Welcome to Washington A collection of presentations to help you navigate the Hill like an insider

January 2017

Producer: Presentation Center team Director: Alistair Taylor ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 2 Welcome to Washington

Legislative processes primers

Page 4 – Legislative process primer: Slide illustrating the "regular order" of lawmaking; a helpful background slide for those unfamiliar with the legislative process

Page 5 – Filibuster primer: Charts showing spikes in motions for cloture, small-state biases in the Senate, and longest speaking filibusters in history

Page 9 – Caucus primer: Use this presentation to understand what a congressional caucus does and see details on some of the major congressional caucuses

Page 16 – Federal budget process 101: Graphs, charts, and analysis explaining how the federal budget process works, in theory and in recent practice

Page 22 – Federal rulemaking process 101: Graphics and charts illustrating the federal rulemaking process

Page 28 – 2017 legislative and regulatory calendar: Important legislative, regulatory and other dates in 2017P

January 2017 | Presentation Center 3 LEGISLATIVE PROCESS PRIMER How a bill becomes a law

Representative Senator • Introduces bill in the House • Introduces bill in the Senate

House committee/subcommittee Senate • Bill is debated and amended committee/subcommittee • Simple majority needed to • Bill is debated and amended proceed • Simple majority needed to proceed House floor Senate floor • Bill is debated and amended • Bill is debated and amended • Speaker must allow a floor • 3/5 majority needed to end vote debate • Simple majority needed to pass • Simple majority needed to pass Final votes/conference committee • If both chambers pass an identical bill, the bill is sent directly to the president • If each chamber passes a similar bill with some differences, a conference committee is formed to reach compromise and combine the bills

President • The president can sign bills that have been passed by both chambers into law • The president can reject a bill with a veto; Congress can override a veto by passing the bill in each chamber with a 2/3 majority

Source: National Journal Research, 2016.

December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 4 FILIBUSTER PRIMER Filibusters block Senate action with lengthy debate

Longest U.S. Congressional filibusters in history By hour

Sen. Murphy filibustered for almost 15 hours to draw attention to Senate Democrats’ desire for action on gun safety

Sources: Cassandra Vinograd, “The Longest Filibusters: Where Does Chris Murphy Stack Up?,” NBC News, June 16, 2016; Phil Helsel and Richie Duchon, “Filibuster Ends After GOP Agrees to Allow Gun Control Votes: Senator,” NBC News, June 16, 2016; National Journal Almanac, 2016. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 5 FILIBUSTER PRIMER Senate invokes cloture to halt filibusters

Steps to invoke cloture No: Cloture fails

Piece of legislation Senator files a Voted for by at least Or U.S. Supreme motion for cloture 60 Senators? Court Nominee?

Yes: Motion for Yes: Cloture invoked Signed by Cloture is taken and filibuster 16 Senators? to vote Is blocked

No: Motion for cloture Judicial or Voted for by at least Fails and is not Executive Branch 51 Senators? taken to vote Nominee?

No: Cloture fails

Source: U.S. Senate Reference, 2013; Richard S. Beth and Valerie Heitshusen, “Filibusters and Cloture in the Senate,” Congressional Research Service, November 29, 2012. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 6 FILIBUSTER PRIMER Filibusters criticized for exploiting Senate’s small-state bias

Citizen Voting-Age Population, by State in 2016 California Texas Florida New York 6 votes for Pennsylvania Illinois roughly ¼ of Ohio Michigan the U.S. voting- North Carolina Georgia age population New Jersey Virginia Washington Massachusetts Tennessee Indiana Arizona Missouri Wisconsin Maryland Minnesota Colorado South Carolina Alabama Louisiana Kentucky Oregon Oklahoma Connecticut Iowa Mississippi Arkansas Kansas Utah Nevada New Mexico West Virginia Nebraska Idaho Maine New Hampshire Hawaii Montana Rhode Island Delaware South Dakota North Dakota Alaska District of Columbia Vermont Wyoming Sources: United States Census, ―Electorate profiles: selected characteristics of the citizen, 18 and older population,‖ October 28, 2016; The New York Times, ―The Small-State Advantage in the United States Senate,‖ March 10, 2013. January 3, 2017 | Yanni Chen 7 FILIBUSTER PRIMER Spike in motions for cloture bring about talks of reform

Senate action on cloture motions, 65th-114th Congress 1917 – present

■ Motions Filed ■ Votes on Cloture ■ Cloture Invoked 300

250

200

150 In the 94th Congress, the Senate reduced the 100 number of votes required to invoke cloture from two- thirds to three-fifths (60 of 50 100)

0 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 105 107 109 111 113

Source: United States Senate, ―Senate Action on Cloture Motions,‖ Reference, 2017.

January 3, 2017 | Yanni Chen 8 CAUCUS PRIMER Lawmakers use caucuses to advance common interests

Lawmakers from either chamber* who share legislative agendas form Broadcast interest a “congressional member and education public organization” to promote common interests Example: The Congressional Wine Caucus promoted research analyzing wine’s contribution to the economy

Build support for legislation Common interests Example: The Pro-Choice Include race, Caucus wrote a letter to the ideology, and diverse Secretary of Health and shared concerns Human Services firmly (hunting, the backing the ACA’s environment, etc.) contraception coverage

Organize affiliates

Example: The Congressional Hispanic Caucus created the Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute and the “Building Our Leadership Diversity” PAC

*Caucuses discussed in this presentation refer specifically to the congressional member organizations officially recognized by the U.S. House of Representatives, which are bicameral, but must contain one member of the House. This excludes the one Senate caucus. Source: U.S. House Committee on House Administration, 2016; Images by Steve Morris and the AIGA, made available through The Noun Project. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 9 CAUCUS PRIMER Major caucuses formed around Democratic ideology

Blue Dog Coalition

Co-Chairs • Founded in 1995 Rep. Kurt Schrader • Currently consists of 14 members (D-OR) • Composed of fiscally conservative Democrats dedicated to the financial stability and national security of the United States Rep. Jim Costa • Membership has been steadily declining since its height at 44 members in (D-CA) 2008. Rep. Jim Cooper • Historically supports budgetary legislation such as “pay-as-you-go” budgetary (D-TN) rules, the establishment of a bipartisan fiscal commission, and performance- based budgeting

Congressional Progressive Caucus

Co-Chairs • Founded in 1991 Rep. Raul Grijalva • Currently consists of 75 House representatives and 1 senator (D-OR) • Dedicated to promoting the “progressive promise,” which “believes in government of the people, by the people, and for the people” Rep. Keith Ellison • Has advocated for worker’s rights, Social Security expansion and the EPA’s (D-MN) Clean Power Plan • Current mission focuses on fighting for economic security, protecting civil rights, promoting global peace and advancing environmental protection

Source: Blue Dog Coalition, 2017; Congressional Progressive Caucus, 2017. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 10 CAUCUS PRIMER Major caucuses formed around conservative ideology

House Freedom Caucus • Founded in January 2015 • Supports open, accountable, limited government, the Constitution and “policies that promote the liberty, safety, and prosperity of all Americans” • Has supported legislation focused on defunding Planned Parenthood, abolishing the Export-Import Bank and supporting religious freedom • The caucus does not publish an official roster. During the 114th Congress (2015-16) 38 members openly discussed their membership.

Chair Sen. Mark Meadows (R-NC) Republican Study Committee

• Founded in 1973 • Currently consists of over 170 members • Dedicated to a limited and Constitutional role for the federal government, a strong national defense, the protection of individual and property rights, and the preservation of traditional family values • Considers itself the “independent research arm for House Republicans”

Chair Rep. Mark Walker (R-NC)

Source: Ryan Lizza, ―A House Divided,‖ The New Yorker, December 14, 2015; Lindsay McPherson, ―Mark Meadows elected House Freedom Caucus chairman,‖ Roll Call, December 5, 2016; Timothy B. Lee ―The House Freedom Caucus, Explained,‖ Vox, October 9, 2015. Republican Study Committee, 2016. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 11 CAUCUS PRIMER Major caucuses formed around race and ethnicity

Congressional Black Caucus • Founded in 1971 • Aims to advance the global black community by developing leaders, informing policy and educating the public • Led the effort to make Martin Luther King Jr. Day a federal holiday • Supported Hurricane Katrina relief • Affiliate Congressional Black Caucus Foundation acts a nonprofit research arm, offers fellowships and scholarships

Chair Rep. G.K. Butterfield (D-NC)

Congressional Hispanic Caucus

• Founded in 1976 • Established to monitor legislative action to ensure the needs of Hispanics were being met • Currently has task forces focused on topics such as immigration and border issues, diversity and inclusion, and healthcare • Growing in influence as the nation’s Hispanic population steadily increases • Affiliate Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute offers fellowships and scholarships Chair Rep. Michelle Lujan Grisham (D-NM)

Source: Congressional Black Caucus, 2017; Congressional Hispanic Caucus, 2017. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 12 CAUCUS PRIMER Major caucuses formed around common interests

Congressional Sportsmen’s Caucus • Founded in 1989 • Promotes hunting, angling, trapping and shooting interests • Bicameral and bipartisan; currently has nearly 300 members representing almost all 50 states • Affiliate Congressional Sportsmen’s Foundation supports caucus’s causes and connects voters with representatives and legislative information on both the state and Co-Chairs national level Sen. Jim Risch Sen. Joe Manchin Rep. Jeff Duncan Rep. Gene (R-ID) (D-WV) (R-SC) Green (D-TX)

Sustainable Energy and Environment Coalition Caucus

• Founded in 2009 • Advocates for clean energy and environmental protection • Supports legislation to combat climate change • Urged Obama to prepare country for extreme weather, such as Hurricane Sandy, with updated infrastructure, resilience techniques and a climate change panel to analyze causes behind these eventsCo -Chairs Rep. Gerald Connolly Rep. Paul Tonko Rep. Steve Israel (D-VA) (D-NY) (D-NY)

Source: Congressional Black Caucus, 2017; Congressional Hispanic Caucus, 2017. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 13 CAUCUS PRIMER Senate officially recognizes only one caucus

Caucus on International Narcotics Control

• Founded in 1985 • Aims to expand international cooperation against drug abuse and narcotics trafficking and promote narcotics control treaties • Has the official status of a standing committee in the Senate • Consists of seven members of the Senate; four members represent the majority, three represent the minority • No House representatives hold membership in the caucus

Chair Co-Chair

Sen. Chuck Grassley Sen. Dianne Feinstein (R-IA) (D-CA)

Source: United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control, 2017; U.S. Senate, 2017. January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 14 CAUCUS PRIMER Miscellaneous caucuses

Congressional Horse Caucus House Small Brewers Caucus Congressional Boating Caucus Congressional Hockey Caucus Congressional Fraternal Caucus Americans Abroad Caucus Congressional Humanities Caucus Congressional Rock n’ Roll Caucus Mathematics Education Caucus Congressional Motorcycle Caucus Congressional Wine Caucus Congressional Inventions Caucus Invasive Species Caucus Recording Arts and Sciences Congressional Caucus Congressional Humanities Caucus Congressional Transparency Caucus Congressional Friends of Liechtenstein Caucus

Caucuses can be formed for a variety of reasons ranging from political issues to hobbies and often function as a place where like-minded lawmakers can connect over a shared interest.

Source: Katherine Skiba, ―House Members Indulge Interests In Caucus Groups,‖ Chicago Tribune, November 28, 2015,; Sarah Mimms, ―Got a Hobby or General Interest? There‘s A Congressional Caucus For That,‖ National Journal, April 18, 2014.

January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 15 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Key terms

Mandatory spending, or entitlement spending, is not controlled by annual appropriations; the government allocates funds to all who Mandatory Spending are eligible regardless of cost to the Treasury; includes Social Security and Medicare

Discretionary spending, or appropriated spending, must be Discretionary Spending renewed each year in order for the programs to continue operating; includes Defense and Education

Passed by the Senate and the House, sets overall spending limits Budget Resolution but does not decide funding for specific programs

Legislation used when the House and Senate have not agreed on a Deeming Resolution budget resolution; establishes enforceable budget levels for a budget cycle

Legislation that permits a government agency to continue to Continuing Resolution operate at existing funding levels if a new appropriations bill to fund its operations has not been adopted by the start of the fiscal year (October 1)

Full passage of appropriations bills through both chambers by the Regular Order start of the fiscal year on October 1

Combined package of appropriations bills that leadership in both Omnibus Bill chambers negotiate in order to pass a comprehensive budget

July 27, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 16 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Key offices and committees involved

House and Senate Budget Draft annual budget resolutions and monitor the progress of Committees appropriations

House and Senate Appropriations Decide spending levels for all discretionary programs, such as Committees Defense and Education, after reviewing spending proposals from subcommittees

House and Senate Ways and Has jurisdiction over taxes and most mandatory programs, such as Means Committees Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid

Non-partisan branch of Congress that provides objective analyses Congressional Budget Office needed for economic and budgetary decisions related to programs (CBO) covered by the budget

Office of Management and Budget Works with agencies to coordinate spending requests that become (OMB) part of the President’s annual budget package

July 27, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 17 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS The budget process has six steps

The Federal Budget Process (In Theory) 1 2 3 In early February, OMB, after By April 15, Senate and House Working within the reviewing agency proposals, Budget Committees draft budget discretionary funding limits submits the President’s annual resolutions to set total levels of set by the budget budget request, detailing the discretionary funding available resolutions, House and administration’s goals for for the next fiscal year. If a Senate Appropriations federal revenue and spending, resolution fails to pass both Committees assign to each program-by-program funding chambers, a chamber will pass a of their twelve levels, and project deficits and “deeming resolution” to establish subcommittees the task of surpluses. enforceable budget levels. determining program-by- program funding. 4 5 6 The Appropriations Senate and House leadership The President signs the Committees amend and pass negotiate passing all unfinished omnibus bill or continuing subcommittee appropriations subcommittee bills together in an resolution. bills. omnibus bill. If Congress fails to do this by October 1, it must pass a continuing resolution to keep programs funded, or face partial government shutdown.

Source: American Council on Education, 2013.

