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................... 7 Applications of Solar PV .............. 54 Introduction ..................................... 8 Stand Alone PV Systems ............... 54 Energy from the Sun ....................... 8 Photovoltaic Power Station ............ 55 Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar PV in Buildings .............................. 56 Power ............................................... 10 Photovoltaics with Battery Storage Availability of Solar Power ............. 11 ......................................................... 57 Applications of Solar Technology ... 12 The Concept of PV Storage ............ 57 Solar Thermal Energy .................... 34 Rural Electrification ...................... 58 Solar Updraft Tower ....................... 34 Connecting Generators with PV .... 58 Storing Solar Energy ...................... 38 Utilities with a Grid-Connected PV Solar Thermal Technologies ........... 39 System ............................................ 59 Hybrid Power Systems ................... 60 Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics Distributed Generation & PV ........ 60 ............................................................. 40 Small Scale DIY Solar Systems ..... 63 Overview .......................................... 40 History of Solar Cells ...................... 42 Solar PV System Performance.... 65 Three Generations of PV Cells ....... 44 Applications ..................................... 47 Photovoltaic Industry Value Chain Sunlight -
DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program FY 2006 ANNUAL REPORT
DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program FY 2006 ANNUAL REPORT Cover Photos Front cover, clockwise from upper left: GE manufactured this 2.4-kW PV system, which is installed on the roof of the Highlands Patrol HQ building at the Aspen Mountain Resort in Aspen, CO, at an elevation of 11,000 feet. Aspen Skiing Co., PIX14729. In February 2006, President George W. Bush toured UNI-SOLAR's PV manufacturing plant in Michigan to highlight his Solar America Initiative. United Solar Ovonic, PIX14727. Arizona Public Service began initial operation of a 1-MW concentrating solar power (CSP) trough plant in FY 2006—the first commercial CSP plant built in the United States since 1991. Arizona Public Service. This manufacturing line is at Shell Solar Industries in Camarillo, CA, a partner in the PV Manufacturing R&D Project. Shell Solar Industries, PIX13855. The Science and Technology Facility at NREL, completed in FY 2006, is a 71,000-square-foot, state-of-the-art facility designed to help accelerate the development and commercialization of promising new energy technologies. Patrick Corkery, PIX14765. NREL researchers use hot-wire chemical vapor deposition to produce high-efficiency PV devices for testing and study. Richard Matson, PIX14602. Back cover: Series of photos showing activities and events of the Solar Decathlon, which was held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., during October FY 2006. Upper-right photo: Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman (center) and Under Secretary of Energy David Garman (right) congratulate Jeff Lyng, a student leader of the victorious University of Colorado team. DOE Solar Energy Technologies Program The Solar Energy Technologies Program, within the U.S. -
Thin Film Solar Cells: an Overview
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS: AN OVERVIEW • Why thin film technology for photovoltaic energy production?........2 o The different thin film technologies o Market share of thin film technologies o The record efficiencies of thin film technologies o Quantity of needed active material o The manufacturing • Thin film solar cells based on CdTe.....................................................9 o Cadmium telluride o Environmental, health and safety issues of CdTe solar cells o Manufacturing of CdTe solar cells o CdTe manufacturers • Thin film solar cells based on chalcopyrite.......................................17 o CIGS o Manufacturing of CIGS solar cells o CIGS manufacturers o Long term stability • Thin film solar cells based on silicon................................................24 o Crystalline Silicon on Glass o Manufacturing of CSG solar cells o Long term stability • Thin film solar cells based on amorphous silicon............................32 o Single junction amorphous silicon solar cell o Multijunction amorphous silicon solar cells o Long term stability • A selected overview of commercially available thin-film modules.36 • References............................................................................................38 1 THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS: AN OVERVIEW Ben Minnaert Why thin film technology for photovoltaic energy production? The competitiveness of a photovoltaic module is largely determined by the cost per unit power output. Thin film solar cells have the potential for low cost production and are gradually entering the market. They have certain advantages in manufacturing compared to traditional silicon photovoltaic cells [AVAN1]: • Lower consumption of materials. • Independence from shortages of silicon supplies. • Fewer processing steps. • Simplified materials handling. • Process lends itself to automation. • Integrated, monolithic circuit design; no assembly of individual solar cells into final products. The different thin film technologies Different thin film photovoltaic technologies have been studied en developed for terrestrial applications.