July 27, 2016 | Owen Minott 18 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS Government shutdown occurs if budget is not passed

Congressional budget process flowchart Yes No

Did the House and Senate Did the House and Senate Did the House and Senate Congress enacts a each define how they reach a compromise by agree on topline budget regular order budget to would prefer to meet combining and passing numbers in a unified fund programs through the budget goals by passing their 12 appropriations budget plan? next fiscal year all 12 appropriations bills? bills?

The House and Senate are Did the House and Senate Congress passes an less likely to reach a pass an omnibus bill that omnibus bill to fund compromise on a binding addresses all unfinished programs through the next budget bill if they do not pass appropriations fiscal year a unified budget plan, but categories?* both chambers may still move forward in the budget Did the House and Senate process Congress passes a pass a continuing continuing resolution to resolution that funds any fund programs until an unfinished appropriations agreed-upon expiration categories at current date levels?

A government shutdown occurs due to lack of funding Source: Bill Heniff Jr., ―Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information,‖ Congressional Research Service, February 7, 2014; ―Appropriations Legislation for the Years 1998-2014,‖ Library of Congress, October 2014; Billy House and Sarah Mimms, ―Spending, Immigration, and Tax Fights will Dominate Final Days of Session, ―National Journal, November 30, 2014.

July 27, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 19 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS In practice, continuing resolutions now common

Number of continuing resolutions passed, by fiscal year

Average number of CRs per year: 3.8

Source: Kenneth Chamberlain, ―Congress‘ Use of Continuing Resolutions Is a Common Practice,‖ National Journal, Sept. 11, 2013; ―Continuing Resolutions: CRs in a Nutshell,‖ Department of the Treasury, 2012; National Journal Research, 2016.

July 27, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 20 FEDERAL BUDGET PROCESS FY2004 was the last time congress adopted the budget resolution by the target date

Budget resolution outcomes in congress, FY 2004-2016

■ Budget Resolution Passed on Time ■ Budget Resolution Passed After Deadline ■ Budget Resolution Not Passed

Fiscal Year Final Resolution Passed Met April 15th Deadline? # of Days After Deadline 2004 4/11/03  -4 2005 X X NA 2006 4/28/05 X 13 2007 X X NA 2008 5/17/07 X 32 2009 6/5/08 X 51 2010 4/29/09 X 14 2011 X X NA 2012 X X NA 2013 X X NA 2014 X X NA 2015 X X NA 2016 05/05/2015 X 20

Source: Bill Heniff Jr., ―Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information,‖ Congressional Research Service, November 16, 2015. July 27, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 21 RULEMAKING PRIMER The administrative procedure act governs the way federal agencies can propose and establish regulations

Key terms related to the federal rulemaking process

Term Definition Agency Federal department or group that oversees a particular national issue

Regulations General statements issued by an agency, board, or commission that have the force and effect of law; also know as administrative laws or rules

Administrative Procedure Act Details the process by which agencies create regulations, (APA) ensuring proper review and public consideration

Source: Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013.

January 7, 2016 | Alexander Perry 22 RULEMAKING PRIMER Both laws and regulations have legal authority, but are enacted through different processes

Laws Regulations

• Federal agencies adopt regulations through a public proposal process and review, without a • Congress enacts through complex • Have regulatory Congressional vote procedure of proposals and votes legal authority • Laws passed by Congress often in both chambers • Subject to call for agencies to write or update • Have primary legislative force judicial review in regulations • Subject to Presidential veto court • Have the force and effect of law, but ancillary and subordinate to laws • Subject to Congressional review, if it is a “major” rule

Source: Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013.

January 29, 2016 | Alexander Perry and Claire Carter 23 RULEMAKING PRIMER Agencies act within wide scope

Examples of federal regulations *Agencies are required to publish a Regulatory Plan once a year in the fall and a Regulatory and Deregulatory Agenda in the spring and fall – together, they are often referred to as the Unified Agenda

Department of Education Federal Transit U.S. Coast Guard on on improving the Administration on establishing a safety zone academic achievement of implementing the on the Detroit River the disadvantaged emergency relief program

A rule amending a section of the A rule establishing A rule enforcing a security zone Elementary and Secondary procedures governing the associated with the North American Education Act of 1965, no longer implementation of the Federal International Auto Show (NAIAS). authorizing a State to define Transit Administration’s (FTA) The zone is intended to restrict modified academic achievement Public Transportation vessels from a portion of the Detroit standards and develop alternate Emergency Relief Program, River in order to ensure safety and assessments based on those authorized by the Moving security around the NAIAS. No modified academic achievement Ahead for Progress in the 21st person or vessel may enter the standards for eligible students with Century Act. security zone without permission disabilities from the Captain of the Port of Date Effective: Jan. 21, Date Effective: Sep 21, 2015 Date Effective: Nov 6, 2014 Detroit 2016 (until Jan 24, 2016)

Source: Federal Register, 2016.

January 7, 2017 | Alexander Perry and Claire Carter 24 RULEMAKING PRIMER Federal rulemaking process

May pass legislation Congress May pass requiring new resolution of regulation disapproval

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Agency realizes a Agency proposes Agency collects and Agency submits Regulation enters rule is necessary, rule and solicits reviews comments, rule to Congress compliance, brought about by comments in the preparing final draft and Government interpretation, and either a petition, a Federal Register of regulation Accountability review phase lawsuit Office, then congressional order, publishes final rule a federal order, or in Federal Register an accident

May become May ask to review at any involved in questions May order of legality agency to enact point in rulemaking May veto regulation process regulatio n

White JudicialJudicial House BranchBranch Source: Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013; Noun Project, Edward Boatman.

November 7, 2016 | Alexander Perry and Claire Carter 25 RULEMAKING PRIMER Federal rulemaking example

Step 1: Agency Realizes a Step 2: Agency Proposes Rule in Step 3: Public Submits Comments Rule is Necessary Federal Register to Solicit on Regulations.gov Comments International Dairy Foods “The Food and Drug Administration “Milk with sweeteners added should Association and the National (FDA) is announcing that the not be called milk. We already eat too Milk Producers Federation International Dairy Foods Association much sugar and obesity is a rising petitioned the FDA, requesting (IDFA) and the National Milk problem. Artificial sweeteners have no an amendment to the Producers Federation (NMPF) have place in a natural product. Kids don't standards of identity for milk filed a petition requesting that the need them and we don't know what and 17 other dairy products to Agency amend the standard of health problems they might cause provide for the use of any safe identity for milk and 17 other dairy down the line. In fact I don't know and suitable sweetener as an products to provide for the use of any how anyone could be considering optional ingredient safe and suitable sweetener as an this.” optional ingredient. FDA is issuing this notice to request comments, data, and information about the issues presented in the petition.”

Source: Federal Register, 2013; FDA, 2013; Regulations.gov, 2013; International Dairy Foods Association, 2013; National Milk Producers Federation, 2013; The Noun Project, Edward Boatman.

November 7, 2016 | Alexander Perry and Claire Carter 26 RULEMAKING PRIMER Agencies may skip steps if “good cause” exists

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Agency realizes a Agency proposes Agency collects and Agency submits rule Regulation enters rule is necessary, rule and solicits reviews comments, to Congress and compliance, brought about by comments in the preparing final draft Government interpretation, and either a petition, a Federal Register of regulation Accountability Office, review phase lawsuit congressional then publishes final order, a federal order, rule in Federal or an accident X X Register

Agency establishes “good cause” for skipping steps if rule has a narrow or minor impact or if problem must be addressed imminently

Source: Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013.

January 7, 2017 | Alexander Perry and Claire Carter 27 2017 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY CALENDAR 2017 Legislative and Regulatory Calendar

■ Legislative ■ Regulatory ■ Other January February March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 ■ Jan. 1: SEC requires companies to provide disclosure of their 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 pay ratios in accordance with Dodd-Frank 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ■ Jan. 3: Congress enters 2016 session ■ 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Jan 9: Supreme Court session begins ■ Jan 20: Inauguration of President Trump 29 30 31 26 27 28 26 27 28 29 30 31 ■ Jan. 10: DHS deadline for Real ID Act compliance ■ Jan. 31: ACA Open Enrollment Period ends April May June ■ Feb. 6: President’s Budget Request (approximate date)

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 ■ April 1: Senate Budget Committee reports concurrent resolution on the budget 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ■ April 10: Department of Labor final fiduciary rule initial 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 compliance required 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 ■ April 15: Congress completes action on the concurrent 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 resolution on the budget 30 ■ April 28: Fiscal Year 2017 stopgap funding expires ■ April 30: Trump’s 100th day in office July August September ■ March 15: Current debt limit deal expires 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 ■ May 15: Annual appropriation bills may be considered in the 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 House 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ■ May 17: FDA requirement for cigar package and ad warnings

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 kicks in

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ■ June 10: House Appropriations Committee reports last annual

30 31 appropriations bill ■ June 15: Congress completes action on reconciliation October November December legislation ■ June 30: House completes action on annual appropriation bills 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 ■ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 July 21: US banking organizations must fully comply with final interagency liquidity ratio (LCR) rule 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ■ July 30: Proposed date for compliance to EPA’s Clear Air Act 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 plans if applied for 1 year extension (approximate date) 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ■ July 31: August Congressional recess begins 31 ■ Sep. 5: Congress returns from August recess ■ Sep. 6: EPA deadline for states to submit Clean Power Plan compliance plans Sources: National Journal research, 2016. ■ Sep. 30: Children’s Health Insurance Program funding expires ■ Sep. 30: Federal Aviation Administration authorization expires December 14, 2016 | Owen Minott 28 ■ Oct. 1: Fiscal Year 2018 begins (deadline for appropriations) ■ Dec. 18: Congress ends 2016 session ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 29 Welcome to Washington

Congressional indicators and insights

Page 31 – Tracking the status of legislation in the 114th Congress: Use this chart to see how many bills made it through various stages of the legislative process in the 114th Congress

Page 32 – How a bill does not become a law: Bills face numerous hurdles to enactment during and after the legislative process

Page 35 – Percentage of bills enacted as law: Chart comparing the share of bills introduced, voted on and enacted as law in the 108th through 114th Congresses

Page 36 – The downward slope of congressional productivity: Track the decline in Congressional productivity by comparing the number of bills passed by each of the last 34 Congresses

Page 37 – How the Senate rule change helps the majority: Simple chart illustrating party influence over cloture before and after the Senate rule change

January 2017 | Presentation Center 30 LEGISLATION IN THE 114TH CONGRESS

Tracking the status of legislation in the 114th Congress A breakdown of the legislative process in the 114th Congress

Number of bills and resolutions, by stage of consideration (114th Congress)

9,663

669 561 93 329

Referred to committee Ordered reported by Passed House Passed Senate Enacted committee

Analysis • The vast majority of legislation (86%) in the 114th Congress failed to become law, and most never even came close; only 5% of bills and resolutions were voted on in at least one chamber

Sources: GovTrack.us

January 9, 2016 | Jessica Grischkan 31 LEGISLATION IN THE SENATE Bills face numerous obstacles to passage in Senate

The legislative process and obstacles in the Senate

Bill is ignored by full Bill fails passage in Bill fails passage in committee subcommittee vote full committee vote

Introduced to chamber Sent to committee Sent to subcommittee Sent back to committee

Sent to House Full Senate vote Amended Debated on Senate floor Placed on legislative calendar

“Poison pill” Senate majority Bill is filibustered Bill fails final vote in amendments leader declines to during debate on full chamber sabotage final place bill on the Senate floor passage legislative calendar The Senate relies on unanimous consent to operate efficiently; therefore, individual senators have the power to delay or prevent a bill’s passage by creating additional procedural hurdles, including filibusters. Source: National Journal Research, 2017; ―The Legislative Process,‖ U.S. House of Representatives.

January 9, 2017 | Jessica Grischkan 32 LEGISLATION IN THE HOUSE House rules allow majority party to prevent passage

The legislative process and obstacles in the House

Bill is ignored by full Bill fails passage in Bill fails passage in committee subcommittee vote full committee vote

Introduced to chamber Sent to committee Sent to subcommittee Sent back to committee

Sent to Senate Full Senate vote Debated on House floor Amended Placed on legislative calendar

“Poison pill” Speaker of the House Bill sent back to Bill fails final vote in amendments declines to place bill committee with a full chamber sabotage final on the legislative motion to recommit passage calendar The Senate relies on unanimous consent to operate efficiently; therefore, individual senators have the power to delay or prevent a bill’s passage by creating additional procedural hurdles, including filibusters. Source: National Journal Research, 2017; ―The Legislative Process,‖ U.S. House of Representatives.

January 9, 2017 | Jessica Grischkan 33 ENACTMENT AND ENFORCEMENT Bills continue to face hurdles after passage

Process and obstacles for enacting and enforcing laws

If the law is challenged in court, a judge can rule to prevent enforcement with an injunction and may eventually strike down the law

Signed by president Enacted Executive orders or signing statements can prevent a law from being enforced as originally intended

President vetoes bill, Congress can override veto with a supermajority vote Analysis • Even if a bill manages to pass both chambers of Congress, the president can use vetoes, executive orders, or signing statements to prevent the bill from being enacted or enforced • Opponents of the bill, including those outside of the legislative process, can prevent the law from being enacted by mounting a successful legal challenge

Source: National Journal Research, 2017; ―The Legislative Process,‖ U.S. House of Representatives.

January 9, 2017 | Jessica Grischkan 34 PRESENTATION CENTER CONGRESSIONAL PRODUCTIVITY Percentage of bills enacted as laws

Breakdown of bills and resolutions by status, 108th – 114th Congress ■ Enacted as Law ■ Passed as Resolution ■ Got a Vote ■ Got No Vote

14,042 13,675 13,072 total bills total bills total bills 12,299 12,063 total bills total bills 10,669 10,637 total bills total bills

81 84 80 82 88 86 86 % % % % % % %

6% 5% 7% 5% 4% 3% 4% 10 6% 8% 8% 11 6% 6% 5% 4% 3%% 3%% 2% 3% 3% 108th 109th 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th

Sources: GovTrack.us, “Statistics and Historical Comparison.”

January 9, 2017 | Jessica Grischkan 35 CONGRESSIONAL PRODUCTIVITY Congressional productivity has declined since World War II

Number of public bills and joint resolutions enacted into law 80th – 114th Congresses (1947-2016)

906 laws: President Truman popularized the term “do- nothing” Congress referring to 284 laws: The 112th the 80th Congress 1,028 laws: The 84th Congress was the Congress passed more laws least productive on than any other post-WWII record due to unified Dem control of 337 laws: The 104th both chambers Congress reached a 328 laws: The 114th then-low due to partisan Congress did not division following the address immigration, 1995 government stagnant wages, a tax shutdown overhaul, Garland’s Supreme Court nomination or criminal justice reform

Sources: Library of Congress; “Resumé of Congressional activity,” U.S. Senate, 2013; GovTrack.us, “Statistics and historical comparison.”

January 9, 2017 | Christine Yan, Emilia Varrone and Libbie Wilcox 36 SENATE MAJORITY RULE CHANGE “Nuclear option” allows nominations to proceed by simple majority

Votes needed for most Judicial or Executive Branch nominations to proceed in the 115th Congress Republican Democrat Independent

60 votes needed to pass 51 votes needed to pass

Before After • Since 1975, 60 votes, or three-fifths majority, were necessary • Because of the Senate’s rule change in November 2013, to stop a filibuster on executive and judicial branch now only 51 votes, or a simple majority, is necessary to nominations and legislation block filibusters on most executive and judicial branch • In the past, the previous rule left every nomination vulnerable nominations to filibuster by Republican opposition

Analysis • The Senate approved a procedural rule change in November 2013 that requires 51 – rather than the previous 60 – to invoke closure and block filibusters for most judicial and executive branch nominations • The rule change is a response to the partisan gridlock that has impeded past nominations; in October 2013, Republican senators attempted to delay filling three vacancies on the D.C. Circuit, the most powerful appeals court in the country, via filibusters • Republicans in the 115th Congress as the majority can take advantage of the rule

Source: Jeremy W. Peters, ―In landmark vote, senate limits use of the filibuster,‖ The New York Times, November 21, 2013; Wikimedia Commons. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 37 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 38 Welcome to Washington

Executive branch overviews

Page 40 – Presidential power flowchart: The president can deploy different executive powers to shape and block policy – even without Congressional accord – depending on the circumstances

Page 41 – Executive branch lobbying restrictions: Learn about restrictions on lobbyists joining and leaving the executive branch and how those restrictions coincide with trends in the lobbying market

Page 46 – Executive Order primer: Use this primer to explore executive orders used in past and the current administration

Page 55 – Executive actions vs. executive orders: Table describing the differences in enforcement power of executive actions and executive orders.

Page 56 – How the president can work around Congress: An overview of the ways the president can work around Congress if they oppose him

January 2017 | Presentation Center 39 PRESIDENTIAL POWER FLOWCHART Constitution explicitly grants the president several powers

Aside from ratifying treaties or formally declaring Executive power flowchart war, the president has essentially unchecked authority over most aspects of foreign policy. Yes No Foreign Shape The president can use an executive order to policy Do current laws or shape policy; however, Congress can challenge Domesti Congressional resolutions the order’s constitutionality in court. c support the executive The president can propose a federal rule; the branch’s ability to shape this rule-making process is lengthy, but it allows for policy? more executive branch input.

The president can use a recess appointment to Appoint an bypass Congress, but only when Congress is out official of session for more than ten days.

The president can use a return veto if the law passes, but the veto is subject to an override vote in Congress. Is Congress currently in The president can attempt a protective return recess? pocket veto; while its constitutionally Has the policy Has Congress Push back on questionable, it can’t be overridden. already been been in recess policy passed signed into for 10 days or by Congress law? more? The president can use a pocket veto, which cannot be overridden by Congress.

The president can selectively defend the law or file an amicus brief if someone challenges the law’s constitutionality in court.

Sources: National Journal Research, 2014; Jess Bravin and Melanie Trottman, ―Supreme Court Narrows President‘s Recess-Appointment Powers,‖ Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2014; Louis Fisher, ―The Pocket Veto: Its Current Status,‖ Congressional Research Service, March 30, 2001; Robert J. Spitzer, ―Growing Executive Power: The Strange Case of the ‗Protective Return‘ Pocket Veto,‖ Presidential Studies Quarterly, July 19, 2012; Federal Register Executive Orders Disposition Tables, Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013; Daniel J. Meltzer, ―Executive Defense of Congressional Acts,‖ Duke Law Journal, February 19, 2012; Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, February 23, 2011.

January 9, 2017 | Libbie Wilcox 40 EXECUTIVE RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING 2009 executive order limits lobbying activity by administration staff

Lobbying restrictions on incoming and outgoing White House and administration staff

Four restrictions apply to incoming or current employees: Two restrictions apply to departing employees:

1 • Appointees banned from accepting gifts from registered lobbyists or lobbying organizations 1 • Appointees leaving the administration 2 • For at least two years, registered lobbyists must refrain from lobbying for at least joining administration are forbidden from two years working in areas in which they lobbied 2 • Appointees leaving administration 3 • Appointees forbidden from participating in any banned from lobbying the Obama matter directly and substantially related to former administration at any time employer or former clients

4 • Appointees must sign ethics pledge promising to follow these restrictions

Additional information •On his first day in office in 2009, President Obama signed an executive order regulating lobbying activity of incoming and outgoing administration staff. • An employee that violates any of these restrictions may face civil action and a ban from lobbying of up to 5 years, in addition to the original 2 years imposed on all departing employees by the executive order •The executive order exempts “Class C” employees (schedulers, drivers, office assistants, etc.) from the requirements, as well as employees who signed the pledge and who transitioned to their current position while serving in another appointed executive branch position without a gap in employment Sources: Executive Order 13940 – Ethics Commitments, Federal Register, Jan. 20, 2009.

December 30, 2016 | Alexander Perry & Yanni Chen 1 EXECUTIVE RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING By 2016, fewer than 1% of appointees had sought waivers or faced penalties under restrictions

Executive branch employees’ compliance with lobbying restrictions (N=8,109)

Other 0.89% No waivers 99.11% or violations Violated policy 0.06% 0.81% Violated policy & received waiver 0.02% Received waiver

Analysis • In 2014, all 6,194 executive branch employees required to sign the ethics pledge had signed it; of those, 54 employees required partial waivers, and only 5 employees were found to have violated the pledge • Charles F. Bolden, Administrator of NASA, received a waiver, but was later found to have violated a provision of the pledge not covered by the waiver. Sources: Walter M. Schaub, Jr., Don W. Fox, and Robert I. Cusick,―Annual reports on Executive Order 13490, 2009-2015,‖ United States Office of Government Ethics, 2009-2015; Jeh Charles Johnson, ―Memorandum for principal deputy Under Secretary of Defense for acquisition, technology, and logistics,‖ Department of Defense, Mar. 10, 2010.

December 30, 2016 | Alexander Perry & Yanni Chen 2 EXECUTIVE RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Exemptions granted to current, but not former, appointees

Examples of executive branch staff lobbying restriction waivers

Since 2009, the White House has issued 54 partial waivers to allow individuals who previously worked for or with other organizations to interact with those organizations at some level while in the executive branch, especially when:

The appointee lacked a conflicting A conflict of interest could be avoided by interest narrowly tailoring the waiver Stephen J. Rapp, Amb. at Large for War John Brennan, Former Homeland Security Crimes Advisor •After serving as the UN Independent •Homeland Security Advisor John Brennan Prosecutor for the Special Court for oversaw investigations regarding security Sierra Leone, Stephen J. Rapp was vulnerabilities after the attempted attack by appointed Ambassador at Large for War the “Underwear Bomber” in 2009; The Crimes Analysis Corporation, of which Brennan was •In his new role, Rapp was likely to formerly CEO, was involved in the interact with the UN, but there was no investigation reason to assume a conflict of interest •Brennan was allowed to work on the would arise between Rapp’s role as investigation but was prevented from any ambassador and the UN’s prosecutorial aspect of investigation that might directly goals Analysis involve The Analysis Corporation •The administration has generally granted exemptions when conflict is unavoidable; for example, department press secretaries often worked as reporters, and barring them from interacting with news agencies would impede their ability to carry out their responsibilities as press secretaries Sources: Walter M. Schaub, Jr., Don W. Fox, and Robert I. Cusick,―Annual reports on Executive Order 13490, 2009-2013,‖ United States Office of Government Ethics, 2009-2013; Jeh Charles Johnson, ―Memorandum for principal deputy Under Secretary of Defense for acquisition, technology, and logistics,‖ Department of Defense, Mar. 10, 2010.

December 30, 2016 | Alexander Perry & Yanni Chen 3 EXECUTIVE RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING After restrictions implemented, lobbying registration declined

Recorded active registered lobbyists, 1998-2016

16,000 The number of registered lobbyists peaked in 2007 at 15,000 14,837; congressional lobbying restrictions were implemented this year, and a decline in registered lobbyists 14,000 followed 13,000

12,000 In 2009, Obama implemented lobbying restrictions on executive branch employees, after 11,000 which the number of registered lobbyists fell 10,000 further still 9,000 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Analysis •Between 2007, when congressional lobbying restrictions were implemented, and 2009, the number of registered lobbyists fell 7.9%, from a record high of 14,837 to 13,788. •After the executive restrictions on lobbying were implemented in 2009, the number of registered lobbyists dropped another 6.5%, from 13,788 in 2009 to 12,965 in 2010 •This decline coincides with the recession as well as the implementation of lobbying restrictions on congressional and executive branch staff •Some posit that the decline in the number of registered lobbyists does not represent a decline in lobbying, as there are policy professionals who continue to advocate before the government but whose activities fall short of requiring registration (and are therefore not restricted under new rules) Sources: OpenSecrets.org Lobbying Database, 2017; Tom LaPira, ―How much lobbying is there in Washington? It‘s DOUBLE what you think,‖ Sunlight Foundation, Nov. 25, 2013.

January 3, 2017 | Alexander Perry & Yanni Chen 4 EXECUTIVE RESTRICTIONS ON LOBBYING Executive order could be reversed by future president

Reversal could cause political backlash • Congress is capable, via the precedent set in Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, of reversing the executive order limiting lobbying activity by executive branch employees.

• A future presidential administration could overturn the executive action, unless the restrictions are codified by Congress. However, overturning a policy that the public perceives to be an anti-corruption measure could be politically toxic, so the possibility of repeal is, at least initially, low.

• Some have argued that these restrictions have impeded the White House’s ability to hire the most knowledgeable and well-connected people and encouraged lobbyists to de-register.

• There is some speculation that the Obama administration could lift or loosen the lobbyist restrictions, thereby preventing Clinton from facing the political trouble of doing it herself.

Sources: National Journal Research, 2016; Catherine Ho, ―Signs suggest Hillary Clinton may be more open to lobbyists in her administration,‖ The Washington Post, August 22, 2016.

December 30, 2016 | Alexander Perry & Yanni Chen 5 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Order is a Vaguely Defined Power

Constitutional Language on Executive Power and Definition

US Constitution Federal Register

Executive orders are official documents, numbered Article II, Section 1. Clause 1 consecutively, through which the President of the United The executive power shall be vested in States manages the operations a President of the United States of of the Federal Government America...

Article II, Section 3. Clause 5 …he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Analysis United States. • Historically, related to routine administrative matters and internal operations of federal agencies • In recent times, used more broadly to mandate programs and policies

Sources: Office of the Federal Register, ―Executive Orders,‖ 2016; Legal Information Institute, ―Executive Power,‖ Cornell University. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 46 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER An Executive Order Can be Challenged, But Hurdles Sometimes High

Checks on Executive Orders

• Court may declare executive order unconstitutional if it Supreme Court oversteps Executive power and/or attempts to legislate Checks by • Case must be heard by Court for Court to exercise authority other governmen • Congress may pass legislation that conflicts with an t branches executive order, or refuse to approve funding to enforce it Congress • President may veto Congressional action • 2/3 majority in Congress required to override veto • Congressional annulment of executive orders is extremely rare

• Public opinion may deter presidents from using executive Public Opinion order authority on controversial issues Other • Decision on whether to issue order remains up to President, limited regardless checks • Future presidents may change or repeal a previous Future Executives president’s executive order

Sources: Mark Koba, ―Executive Orders Coming? Here‘s How They Work,‖ CNBC, January 28, 2014; National Journal Research, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 47 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER The Number of Executive Orders Has Declined Dramatically

Frequency of Executive Orders, by President (Average Number of Orders Per Year, 1900-2016)

Source: Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, ―Executive Orders,‖ The American Presidency Project, January 20, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 48 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Order Can Apply to Existing Legislation

Recent Examples of Executive Orders Used to Clarify or Alter Legislation

President Original Legislation Executive Order

Geneva Conventions Executive Order 13440 Specified provisions July 20, 2007 protecting prisoners of war Altered/removed Geneva Conventions “prisoner of George W. Bush war” protections for members of al Qaeda, the Taliban, and associated forces

Patient Protection and Executive Order 13535 Affordable Care Act March 24, 2010 Specified requirements for Ensured that Federal funds broad-based health are not used for abortion insurance and service services, except in cases Barack Obama eligibility, which caused of rape or incest, or when concern that law may life of mother would be subsidize abortions or fund endangered clinics offering termination services

Sources: Administration of George W. Bush, ―Executive Order 13440—Interpretation of the Geneva Conventions Common Article 3 as Applied to a Program of Detention and Interrogation Operated by the Central Intelligence Agency,‖ Government Printing Office, July 19, 2007; Office of the Press Secretary, ―Executive Order 13535—Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act‘s Consistency with Longstanding Restrictions on the Use of Federal Funds for Abortion,‖ The White House, March 24, 2010. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 49 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Orders Allow Quick Response to Pressing Issues

Timeline of Major Executive Orders in Response to Pressing Issues

1863 The Civil War Executive Order (Unnumbered): Emancipation Proclamation

1935 The Great Depression Executive Order 7034: Created the Works Progress Administration

1957 “Little Rock Crisis” Executive Order 10730: Sent Federal troops to maintain order while desegregation of Central High School took place

1965 Civil Rights Movement Executive Order 11246: Prohibited employment discrimination by US government contractors on basis of race, religion, gender, or national origin; required affirmative action plans 2001 September 11th Attacks Executive Order 13224: Blocked transactions with foreign individuals or entities that have committed or pose risk of committing acts of terrorism

2011 Continuing Tensions with Iran Executive Order 13622: Authorized additional sanctions on to Iranian interests

Source: National Journal Research, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 50 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Orders Used to Bypass Senate Opposition

President George W. Bush’s Controversial Faith-Based Funding Initiative

What Bush Wanted Senate Response Executive Order 13198 Agency Responsibilities with Respect to Faith-Based and Community Initiatives

Executive Order 13199 Establishment of White House Office of Faith-Based President Bust Issue sparked fierce and Community Initiatives wanted Federal debate; bill funding and support successful in House, for religious but all version organizations blocked in Senate

"It is one of the great goals of my administration to invigorate the spirit of involvement and citizenship. We will encourage faith-based and community programs without changing their mission. We will help all in their work to change hearts while keeping a commitment to pluralism.”

–George W. Bush, January 2001

Source: National Archives, ―George W. Bush – 2001,‖ Federal Register Executive Orders Disposition Tables, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 51 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Orders Used to Bypass House Opposition

President Barack Obama’s “We Can’t Wait” Campaign

What Obama House Response Executive Order 13589 Wanted Promoting Efficient Spending

Executive Order 13597 Establishing Visa and Foreign Visitor Processing Goals and the Task Force Specific policies House blocked On Travel and including the Obama’s proposal Competitiveness American Jobs Act, aimed at creating Executive Order 13616 jobs and boosting the Accelerating Broadband economy Infrastructure Deployment

Non-exhaustive list “The most urgent challenge that we face right now is getting our economy to grow faster and to create more jobs…. we can’t wait for an increasingly dysfunctional Congress to do its job. Where they won’t act, I will.”

–President Obama, October 24, 2011

Source: National Archives, ―‖Barack Obama – 2011,‖ Federal Register Executive Orders Disposition Tables, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 52 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER New President Often Means Change to Previous Orders

Sampling of Changes to Previous President’s Executive Orders

First 90 Days

February 1, 1993 March 9, 1993 Executive Order 12836 Executive Order 12840 Revokes executive orders Supersedes previous order concerning concerning federal contracting nuclear cooperation with EURATOM (12818, 12800) (12791)

First 90 Days

February 17, 2001 February 17, 2001 February 17, 2001 April 4, 2001 Executive Order 13201 Executive Order 13203 Executive Order 13204 Executive Order 13206 Revokes removal of certain Revokes order and Revokes order on Revokes continuation of orders concerning federal memorandum concerning nondisplacement of qualified export control regulations contracting (12836*) labor-management workers under certain (12924) partnerships (12871) contracts(12933) First 90 Days

January 21, 2009 January 22, 2009 February 5, 2009 March 9, 2009 Executive Order 13489 Executive Order 13491 Executive Order 13498 Executive Order 13505 Revokes further Revokes interpretation of Amends WH Office of Faith-Based and Revokes barriers to implementation of the Geneva Conventions Community Initiatives; establishes scientific research involving Presidential Records Act Common Law 3, and ensures President's Advisory Council for Faith- human stem cells (13435) (13233) lawful interrogation (13440) Based and Neighborhood Partnerships (13440)

*Partially revoked Source: National Archives, Federal Register Executive Orders Disposition Tables, 2016. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 53 PRESENTATION CENTER EXECUTIVE ORDER PRIMER Executive Orders Do Not Compensate for a Hostile Congress

Presidential Executive Orders and Congressional Victories, by President ■ Executive Orders Congressional Victory Percentage

Kennedy Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan Bush I Clinton Bush II Obama

* Ornstein and Mann: “[Presidential Congressional Victory] percentages indicate the number of congressional votes supporting the president divided by the total number of votes on which the president had taken a clear position.” Source: Norm Ornstein and Thomas Mann, ―Presidential Victories on Votes in Congress, 1953-2013,‖ Brookings/AEI Vital Statistics on Congress: Chapter 8, April 18, 2014. January 29, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 54 EXECUTIVE ACTIONS VS. EXECUTIVE ORDERS Execution actions differ from executive orders in use, legal power

Differences between executive orders and executive actions

Published in Federal Register? Enforced as law? Whom can they compel to act?

Yes Yes Actors in and outside the Executive orders are formally Executive orders carry the same government published in the Federal Register weight and power of enforcement Executive orders can compel and are recorded along with other as a law action by government officials and Executive orders executive regulations private citizens

No No Only actors inside the Executive actions are merely Executive actions do not carry the government internal directives to the executive force of law in and of themselves, Executive actions are internal branch; they are likely to be but executive agencies are policy positions, and do not recorded for the public record as strongly encouraged (effectively, compel action by those outside of Executive actions a matter of executive intent and required) to follow any the government. For this reason, interpretation, but are not formally enforcement guidelines given in the executive branch may use published executive actions executive actions to make it more difficult for non-governmental parties to establish standing in Sources: Sources: Scott Neuman, ―So what is an ‗executive action‘ anyway?‖ NPR, November 20, 2014; Tom Murse, ―Executive actions versus executive orders,‖ Aboutcourt News, and 2014; challenge Ben Goad, ―Obama the action finding ways to wield power without executive orders,‖ The Hill, March 28, 2013; Vivian S. Chu and Todd Garvey, ―Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and Revocation,‖ Congressional Research Service, April 16, 2014.

December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 55 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS President may exercise executive power to act around Congress

Key executive powers

Executive Cognitive Federal orders power rules

President Congress Foreign policy Vetoes Recess powers appointments

Sources: Alex WaZa, ―The White House,‖ The Noun Project, 2016; Martha Ormiston, ―Congress,‖ The Noun Project, 2016; The White House, ―The Executive branch,‖ Our government, 2016. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 56 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Executive order is a vaguely defined power

Constitutional language on executive power and definition

US Constitution Federal register

Executive orders are official documents, numbered Article II, Section 1. Clause 1 consecutively, through which the president manages the The executive power shall be vested in operations of the federal a President of the United States of government America...

Article II, Section 3. Clause 5 …he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Analysis United States. • Historically, related to routine administrative matters and internal operations of federal agencies • In recent times, used more broadly to mandate programs and policies

Sources: Office of the Federal Register, ―Executive Orders,‖ 2016; Legal Information Institute, ―Executive Power,‖ Cornell University. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 57 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Executive orders give the president flexibility to work around Congress to set policy

Functions and examples of executive orders

Clarify or alter legislation passed by Congress Example: Obama signed an executive order forbidding federal funds attached to the ACA from being spent on abortion

Respond to current events Example: Obama signed an executive order setting up a commission to settle a railroad strike

Bypass partisan opposition Example: Obama signed an executive order increasing the minimum wage for federal contractors after congressional inaction on minimum wage legislation

Change or reverse a previous executive order Example: Obama signed an executive order revoking restrictions on executive branch archiving put in place under George W. Bush

Sources: National Journal Research, 2016; Federal Register Executive Orders Disposition Tables. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 58 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS The number of executive orders has declined

Frequency of executive orders by president Average number of orders per year, 1900-2016

291

242 225 217 215 181 145 117

75 80 61 63 62 69 48 42 46 36 38

Source: Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, ―Executive Orders,‖ The American Presidency Project, January 9, 2017. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 59 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Cognitive power enables the president to influence national agenda

Cognitive powers

Conversion Changing public opinion from one side of an issue to another

Framing Presenting a vision of how to view a particular issue

Priming Reminding voters of an issue and bringing it to the forefront of discussion

Issue Installation Introducing voters to an issue for the first time and setting their position on it

Analysis •As the single most visible and well-known figure in domestic politics, the president has a unique platform to alter and affect the public’s view on various issues •“Cognitive power,” sometimes called “the bully pulpit,” refers to the president’s ability to influence public opinion through speeches and public announcements Sources: Jeffrey E. Cohen and John A. Hamman, ―Presidential Ideology and the Public Mood: 1956-1994,‖ In the Public Domain: Presidents and the Challenges of Public Leadership, 2006; Martha Ormiston, ―Separate,‖ The Noun Project, 2016; MoRiza, ―Hand Framing,‖ The Noun Project, 2016; Guilherme Simoes, ―Move to Front,‖ The Noun Project, 2016; Gregor Črešnar, ―Innovative,‖ The Noun Project, 2016. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 60

HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Federal rulemaking enables the president to direct the activities of federal agencies

Analysis Process of federal rulemaking • Rulemaking may be a slower route to circumventing Congress than executive orders, which can be signed into law immediately • However, rules are also harder to revoke by future administrations

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Agency realizes a Agency proposes Agency collects Agency submits Regulation enters rule is necessary, rule and solicits and reviews rule to Congress compliance, brought about by comments in the comments, and Government interpretation, and either a petition, a Federal Register preparing final Accountability review phase lawsuit, draft of regulation Office, then congressional publishes final order, or a federal rule in Federal order Register

Agency establishes “good cause” for skipping steps if rule has a narrow or minor impact or if problem must be addressed imminently

Source: Federal Register, 2013; ICF Consulting; Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013.

January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 61 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Foreign policy powers enable the president to control the nation’s international positioning and agenda

Executive powers in setting foreign policy

Diplomatic Trade Military

• The president is the nation’s • The president has the • As commander-in-chief, the authority to engage in and main diplomatic point of authority to engage in and president has nearly contact with foreign leaders enforce trade agreements unchecked ability to engage and also has the ability to in national defense • Example: Obama chose not dictate entrance into • Example: Obama chose not international partnerships to enforce an international • Example: The president has trade council ruling which and agreements trade council ruling which unilateral control over the would have prevented Apple military and can generally • Example: One of the first from selling iPads and enter into international iPhones in the U.S. things presidents have done iPhones in the U.S. engagements without check; when entering into office is Congress could cut military dictate whether or not the funding to stop an operation, U.S. will work with but such a move would be international organizations difficult and likely unpopular that support or oppose abortion rights

Sources: National Journal Research, 2014; Dante D‘Orazio, ―President Obama vetoes Samsung patent ban on iPhone 4 and select iPads,‖ The Verge, August 3, 2013; Muharrem Fevzi Çelik, ―Hand Shake,‖ 2016; Parkjisun, ―Global,‖ 2016; Road Signs, ―Tank,‖ 2016.

January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 62 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Veto power enables president to block legislation

Forms of executive veto power

Protective return pocket Return veto Pocket veto veto

After the final While Congress is in During shorter intra- or adjournment of a When can it be used? session inter-session recesses Congressional session

Yes; with a 2/3 vote of Can it be overridden? both chambers of No No Congress

Sources: Louis Fisher, ―The Pocket Veto: Its Current Status,‖ Congressional Research Service, March 30, 2001; Robert J. Spitzer, ―Growing Executive Power: The Strange Case of the ‗Protective Return‘ Pocket Veto,‖ Presidential Studies Quarterly, July 19, 2012.

January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 63 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS President is likely to veto legislation more often when opposition controls both chambers

Presidential vetoes by Congress, 1981-present

■ President’s party controls at least one chamber ■ Opposition controls both chambers

Average number of vetoes when opposition controls both chambers: 15 Average number of vetoes when president’s party controls at least one chamber: 6.2

Source: Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, ―Presidential Vetoes,‖ The American Presidency Project, July 22, 2016. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 64 HOW THE PRESIDENT CAN WORK AROUND CONGRESS Recess appointments enable the president to select executive branch leaders

Recess appointment process

Session Year 1 Session Year 1

Session Year 2

RECESS

President can appoint individuals during senate recesses of ten Appointments expire or more days, but at the end of the next cannot appoint during session of Congress pro forma sessions

Analysis • Presidential recess appointments allow the president to impact the policy landscape by appointing new staff to executive agencies • The Supreme Court ruling in NLRB v. Noel Canning prevents the use of recess appointments when the Senate is in a pro forma session (a session without formal debate or action, where the body is nominally declared in session)

Sources: Jess Bravin and Melanie Trottman, ―Supreme Court Narrows President‘s Recess- Appointment Powers,‖ Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2014; G. Roger King and Bryan J. Leitch, ―The Impact of the Supreme Court‘s Noel Canning Decision– Years of Litigation on the Horizon for the NLRB,‖ Bloomberg BNA, June 27, 2014; Vivian S. Chu and Todd Garvey, ―Executive Orders: Issuance, Modification, and Revocation,‖ Congressional Research Service, April 16, 2014. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 65 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 66 Welcome to Washington

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Page 68 – How a Proposed Regulation Does Not Become a Rule: Flowchart describing the hurdles to enactment for a proposed federal rule during and after the regulatory process

Page 69 – Legislation vs. Regulation: Legislation and regulations are proposed and considered through different procedures, but both have the force of law when finalized

Page 70 – Senate confirmation primer: Important legislative, regulatory and other dates in 2017

Page 74 – How a nominee does not get confirmed: Use this graphic to explain why many executive and judicial nominations are stalled or blocked during the Senate confirmation process

January 2017 | Presentation Center 67 FEDERAL RULES Proposed rules can be blocked by public or congress

Process and obstacles for enacting and enforcing federal rules

An agency may Congress may Congress may decide to scrap the pass a Resolution pass new proposed regulation of Disapproval legislation after reviewing prior to the rule’s restricting comments from enactment, which, agencies’ interested parties if signed by the ability to and other President, will enforce the Congress Recommends government officials void the rule rule Creation of Rule

President Orders Creation of Rule Agency Proposes Public Comments Rule is Congress/President Rule is Rule on Regulation Finalized/Published Can Review Enacted

! If the rule is Agency Notices Problem challenged in court, a judge can prevent enforcement with an injunction and Note may eventually The public comment period is the main obstacle to finalizing a rule; strike down the comments from knowledgeable insiders can significantly alter or rule Source: Katie Weatherford, ―Attempts to Use Congressionaleliminate the Reviewrule Act for Proposed Rules Threaten All Public Safeguards,‖ Center for Effective Government, March 11, 2014.

August 12, 2016 | Katharine Conlon 68 LEGISLATION VS. REGULATION Different processes for passing legislation, regulation, but same force of law

Differences between legislation and regulation

Introduced by… Altered by… Can be stopped by… Finalized when… Has the effect of… Lawmakers Congress Stalling/Failing in Signed by President Law Any senator or Committees in either Congress or Congress Finalized legislation congressperson can chamber can alter Legislation may be Overrides Veto has the binding force of introduce legislation proposed legislation stopped if it stalls in The president can law through the the committee phase, sign the bill into law, Legislation amendment process fails a vote or cloture or Congress can motion, is vetoed, or is override a not brought up by the presidential veto by other chamber two- thirds majorities in both chambers Federal Agencies The Public Congress/The Public Published Law A federal agency may The public and A proposed regulation A regulation becomes Exactly the same as draft a regulation after interested parties may be stopped in its a rule when it is legislation; a finalized reviewing or finding may attempt to tracks by strong, published into the regulation has the ambiguity in a law and change a proposed nearly unanimous or Federal Register after binding force of law realizing a clarifying regulation by very influential public final consideration of Regulation regulation is submitting comments, or a comments and necessary; regulations comments, which resolution of adjustments must be based in laws require disapproval by already passed consideration and Congress (which can Source: Federal Register, 2013; Scales by The responseNoun Project; by theICF Consulting;be vetoed Office ofby Information the and Regulatory Affairs, OMB, 2013. agency president) January 6, 2016 | Katharine Conlon and Owen Minott 69 SENATE CONFIRMATION PROCESS Nominees can face many barriers in the confirmation process

Senate confirmation process and obstacles The committee may vote not to Information uncovered during Committee members can delay Reporting a report the nominee to the the committee’s background or derail a nomination by candidate to the Senate or may attach an check on the nominee could requesting additional time or Senate requires unfavorable recommendation to derail the nomination information before a hearing a majority of the the report committee members’ support

President refers nominee to Committee reports Committee holds hearing relevant Senate committee nominee to full Senate

Senate debates Senate votes to confirm nomination

All nominees require a simple majority to be confirmed, except for Supreme Court nominees, which need 60 votes A final vote to confirm the Individual senators can filibuster nominee could fail, but most or place a hold on a nominee, failed nominations are halted which can only be overcome via a earlier in the process cloture vote Source: National Journal Research, 2014; Maeve Carey, ―Presidential Appointments, the Senate‘s Confirmation Process, and Changes Made in the 112th Congress,‖ Congressional Research Service, November 25, 2013; Christopher Davis and Jerry Mansfield, ―Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations,‖ Congressional Research Service, November 25, 2013.

December 19, 2016 | Owen Minott 70 CABINET CONFIRMATIONS Can Democrats do anything to block Trump’s nominees?

Potential roadblocks for the nomination process Cabinet nominees: GOP needs simple majority to confirm

60 51 votes needed to confirm • In 2013, then Senate majority leader Harry Reid and his fellow executive branch nominee* Democrats changed the rules so that executive branch nominees require only 51 votes to be confirmed; previously 60 votes were +2 Republicans support needed to block required to prevent a filibuster Trump nominee, if no Democrats vote to • Since Democrats only have 48 seats in the Senate, they will need the confirm support of 2 Republican senators to block any appointment *also applies to court So far Trump’s secretary of state pick, Rex Tillerson, seem appointments other than the most vulnerable. GOP Senators Lindsay Graham (R-SC) and Supreme Court John McCain (R-AZ) have voiced concerns about him and his ties to Russia. Supreme Court nominee: GOP needs 60 votes to prevent a filibuster

• 60 votes are still required to prevent a filibuster on Supreme Court nominees • However, if Democrats filibuster the SCOTUS nominee, majority leader Mitch McConnell could further change the rules to eliminate filibusters for the Supreme Court; the GOP would then need only 51 votes to confirm SCOTUS nominees as well • McConnell has been very critical of limiting filibusters in the past, and he may fail to get even 50 votes since some GOP senators such as Susan Collins would likely be opposed

We’re going to confirm the president’s nominee one way or the other. And there’s an easy way and there’s a hard way.” “ - Senate Majority Whip John Cornyn (R-TX) Source: Ballotpedia, 2016; Carl Hulse, ―Hard choice for Mitch McConnell: end the filibuster or preserve tradition,‖ November 11, 2016, The New York Times; Burgess Everett, ―GOP could nuke filibuster for Supreme Court nominees,‖ Politico, November 11, 2016; Karoun Demirjian, ―President Trump‘s cabinet picks are likely to be easily confirmed. That‘s because of Senate Democrats,‖ The Washington Post, November 18, 2016..

Deember 21, 2016 | Owen MInott 71 CABINET CONFIRMATIONS Senate committees hold hearings to vet candidates in departments under their jurisdiction

Senate committees and their jurisdictions

Senate committee Holds hearings for positions in: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Department of Agriculture Armed Services Department of Defense Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Department of Housing and Urban Development, SEC, FDIC Commerce, Science and Transportation Department of Transportation, Federal Trade Commission, Department of Commerce Energy and Natural Resources Department of Energy, Dept. of the Interior, Environmental Protection Agency Finance Department of Treasury Foreign Relations Department of State, IMF, USAID, Peace Corps, Ambassadors Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Department of Health and Human Services, Dept. of Education, Dept of Labor, FDA Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Department of Homeland Security Judiciary Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, District Courts, Department of Justice Small Business and Entrepreneurship Small Business Administration Veterans’ Affairs Department of Veterans Affairs Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency, Director of National Intelligence

Source: Ballotpedia, 2016.

Deember 21, 2016 | Owen MInott 72 CABINET CONFIRMATIONS Most of President Obama’s first cabinet was confirmed within a week of his inauguration

President Obama’s first cabinet Members listed in order by date confirmed Name Role Date confirmed Days after Analysis inauguration • While cabinet positions receive Ken Salazar Secretary of the Interior January 20 0 priority, other Tom Vilsack Secretary of Agriculture January 20 0 nominations may take much longer to confirm Hillary Clinton Secretary of State January 21 1 • It took an average of Janet Secretary of Homeland Security January 21 1 45 days from Napolitano nomination to Senate confirmation for the Steven Chu Secretary of Energy January 21 1 administration’s top 60 Arne Duncan Secretary of Education January 21 1 positions during President Obama’s Eric Shinseki Secretary of Veterans Affairs January 21 1 first term • The administration did Ray LaHood Secretary of Transportation January 23 3 not fill all of its top 60 Timothy Secretary of the Treasury January 26 6 positions until nearly Geithner one year after inauguration Shaun Secretary of Housing and Urban January 26 6 Donovan Dev. Eric Holder Attorney General February 2 13 Hilda Solis Secretary of Labor February 24 35 Ron Kirk Secretary of Trade March 18 57 Source: Ballotpedia, 2016; Partnership for Public Service, ―Presidential transition guide,‖ April 2016. Gary Locke Secretary of Commerce March 26 65 November 2, 2016 | Justin Brown 73 Kathleen Secretary of HHS April 28 98 Sebelius PRESENTATION CENTER SENATE CONFIRMATION PROCESS Nominees can face many barriers in the confirmation process

Senate confirmation process and obstacles The committee may vote not to Information uncovered during Committee members can delay report the nominee to the the committee’s background or derail a nomination by Senate or may attach an check on the nominee could requesting additional time or unfavorable recommendation to derail the nomination information before a hearing the report

President Refers Nominee to Committee Holds Committee Reports Relevant Senate Committee Hearing Nominee to Full Senate

Senate Debates Senate Votes to Confirm Nomination

A final vote to confirm the Individual Senators can filibuster nominee could fail, most failed or place a hold on a nominee, nominations are halted earlier in which can only be overcome via a the process cloture vote Source: National Journal Research, 2014; Maeve Carey, ―Presidential Appointments, the Senate‘s Confirmation Process, and Changes Made in the 112th Congress,‖ Congressional Research Service, November 25, 2013; Christopher Davis and Jerry Mansfield, ―Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations,‖ Congressional Research Service, November 25, 2013.

December 19, 2016 | Owen Minott 74 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 75 Welcome to Washington

Lobbying tools and statistics

Page 77 – Number of lobbyists vs. lobbying spending: A look at this slide to compare the total number of registered lobbyists compared to the total amount of lobbying spending from 1998-2016

Page 78 – Lobbyists per member of Congress: The number of registered lobbyists continues to fall as fewer people register as lobbyists

Page 79 – Lobbyists per member of Congress by type: This graphic breaks down the number of registered lobbyists in relation to key influencers in Congress

Page 80 – Advocacy day follow-up actions: Tips to help advocates serve as a resource to members of Congress after face-to-face meetings

January 2017 | Presentation Center 76 LOBBYING SPENDING Number of lobbyists rises and falls as lobbying spend rises and stabilizes

Registered lobbyists and total lobbying spending In Billions

It is likely that lobbying spending has remained stable even as the number of registered lobbyists has declined because ex-lobbyists have shifted their job responsibilities to avoid lobbying disclosure and registration requirements

Source: OpenSecrets, 2016. January 10, 2017 | Owen Minott Jr. 77 RATIO OF CONGRESSMEN TO LOBBYISTS There are 20 registered lobbyists per member of Congress

Registered lobbyists per member of Congress, 2016

Analysis •There are 535 members of Congress 1 : 20 •As of October 2016, there were Members of Congress 10,882 registered lobbyists to registered lobbyists •For every member of Congress, there are about 20 registered lobbyists competing for his or her time and attention •The number of lobbyist has decreased consistently since 2007 •The drop in the number of lobbyists is due in part to President Obama’s lobby curbing policies; however, it is likely the number has fallen so drastically because fewer people are registering as lobbyists, choosing instead to dodge the classification by lobbying less than 20 percent of their time

Source: OpenSecrets.org, Lobbying Database, 2016. January 10, 2016 | Madelaine Pisani and Libbie Wilcox 1 RATIO OF CONGRESSMEN TO LOBBYISTS There are 20 registered lobbyists per member of Congress

Registered lobbyists per member of Congress, 2016

1 : 20 1 : 226 1 : 989 Members of Congress Committee chairs* Members of majority leadership** to registered lobbyists to registered lobbyists to registered lobbyists

*48 committee chairs

** 11 members of majority leadership

Analysis • Most lobbyists aim to access the most influential members of Congress to increase their chances of moving votes • As these members represent a smaller subsection of Congress, there are hundreds of lobbyists per influential member vying for that Member’s time

Source: OpenSecrets.org, Lobbying Database, 2016 January 10,2016| Madelaine Pisani and Libbie Wilcox 1 Use follow-ups to build trust and to become a resource Steps to take following a meeting with a member of Congress

Send a thank you message

• Send a follow-up e-mail several days after meeting with a Member • Keep the message brief, thank the office for their time, and remind the office Quick takes of the issue at hand • Advocates can become • Leave a link to a reliable source of information on the issue for the office to trusted resources for reference lawmakers by following up and keeping in touch with Attend events in the district them after face-to-face • Attend town hall meetings or other public events in the district to build a meetings stronger relationship with your representative • Advocates should consider • Find opportunities to engage in policy matters in the district and serve as following the steps to the trustworthy resource to earn visibility for your issue left to position themselves as effective and trustworthy advocates for their issue Stay in touch

• Do not over-communicate with Members of Congress, but do pass along new information about your issue as it is released • Communicate with your representative in a respectful and informative manner to gain the representative’s respect—for you and your points of view

Sources: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Face-to-Face with Congress: Before, During, and After Meetings with Legislators,‖ 2014.

January 9, 2017 | Daniel Stublen 80 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 81 Welcome to Washington

Congressional composition

Page 83 – Control of the 115th Senate: A comparison of the control of Senate seats after the 2016 election

Page 84 – Composition of the 115th Senate: A map of the composition of the 115th Senate (2017- 2019)

Page 85 – Control of the 115th House: A side-by-side comparison of the partisan breakdown of the 114th Congress and the 115th Congress

Page 86 – Composition of the 115th House: A map of the composition of the 115th House (2017- 2019)

Page 87 – Biographies of freshmen Senators in the 115th Congress: Biographies of all the Senators elected for the first time in the 115th Congress

January 2017 | Presentation Center 82 SENATE RACES In 2016, the Republican Party lost one seat but maintained a 52-48 majority in the Senate

Control of the 114th vs. 115th Senate

■ Democrats ■ Republicans ■ Independents

Control of the 114th Senate (2014-2016) Control of the 115th Senate (2016-2018)

44 54 46 52

44-2-54 46-2-52

Republican Senate Majority Republican Senate Majority

Source: National Journal research, 2016. December 12, 2016 | Madelaine Pisani and Libbie Wilcox 83 SENATE RACES After the 2016 elections, the Republican Party maintains its majority in the Senate

Composition of the 115th Senate

■ 2 Democrats ■ 2 Republicans ■ 1 Democrat + 1 Republican ■ 1 Democrat + 1 Independent ■ 1 Republican + 1 Independent

WA ME MT ND VT OR MN NH ID SD WI NY WY MI IA PA NE NV OH UT IL IN WV CO CA VA MA KS MO KY NC RI AZ TN OK CT NM AR SC

MS AL GA NJ

AK TX LA DE

MD FL HI DC

Source: National Journal research, 2016. December 12, 2016 | Yanni Chen and Libbie Wilcox 84 HOUSE RACES Republicans retain control of House; limit Democratic gains in 2016 elections

Control of the 114th vs. 115th House

■ Democrats ■ Republicans ■ Independents Vacant

Control of the 114th House (2014-2016) Control of the 115th House (2016-2018)

218 Needed 218 Needed for Majority for Majority

186-246 194-241

Republican House Majority Republican House Majority

Source: National Journal research, 2016; AP, 2016. November 9, 2016 | Justin C. Brown and Alexander Perry 85 HOUSE RACES Democrats gain net seven seats, Republicans maintain majority

Composition of the 115th House

■ Democratic winner ■ Republican winner

Democrats: 194 Republicans: 241

January 11, 2017 | Peter Sadosky and Libbie Wilcox 86 KAMALA HARRIS Sen. Kamala Harris

Biography Kamala Harris was born in Oakland, California in 1964. Her mother, an immigrant from India, was a breast cancer specialist, while her father was a Jamaican-American economics professor at Stanford University. Harris was raised in Berkeley and Oakland, California and Montreal, Canada. Following her graduation from Westmount High School, Harris attended Howard University for her undergraduate degree, and then the University of California Hastings College of the Law. After earning her law degree in 1989, Harris joined the Alameda County District Attorney’s Office, where she was promoted after a year to deputy attorney for Alameda County and worked until 1998, specializing in prosecuting cases involving violent crimes. She was then made managing attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorney’s Office and then in 2000, chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division for the City Attorney of San Francisco, where she oversaw civil code enforcement. From 2003 to 2010, Harris served as district attorney of the City and County of San Francisco. She won the 2010 race for California attorney general and has held the position since. Harris is the first female, first African-American and first Asian-American to hold the position in California, as well as the first Tamil attorney general ever, in US history. As California attorney general, Harris focused on issues such as transnational gangs, human trafficking, online privacy, reducing recidivism and the national foreclosure crisis. Harris won the general election over fellow Democrat Loretta Sanchez for the congressional seat, after both defeated 32 other candidates in the primary. Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Opposes the sale of recreational To be announced Senator, California marijuana but supports medical Elected: 2016 marijuana Education: • Supports national climate change Howard University, B.A. 1986; legislation and the Clean Power Plan UC Hastings College of Law, • Favors reinstating the Assault Weapons Election Results J.D. 1989 Ban 2016 General • Supports a woman’s right to choose Religion: Baptist Kamala Harris (D) Votes: 7,542,753 Percent: 61.6% • Favors strengthening the Voting Rights Contact: Act Loretta Sanchez Votes: 4,710,417 Percent: 38.4% www.kamalaharris.org (D) www.twitter.com/KamalaHarris

Sources: Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Almanac 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Yanni Chen, Madelaine Pisani 87 TAMMY DUCKWORTH Sen. Tammy Duckworth

Biography Tammy Duckworth was born in 1968 in Bangkok, Thailand. The daughter of a Vietnam War veteran father and a Thai mother, Duckworth spent much of her early life abroad, moving with her father’s jobs at the United Nations and, later, at international companies. Living in Singapore and Indonesia before moving to Hawaii at the age of 16, Duckworth obtained her undergraduate degree in marine biology at the University of Hawaii and then a master’s degree in international affairs at George Washington University. During her time at George Washington University, Duckworth joined the Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps. Duckworth’s family on her father’s side has a long tradition of military service, including ancestors who fought in the Revolutionary War. In 1992, she became a commissioned officer in the US Army Reserve and elected to fly helicopters. Four years later, Duckworth joined the Illinois Army National Guard. While pursuing doctoral work at Northern Illinois University, she was deployed to Iraq in 2004, despite opposing President George W. Bush’s decision to invade the country. That November, Duckworth co-piloted a UH-60 Black Hawk that was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade fired by Iraqi insurgents. As a result of the explosion, she lost both of her legs and sustained serious damage to her right arm. She received a Purple Heart later that year and continued to serve as lieutenant colonel in the Illinois Army Guard. In 2012, she was elected as the House Representative for Illinois’s 8th congressional district, becoming the first member of Congress born in Thailand and the first disabled woman to be elected to the House. She was reelected in 2014. In the 2016 Senate race, Duckworth defeated incumbent Mark Kirk. Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Strongly favors laws against job To be announced Senator, Illinois discrimination Elected: 2016 • Strongly favors expansion of Education: Obamacare University of Hawaii, B.A. 1989; • Strongly opposes vouchers for school George Washington University, choice Election Results M.A., 1992; Capella University, Ph.D., 2015 • Favors green energy 2016 General Religion: Deist • Strongly favors abortion rights Tammy Duckworth Votes: 2,908,363 Percent: 54.4% (D) Contact: • Opposes expanding the military www.tammyduckworth.com • Strongly favors pathway to citizenship Mark Kirk (R) Votes: 2,150,099 Percent: 40.2% www.twitter.com/TammyforIL • Voted against the American SAFE Act of 2015

Sources: Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Almanac 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Yanni Chen, Madelaine Pisani 88 TODD YOUNG Sen. Todd Young

Biography Todd Young was born on August 24,1972 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He grew up in Hamilton County, Indiana and graduated from Carmel High School in 1990. Young enlisted in the US Navy after graduating high school and later received an appointment to attend the Naval Academy. He graduated cum laude in 1995 earning a B.S. in political science. In 1998,Young transferred to Chicago, Illinois where he managed all Marine Corps officer recruiting operations in the Greater Chicago region while earning his MBA from the University of Chicago. Young was honorably discharged from active duty in 2000 and spent a year in London receiving his M.A. in American politics. Todd Young first ran for Congress in Indiana’s 9th district in 2010 and won by 10 points (52- 42). He has established a conservative voting record during his three terms in the House. He faced a tough Senate race in 2016 against Democratic candidate Evan Bayh in which over $11 million was raised.

Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Supports repealing and replacing To be announced Senator, Indiana Obamacare Elected: 2016 • Supports 2nd amendment rights Education: • Pro-life US Naval Academy, B.S. 1995; • Opposes higher taxes on the wealthy University of Chicago, MBA Election Results 1999; • Favors vouchers for school choice University of London, M.A. 2016 General 2001; • Opposes expansion of free trade Todd Young (R) Votes: 1,423,991 Percent: 52.1% Indiana University, J.D. 2006; • Opposes prioritizing green energy Evan Bayh (D) Votes: 1,158,947 Percent: 42.4% • Favors privatizing Social Security Religion: Christian • Opposes staying out of Iran Contact: https://toddyoung.org/ • Opposes “never legalizing marijuana” https://www.facebook.com/Rep Sources:ToddYoung/ Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Almanac 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Justin C. Brown, Madelaine Pisani 89 JOHN KENNEDY Sen. John Kennedy

Biography

Republican John Neely Kennedy was born on November 21, 1951 in southwestern Mississippi. Kennedy graduated magna cum laude in political science, philosophy and economics from Vanderbilt; was president of his senior class; and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He received his law degree from the University of Virginia and his B.C.L. degree from Oxford University in England. He is an adjunct professor at LSU Law School and is a volunteer substitute teacher for East Baton Rouge Parish public schools. Kennedy served as special counsel to Louisiana Governor Buddy Roemer from 1988-1992 and as secretary in the governor’s cabinet from 1990-1992. He also worked as secretary of the Louisiana Department of Revenue from 1996-1999. He was sworn in as Louisiana state treasurer in 2000 after winning the 1999 general election as a Democrat. He was re-elected three times, most recently in 2011. In August 2007, Kennedy changed his party affiliation to Republican and was re- elected to a third term, unopposed in November of that year. In that role Kennedy oversaw the state's$10.6 billion investment portfolio, as well as local and state bond issues and returned unclaimed property. In 2016, Kennedy ran in the Republican jungle primary for incumbent David Vitter’s open seat following his decision to retire. A total of 24 candidates filed to run. On November 8, 2016, John Kennedy and Foster Campbell (D) took the top two spots and advanced to a runoff on December 10th. He defeated Campbell in the runoff by over 21 percentage Biography points. Stance on Issues Committees

nd Currently: • Supports the 2 Amendment TBD Senator, LA • Strongly favors supporting Israel Elected: 2016 • Opposes the TPP Education: Vanderbilt University, • Opposes amnesty for illegal aliens B.A., 1973, University of • Favors a constitutional amendment Virginia, J.D., 1977 requiring a balanced budget Election Results Religion: Methodist Family: Married (Becky), 2016 General 1 son John Kennedy (R) Votes: 536,191 Percent: 60.7% Contact: (225) 930-9033 @JohnKennedyLA Foster Campbell (D) Votes: 347,816 Percent: 39.3%

Sources: Johnkennedy.com, National Journal Almanac, 2016. Ballotpedia 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 90 CHRIS VAN HOLLEN Sen. Chris Van Hollen

Biography Chris Van Hollen was born in 1959 in Karachi, Pakistan, where his father worked as a foreign service officer. His mother worked for the Central Intelligence Agency and the State Department. In addition to Pakistan, Van Hollen spent his early years in Turkey, India and Sri Lanka. He moved back to the United States for his junior year of high school to attend Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts. Van Hollen graduated from Swarthmore College with his Bachelor’s of Arts in Philosophy and then went on to Harvard University for his Master of Public Policy from the Kennedy School of Government. From 1985 to 1987, Van Hollen worked as a legislative assistant for defense and foreign policy to Senator Charles Mathias (R) from Maryland. In addition, he also spent time as a staff member of the Foreign Relations Committee in the Senate and he was a legislative advisor to Governor William Donald Schaefer from Maryland. In 1990, Van Hollen earned his law degree from Georgetown Law School. After being admitted to the Maryland state bar, Van Hollen joined the law firm of Arent Fox. From 1991 to 2003, he served in the Maryland General Assembly. While in the Maryland State Senate (1995-2003), Van Hollen served on the Budget and Taxation Committee and the Health and Human Services Subcommittee. He worked on efforts to raise the tobacco tax, increase funding for education and prohibit oil drilling in the Chesapeake Bay. In 2003, Van Hollen became the U.S. Representative for Maryland’s 8th congressional district. The largest employer in the district is the federal government, so Van Hollen worked on issues relating to it. He secured federal funding for transportation initiatives, homeland security and more. Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Favors expanding Obamacare To be announced Senator, Maryland • Strongly favors prioritizing green energy Elected: 2016 • Strongly opposes vouchers for school Education: choice Swarthmore College, B.A. • Strongly opposes privatized Social 1982; Election Results Harvard University, M.P.P. Security 1985; • Favors strong regulation of the fracking 2016 General Georgetown University, J.D. industry at the federal level 1990 Chris Van Hollen Votes: 1,659,907 Percent: 60.9% (D) Religion: Episcopalian Kathy Szeliga (R) Votes: 972,557 Percent: 35.7% Contact: https://vanhollen.org/ https://twitter.com/ChrisVanHoll en Sources: Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Almanac 2016. . January 6, 2017 | Katharine Conlon, Madelaine Pisani 91 MAGGIE HASSAN Sen. Maggie Hassan

Biography Maggie Hassan, born February 27, 1958, ran for Senate while she was the governor of New Hampshire. She grew up in the Boston suburbs before acquiring degrees from Brown and Northeastern. Before entering public service, she was an information officer for the Massachusetts Department of Social Services and worked as an attorney for Brigham and Women’s Hospital. After an unsuccessful bid in 2002, Hassan was elected to the New Hampshire State Senate in 2004, where she served as majority leader and president pro tempore. As governor, Hassan signed the bill to legalize marijuana for qualified patients. In the 2016 campaign attacked her Senate opponent Kelly Ayotte (R) by linking her to Trump. Hassan ran on a platform of fighting the opioid crisis, investing in education and promoting green energy. She is married with two children, one of whom experiences severe disabilities, and currently she resides in Newfields, New Hampshire.

Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Supports LGBT equality To be announced Senator, New Hampshire • Supports President Obama’s Clean Elected: 2016 Power Plan • Opposes the absolute right to gun Education: ownership BA, Brown University, 1980 Election Results JD, Northeastern University, • Supports government funding for 1985 Planned Parenthood 2016 General Maggie Hassan Votes: 354,649 Percent: 48.0% Religion: United Church of (D) Christ Kelly Ayotte (R) Votes: 353,632 Percent: 47.9% Contact: 603-486-8478 3 Scalon Way Newfields, NH 03856 [email protected] Sources: Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Research, 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Owen Minott 92 CATHERINE CORTEZ MASTO Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto

Biography Catherine Cortez Masto was born in Las Vegas, Nevada of half Italian, half Mexican descent. Her father served as Clark County Commissioner and as an attorney for the county. Cortez Masto would follow in her father’s footsteps, pursuing first an undergraduate degree in business administration before getting her law degree from Gonzaga University. She joined the U.S. District Court, District of Nevada in 1991 before moving to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit in 1994. In addition to these positions, Cortez Masto served as the chief of staff to former Nevada Democratic Governor, Bob Miller, while also serving as an assistant to the United States attorney general. Both of those positions ended in 2002, at which point she began work as an assistant county manager for Clark County on issues relating to juvenile detention alternatives and child services. After receiving more votes than any other statewide candidate, Cortez Masto became Nevada’s attorney general in 2007. Throughout her tenure as attorney general, Cortez Masto focused on issues related to combatting meth manufacturing and sale, neglect of the elderly, and strengthening laws against sex trafficking and violence against women. Cortez Masto could not run for a third term in 2014 due to lifetime term limits on the attorney general position. She was elected to the U.S. Senate in November 2016, defeating Republican challenger Joe Heck.

Biography Stance on Issues Committees Position Elected: • Supports investing in the clean energy To be announced Senator, Nevada industry Elected: 2016 • Supports ending tax inversions for Education: corporations University of Nevada-Reno, • Opposes privatizing Social Security B.S. 1986; Election Results Gonzaga University, J.D. 1990 • Supports a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants 2016 General Religion: Not specified • Supports equal pay for equal work Catherine Cortez Votes: 521,994 Percent: 47.1% legislation Masto (D) Contact: http://catherinecortezmasto.co Joe Heck (R) Votes: 495,079 Percent: 44.7% m/ https://twitter.com/catherineforn v

Sources: Ballotpedia, 2016; National Journal Almanac 2016.

January 6, 2017 | Claire Carter, Madelaine Pisani 93 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 94 Welcome to Washington

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Page 96: Senate committee chairs: A list of the committee chairs in the 115th Senate

Page 96: Senate committee ranking members: List of Senate committee ranking members in the 115th Congress

Page 96: House committee chairs: Highlighted list of new and returning House committee chairs in the 115th Congress

Page 96: House committee ranking members: Highlighted list of new and returning House committee ranking members in the 115th Congress

January 2017 | Presentation Center 95 SENATE CHAIRMEN GOP chairmen assume new roles in Senate committees

Senate committee chairmen in the 115th Congress Banking, Housing, & Urban Environment and Affairs Public Works Mike Crapo John Barrasso Aging (R-ID) (R-WY) HELP Judiciary Susan Collins Replacing Richard Replacing Jim Inhofe Lamar Alexander Chuck Grassley (R-ME) Shelby (R-AL) (R-OK) (R-TN) (R-IA)

Rules and Homeland Administration Agriculture, Security & Gov’t Richard Shelby Budget Nutrition, & Ethics Affairs (R-AL) Forestry Mike Enzi Johnny Isakson Ron Johnson (R-WI) Replacing Roy Blunt Pat Roberts (R-KS) (R-WY) (R-GA) (R-MO)

Small Business & Indian Affairs Entrepreneurship Appropriations Commerce, John Hoven Jim Risch Thad Cochran Science, & Trans Finance (R-ND) (R-ID) (R-MS) John Thune Orrin Hatch Replacing John Replacing David Incumbent (R-SD) (R-UT) Barrasso (R-WY) Vitter (R-LA)

Energy and Armed Services Natural John McCain Resources Foreign Relations Intelligence Veterans Affairs (R-AZ) Lisa Murkowski Bob Corker Richard Burr Johnny Isakson Incumbent (R-AK) (R-TN) (R-NC) (R-GA)

January 11, 2017 | Francis Torres 96 SENATE COMMITTEE LEADERSHIP Overview of Senate committee ranking members

Senate committee ranking members in the 115th Congress

Banking, Environment Aging HELP Judiciary Housing, & and Public Bob Casey Urban Affairs Works Patty Murray Dianne Feinstein (D-PA) (D-WA) (D-CA) Sherrod Brown Tom carper (D-OH) (D-DE) Agriculture, Budget Ethics Homeland Rules and Nutrition, & Security & Bernie Sanders Chris Coons Administration Forestry Gov’t Affairs (D-DE) Amy Klobuchar Debbie Stabenow (I-VT) Claire McCaskill (D-MN) (D-MI) (D-MO)

Small Business Appropriation Commerce, Finance Indian Affairs & s Science, & Trans Bill Ron Wyden Tom Udall Entrepreneursh Patrick Leahy Nelson (D-OR) (D-NM) ip (D - VT) (D-FL) Jeanne Shaheen Armed Energy and Foreign Intelligence Veterans’(D-NH) Services Natural Relations Mark Warner Affairs Jack Reed Resources Ben Cardin (D-VA) Jon Tester (D-RI) Maria Cantwell (D-MD) (D-MT) (D-WA)

Sources: Charlie Cook Political Report, 2017; National Journal Research, 2017.

January 11, 2017 | Francis Torres 97 HOUSE CHAIRMEN Seven House committees have new committee chairmen

House committee chairmen in the 115th Congress ■ Denotes change in leadership

Agriculture Education & Foreign Affairs Mike Conaway (R- Workforce Ed Royce (R-CA) TX) Virginia Foxx (R-NC)

Homeland Security Appropriations Energy and Rodney Commerce Michael McCaul (R- TX) Frelinghuysen (R-NJ) Greg Walden (R-OR)

Armed Services Ethics House Administration Mac Thornberry (R- Susan Brooks (R- Gregg Harper (R-MS) TX) IN)

Budget Financial Services Intelligence Tom Price (R- Jeb Hensarling (R- Devin Nunes (R-CA) GA) TX)

Sources: Speaker Ryan‘s Office, ―Committee chair recommendations for the 115th Congress,‖ December 1, 2016

January 11, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 98 HOUSE CHAIRMEN Seven House committees have new committee chairmen

House committee chairmen in the 115th Congress ■ Denotes change in leadership

Joint Rules Economic Pete Sessions (R- Pat Tiberi (R- TX) OH)

Science, Space, Judiciary & Technology Ways & Means Bob Goodlatte (R- Lamar Smith (R- Kevin Brady (R-TX) VA) TX)

Natural Small Business Veterans Resources Steve Chabot (R- Affairs Rob Bishop (R-UT) OH) Phil Roe (R-TN)

Oversight & Transportation Government & Infrastructure Reform Bill Shuster (R- Jason Chaffetz (R- PA) UT) Sources: Speaker Ryan‘s Office, ―Committee chair recommendations for the 115th Congress,‖ December 1, 2016

January 11, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 99 HOUSE RANKING MEMBERS Only three House committees have new ranking members

House committee ranking members in the 115th Congress ■ Denotes change in leadership

Agriculture Education & Workforce Foreign Affairs Collin Peterson (D- Eliot Engel (D-NY) MI) Robert ―Bobby‖ Scott (D- VA)

Homeland Security Appropriations Energy and Nita Lowey (D-NY) Commerce Bennie Thompson (D- MI Frank Pallone Jr. (D- NJ)

Armed Services Ethics House Administration Adam Smith (D-WA) Linda Sanchez (D- Robert Brady (D-PA) CA)

Budget Financial Services Intelligence John Yarmuth (D- Maxine Waters (D- KY) CA) Adam Schiff (D-CA)

Sources: Office of the Clerk for the US House of Representatives, ―Official Alphabetical List of the House of Representatives of the United States,‖ January 4, 2017 January 11, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 100 HOUSE RANKNIG MEMBERS Only three House committees have new ranking members

House committee ranking members in the 115th Congress ■ Denotes change in leadership

Transportation & Judiciary Rules Infrastructure John Conyers Jr. (D- Louise Slaughter (D- Peter DeFazio (D- MI) NY) OR)

Science, Space, Natural Ways & Means Resources & Technology Richard Neal (D-MA) Raul Grijalva (D- Eddie Bernice AZ) Johnson (D-TX)

Oversight & Veterans Affairs Government Reform Small Business Elijah Cummings (D- Nydia Velazquez (D- Tim Walz (D-MN) MD) NY)

Sources: Office of the Clerk for the US House of Representatives, ―Official Alphabetical List of the House of Representatives of the United States,‖ January 4, 2017 January 11, 2017 | Justin C. Brown 101 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 102 Welcome to Washington

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Page 104 – Congressional delegations with prior experience in state government: Maps showing the proportion of each state delegation in the House and Senate with prior experience serving as a governor or state legislator

Page 105 – Members of Congress by prior experience in state government: Charts showing members of Congress in each chamber with prior experience as state legislators or governors

Page 106 – Congressional trends in state legislative experience: Graph showing changes in the share of federal lawmakers with prior state legislative experience, from 2003 to 2014

Page 107 – Tenure on the Hill: A series of charts breaking down lawmakers in both chambers and parties by years of experience in office

January 2017 | Presentation Center 103 DELEGATIONS WITH STATE GOV EXPERIENCE Many lawmakers begin careers in statehouses

115th Congress members with prior experience as state legislators or governors, by state House Senate WA WA MT ME MT VT ME ND VT ND None MN OR MN OR NH NHN ID N ID SD WI N MA SD WI NY MAH H 1%-25% WY 0 Senators WY MI Y MI R RI CT IA PA CTI IA PA NE NV NE 26%- NV NJ 1 Senator OH NJ IN OH IL IN UT IL UT DE 50% CO DE CO WV WV CA VA MD CA KS VA MD KS MO 51%-75% MO KY 2 Senators KY NC NC TN TN 76%-100% AZ AZ OK OK AR SC NM AR SC NM MS AL MS AL GA GA LA LA TX TX AK AK

FL FL HI HI

Analysis • 50% of US Senators and 48% of US Representatives in the 115th Congress served as state legislators and/or governors prior to election to federal office • This trend isn’t isolated to a few populous states either; the vast majority (48 of 50) of House delegations and a large proportion (37 of 50) of Senate delegations have members with prior experience as state legislators or governors • Advocacy relationships built with state lawmakers can often carry over to the federal level when state officials are elected to higher office • The states with the highest proportion of former state officials in Congress are also generally the states with the smallest Sources‖Sources: Nationaldelegations Journal overall Research, 2014; National Conference of State Legislatures, 2002-2014; Linda Lingle and Jim Douglas, ―Former governors‘ caucus lookslooks to change to change tone tone in Senate,‖ in Senate,‖ Bipartisan Bipartisan Policy Policy Center, Center, January January 3, 2014; 3, 2014; ―Sanford, ―Sanford, Mark, Mark, (1960 (1960-),‖ Biographical-),‖ Biographical Directory Directory of the of Unitedthe United States States Congress, Congress, 2013.2013. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 104 CONGRESS BY PRIOR STATE GOV EXPERIENCE Half of current members of Congress have prior legislative gubernatorial experience

Current House and Senate membership by prior legislative and gubernatorial experience Former state legislator/governor Not a former state legislator/governor House Senate

213 47 222 53

Analysis • Under half of the Senate and slightly over half of the House membership is comprised of individuals with prior experience serving as a state legislator and/or governor • 11 senators are former governors, five of whom also served in state legislators • One representative, Mark Sanford (R-SC), is a former governor but not a former state legislator • Past experience in state government is a strong credential for those seeking to serve in Congress, as it shows direct policymaking experience • Those with gubernatorial experience are particularly well-positioned for a Senate run, as they have already been elected to a state- Sources: Nationalwired office Journal Research, 2017; ―Former state legislators in Congress,‖ National Conference of State Legislatures, November 10, 2014; Linda Lingle and Jim Douglas, ―Former governors‘ caucus looks to change tone in Senate,‖ Bipartisan Policy Center, January 3, 2014; ―Sanford, Mark, (1960-),‖ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 2013. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 105 SHORT TITLE GOES HERE Number of lawmakers with past experience in state legislatures has remained relatively constant

Share of lawmakers, by party and chamber, with prior experience in state legislatures, 2009-2017

Senate overall Senate Democrats Senate Republicans House overall House Democrats House Republicans 60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 111th 112th 113th 114th 115th (’09-’11) (’11-’13) (’13-’15) (’15-’17) (’17--19) Analysis • The percentage of representatives and senators with prior experience in state governments, with roughly 51% of representatives and 43% of senators having served in a state legislature previously, and these trends have held since the 1980s • While direct prior experience in business, law, or other administrative state government is also valuable and present in Congress, experience in another legislative body is both an indicator of ambition and an advantage in campaigns for candidates for federal office; developing relationships with legislators at the state level is useful in getting early Sources: Nationalconnections Conference of Stateat the Legislatures, federal level 2002 -2017; Michael B. Berkman,‖State legislatures in Congress: strategic politicians, professional legislatures, and the party nexus,‖ American Journal of Political Science, November 1994; Cherie Mastas, L. Sandy Maisel, and Walter J. Stone, ―When to risk it? State legislatures and the decision to run for the US House,‖ American Political Science Association, 2000. January 5, 2017 | Yanni Chen 106 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS BY TENURE Around half of House and Senate have members have served in Congress for 5 years or less

Senate and House members by tenure

18+ years 12-17 years 6 to 11 years 0 to 5 years

18%

43% 12%

26%

Senate members by tenure House members by tenure

Sources: National Journal Research, 2017. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 107 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS BY TENURE Most Senate Republicans have been in the Senate for less than five years

Senate and House Republicans by tenure

18+ years 12-17 years 6 to 11 years 0 to 5 years

21%

9% 56%

7%

Senate Republicans by tenure House Republicans by tenure

Sources: National Journal Research, 2017. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 108 MEMBERS OF CONGRESS BY TENURE Around half of House Democrats have served in the House for less than five years

Senate and House Democrats by tenure

18+ years 12-17 years 6 to 11 years 0 to 5 years

Senate Democrats by tenure House Democrats by tenure

Sources: National Journal Research, 2017. January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 109 ADMINISTRATION TOOLBOX Welcome to Washington

Roadmap:

Legislative processes primers

Congressional indicators and insights

Executive branch overviews

Rules, regulations and confirmation processes

Lobbying tools and statistics

Congressional composition

Congressional committee chairs and ranking members

Prior experience/background of Members of Congress

Details on Congressional staff and meeting tips

January 2017 | Presentation Center 110 Welcome to Washington

Details on Congressional staff and tips for meeting with them

Page 112 – Preparing for meetings with members of Congress: Tips to keep in mind when preparing for face-to-face meetings with members of Congress

Page 113 – Understanding Hill Staff: Describe the different roles of Hill staffers and explain personal office and committee staffing structures

Page 119 – Hill staffer profiles: Drawing from the House compensation study, these slides profile the average Hill staffer's responsibilities, age, experience, and more across a variety of staff positions

Page 149 – Understanding your member of Congress: Slides and graphics explaining lawmakers' busy schedules, contextualizing their prioritization of constituent meetings, and illustrating their reliance on Hill staff to do their jobs

Page 153 – Policy professionals per member of Congress: Registered lobbyists aren't the only ones competing for lawmakers' time and attention. Find out how many policy professionals there are per member of Congress with this graphic

January 2017 | Presentation Center 111 MEETING WITH CONGRESS PERSONS Preparing for face-to-face meetings with members of Congress

What to remember when conducting a meeting with a member of Congress

Be on time Quick takes • Arrive no more than 5 minutes before the • Advocates can leverage face-to-face meetings with Members of meeting; Members are rarely available to Congress and their staff to communicate their positions and meet earlier and Hill offices are too small to build enduring relationships with their representatives accommodate lingering constituents • However, meetings are brief and Members are busy; advocates • Inform the Scheduler if you are going to be should keep the tips below in mind to get the most of their late in case another meeting time must be meetings arranged Be flexible Keep politics out of it • Prepare to meet with either the Member or • Do not discuss elections or campaign the Member’s staff; treat both with equal support in your meeting; it intimates that the respect Member is “for sale” • If the Member arrives in the middle of your • Respect the Member’s political views and meeting, continue as usual; and the Member relationships outside of the issue at hand will ask questions if needed

XYZ ISSUE Stay on topic REPORT Leave behind brief information • Raise only the issue you scheduled to • Leave behind a 1-2 page briefing with data discuss with the Member and the Member’s points on the issue discussed with the staff to keep the meeting focused and Member’s office; the document should serve persuasive as a helpful resource for staff as the issue moves through Congress

Source: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Face-to-Face with Congress: Before, During, and After Meetings with Legislators,‖ 2014 January 9, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 112 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Staffers significantly outnumber members of Congress

Members and staff of Congress

■ Members ■ Congressional Committee staff ■ Personal office staff Analysis • The 535 members of Congress are supported by a larger infrastructure of over 13,000 staffers • While most staffers are far less powerful than any member, senior members' most trusted and effective aides may be extremely influential in their own right, and act as a conduit to their member

Source: Norm Ornstein and Thomas Mann, ―Vital statistics on Congress,‖ AEI/Brookings, Chapter 5. January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 113 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Hill staff come in two forms, personal and committee staff

Overview of personal and committee congressional staff

Personal Office Staff Committee Staff

Hired by chairman or ranking member of committee; Line of Hired by one member of Congress and only nominally work for all Democratic or Republican Reporting responsible to that member committee members

Work on combination of policy and constituent- Job Overview Work exclusively on policy, within area of committee service matters, depending on needs of district

Issues Practice over range of issues Specialize in committee-related issue

More likely to be from district or state of hiring Less likely to be from district or state of chairman or Background member; tend to have trust of Member ranking member; tend to be expert in issue area

The average Representative has 14 staffers House committees averaged 68 staff and Senate Number working for them, average Senator has 30 committees average 46

Chief of Staff, Legislative Director, Legislative Sample Titles Staff Director, Policy Analyst, Committee Counsel Assistant

Source: Ida Burdnick, ―Congressional salaries and allowances,‖ Congressional Research Service, January 4, 2012; Congressional Management Foundation. January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 114 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Despite various titles, most staffers have similar jobs

Sample job titles for committee and personal office staffers

More Title for Personal Office Staffers Function Title for Committee Staffers Senior Serve as chief advisor and administrator Staff Chief of Staff, Administrative Assistant Staff Director for member or committee Legislative Director, Deputy Chief of Staff, Act as chief policy advisor, especially in Deputy Staff Director, Chief Policy Advisor, Chief Policy Advisor area of committee jurisdiction Senior Policy Advisor Provide legal advice to member or Counsel, Legislative Counsel Counsel, Chief Counsel, General Counsel committee Legislative Assistant, Policy Advisor, Legislative Assistant Offer guidance on specific policy issue Professional Staff Member Speak to media on behalf of member or Communications Director, Press Secretary Communications Director, Press Secretary committee Oversee management of office and Office Manager, Systems Administrator Office Manager, Systems Administrator facilities Conduct oversight of government No equivalent Investigator, Chief Investigator programs within jurisdiction of committee Respond to constituent contacts on behalf Legislative Correspondent No equivalent More of member Junior Answer phones, greet visitors, perform Staff Staff Assistant Staff Assistant administrative tasks Analysis • While the structure of a committee is different than that of a personal office, most Congressional staffers exist in a relatively similar hierarchy, whether they work for a committee or a single member

Source: R. Eric Petersen, ―Congressional Staff: Duties and Functions of Selected Positions‖ Congressional Research Service, November 4, 2010; Congressional Management Foundation. January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 115 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Committee staff can report to multiple bosses

Sample de-facto organization of a congressional committee

Member of Congress

Chief of Staff

Policy Staff Communications Staff Office Staff District Staff Legislative Personal Communication Director/Counse Assistant/ District Director s Director l Scheduler

Legislative District Legislative Aide Staff Assistant Correspondent Caseworkers

Analysis • Members of Congress are advised to structure their office into discrete areas, depending on their staffers’ functions • Nonetheless, almost every office will have a unique structure and series of staff duties • The vast Congressional workload means that the day-to-day reporting structure of a Congressional staffer may look very different in practice than on paper

Source: ―Hit the Ground Running: 112th Congress Edition,‖ Office of Rep. Eric Cantor.

January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 116 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Committee staff can report to multiple bosses

Sample de-facto organization of a congressional committee Committee Members Investigations Committee Subcommittee Committee Committee Subcommittee Member Chair Chair Member Chair

Committee Staff

Staff Director

Subcommittee Deputy Staff Chief Press Secretary Chief Counsel Staff Director Director Investigator

Investigative Policy Advisors Issue Experts Policy Analysts Staff

Analysis • Although Congressional committee staff are officially hired by the committee chair or ranking member, some committees (especially Appropriations) will allow subcommittee chairs or even ordinary members to designate staff as their own

Source: ―Hit the Ground Running: 112th Congress Edition,‖ Office of Rep. Eric Cantor.

January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 117 UNDERSTANDING HILL STAFF Expect to meet with staffers during Hill visits

It is not uncommon for Member of Congress Members to show Visitors may not realize how highly overscheduled Members are; they average 70-hour up halfway weeks when in D.C., often achieved by double-booking meetings through a meeting or leave part of the way through

Chief of Staff Visitors may not expect how often chiefs are in communication with a Member; the tight bond means that chiefs are often delegated to speak for Member to constituents Meetings are most often Legislative Director scheduled with Visitors may not expect that LDs tend to be specialists in the policies of the committees and run through on which Member serves; they may focus less on other areas one or more of these staffers

Legislative Assistant Visitors may not expect that LAs are very young; their average age is under 29

LCs and SAs may join in meetings Legislative Correspondent/Staff Assistant as a junior staffer Visitors may not expect that LCs and SAs tend to be even younger than LAs, often recent or note-taker college grads

Analysis • Because members of Congress are often running from meeting to meeting to vote, staffers will often have more time to devote to a meeting, and be more capable of affecting any takeaway

Source: ―2010 House Compensation Study,‖ Chief Administrative Officer of the U.S. House of Representatives; ―Communicating With Congress,‖ Congressional Management Foundation, 2011. January 12, 2016 | Claire Carter 118 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Most Congressional chiefs of staff are over the age of 30

Hill staffer profile: chief of staff

Average age Highest educational attainment 2009 2010 Other 49% PhD Bachelor’s 42% (1%) Degree 5% J.D. 18% 24% 24% 24% 20% 50%

5% 6% Master’s 26% 4% 3% Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Percentage commuting between district and Average years in current position D.C. office

6.7 Commuting Not Commuting 5.2 5.2 41% 33% 29%

67% 71% 59%

2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010 Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 119 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The chief of staff is primarily the Congress member’s chief policy advisor

Hill staffer profile: chief of staff

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $136,588 • Acts as member’s chief policy annually advisor • Works in D.C. office • Develops and implements all • May also perform legislative director policy objectives, strategies, and duties operating plans for the member's • Been in position for 6.7 years office • Has a Bachelor’s degree • Manages and directs all activities • May have previous experience in the and staff of the member's D.C. House, federal government, offices campaign, etc. • Coordinates the member’s activities with leadership and committee offices • Oversees office budget

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 120 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative directors tend to stay in the D.C. office and do not commute back to member’s home state

Hill staffer profile: legislative director

Average age Highest educational attainment

2009 2010 Other (2%) PhD (2%) 59% 59% J.D. 17%

27% 51% 21% Bachelor’s Master’s 28% 9% 10% 10% Degree 5% Degree 0% 0%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office Average years in current position Commuting Not Commuting 4.5 81% 84% 78% 3.1 3.3

19% 16% 23% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 121 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative directors both manage legislative staff and advise the member on all legislative areas

Hill staffer profile: legislative director

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $89,674 annually • Advises member on all • Works in D.C. office legislative areas • May also perform senior legislative • Assists in development of policy aide duties positions and legislative • In position for 4.5 years initiatives • Has a Bachelor's degree • Managers and supervises • May have previous experience in the member's legislative staff House, federal government, campaign • Monitors and reports on floor etc. action to member and chief of staff

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 122 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative directors tend to stay in the D.C. office and do not commute back to member’s home state

Hill staffer profile: legislative director

Average age Highest educational attainment

2009 2010 Other (2%) PhD (2%) 59% 59% J.D. 17%

27% 51% 21% Bachelor’s Master’s 28% 9% 10% 10% Degree 5% Degree 0% 0%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Percentage commuting between district and Average years in current position D.C. office 4.5 Commuting Not Commuting

3.1 3.3 81% 84% 78%

19% 16% 23% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 123 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative directors both manage legislative staff and advise the member on all legislative areas

Hill staffer profile: legislative director

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $89,674 annually • Advises member on all • Works in D.C. office legislative areas • May also perform senior legislative • Assists in development of policy aide duties positions and legislative • In position for 4.5 years initiatives • Has a Bachelor's degree • Managers and supervises • May have previous experience in the member's legislative staff House, federal government, campaign • Monitors and reports on floor etc. action to member and chief of staff

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 124 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative aides tend to stay in their position longer in 2010 than in 2006

Hill staffer profile: legislative aide

Average age Highest educational attainment

2009 2010 PhD (4%) Other (2%) 45% 43% 43% 42% J.D.

18%

59% 17% Bachelor’s 10% Master’s Degree 7% Degree 5% 6% 0% 0%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Percentage commuting between district and Average years in current position D.C. office 3.8 3.4 Commuting Not Commuting

2.5 74% 79% 86%

26% 21% 14% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 125 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Legislative aides earn an average of $63,508 annually

Hill staffer profile: legislative aide

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $63,508 annually • Develops and plans legislative • Works in D.C. office initiatives • May also perform legislative aide • Monitors legislative duties developments within committees • Been in position for 3.8 years and on the House floor • Has a Bachelor's degree • Writes floor speeches for the • May have previous experience in the member House and federal government • Meets with constituents and special interest group on behalf of the member

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 126 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Most legislative correspondents do not have a degree higher than a Bachelor’s Degree

Hill staffer profile: legislative correspondent

Average age Highest educational attainment 2009 2010 93% J.D. 91% (3%) Other Master’s (2%) Degree 8%

7% 4% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% 87% Bachelor’s Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office

Commuting Not Commuting 2.5 2.2 96% 94% 94%

1.2

4% 6% 6% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010 Source: 2010 House Compensation Study: Guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 127 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The legislative correspondent supervises D.C. office staff and manages accounts

Hill staffer profile: legislative correspondent

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $62,165 annually • Supervises D.C. office staff • Works in D.C. office • Maintains office accounts and • May also perform Scheduler, payroll accounts Financial Administrator, and Systems • Acts as liaison for Member with Administrator duties staff, public, committee staff, and • Been in position for 7.1 years other Members • Has a Bachelor's degree • Maintains Member's files • May have previous experience in the • Procures and maintains House and state/local government equipment for D.C. office • Ensures that Member is provided with briefing materials for each event

Source: 2010 House Compensation Study: Guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 128 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Under 20% of executive assistants commuted between district and D.C. offices in 2010

Hill staffer profile: office manager/executive assistant

Average age Highest educational attainment

38% 2009 2010 36% Other PhD (1%) 16% 23% 23% 23% J.D. 21% (1%) 15% 11% Master’s 11% Bachelor’s Degree 71% 7% 6% Degree

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Percentage commuting between district and D.C. Office Average years in current position Commuting Not Commuting 7.1

5.5 5.1 83% 94% 83%

6% 17% 18% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 129 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Office managers act as a liaison between their member and the public, staff and other members of Congress

Hill staffer profile: office manager/executive assistant

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $62,165 annually • Supervises D.C. office staff • Works in D.C. office • Maintains office accounts and • May also perform scheduler, financial payroll accounts administrator, and systems • Acts as liaison for member with administrator duties staff, public, committee staff, and • Been in position for 7.1 years other members • Has a bachelor's degree • Maintains member's files • May have previous experience in the • Procures and maintains house and state/local government equipment for D.C. office • Ensures that member is provided with briefing materials for each event

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 130 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Press secretaries tend to commute between district and D.C. offices more than other Hill staffers

Hill staffer profile: press secretary/communications director

Average age Highest educational attainment PhD 38% 2009 2010 Other 36% J.D. (0.6%) (3%) (2% ) Master’s 15% 23% 23% 23% Degree 21% 15% 11% 7% 6% 80% Bachelor’s Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office 3.7 Commuting Not Commuting 3.2 3 69% 72% 63%

37% 31% 28%

2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 131 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Press secretaries act as a Congress member’s formal spokesperson and media liaison

Hill staffer profile: press secretary/communications director

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $64,003 annually • Manages and coordinates all • Works in D.C. office communication activities for the • Been in position for 3.7 years member and office • Has a Bachelor’s degree • Develops and implements • May have previous experience in the member’s media and House, state/local government, or communication strategy private organizations • Acts as member’s formal spokesperson and media liaison • Writes speeches for member

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 132 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Schedulers tend to be between the age of 20 and 29 years old

Hill staffer profile: scheduler Highest educational Average age Attainment J.D. Bachelor’s Other 2009 2010 (0.3% Degree ) 62% 14% Master’s 49% Degree 5%

24% 21% 14% 11% 81% 6% 6% 3% 5%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office 3.7 Commuting Not Commuting 3.2 3 98% 95% 90%

10% 2% 5% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010 Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 133 HILL STAFFER PROFILES

Schedulers maintain their member’s official schedule, travel plans and related records

Hill staffer profile: schedule

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $51,869 annually • Maintains member’s official • Works in D.C. office schedule, travel plans and • May also perform office related records manager/executive assistant and • Briefs member on all scheduling financial administrator duties activities of D.C. office and • Been in position for 5.5 years makes recommendations on • Has a bachelor's degree proposed future meetings • May have previous experience in the • Schedules all staff meetings and house and private organizations briefings • Coordinates scheduling of press, interview, radio and television time with the press secretary

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 134 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The majority of D.C. staff assistants are under the age of 30

Hill staffer profile: staff assistant (D.C.) Average age Highest educational attainment J.D. Other 2009 2010 Master’s (1%) (4%) Degree 93% 95% 8%

Bachelor’s 4% 3% 1% 87% Degree 2% 1% 0% 0% 1% 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office Commuting Not Commuting 1.9 98% 96% 96% 1.8

1.7

4.3% 2.3% 4.1%

2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010 Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 135 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Staff assistant is one of the only positions on the Hill where candidates may have no previous experience

Hill staffer profile: staff assistant (D.C.)

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $31,593 annually • Greets and screens visitors • Works in D.C. office • Responds to constituent • May also perform Legislative requests for information Correspondent duties • Performs general administrative • Has been in position for 1.8 years duties • Has a Bachelor’s degree • May have no previous experience

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 136 HILL STAFFER PROFILES District staff assistants rarely commute to D.C.

Hill staffer profile: staff assistant (district) Average age Highest educational attainment 2009 2010 56% Other 51%

J.D. (1%) 14% 15% 15% 11% 12% 8% Master’s Degree Bachelor’s (2%) Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office

4.1 Commuting Not Commuting 3.6 3.3 97% 99% 99%

3% 1% 1% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 137 HILL STAFFER PROFILES District staff assistants tend to hold the position for about four years

Hill staffer profile: staff assistant (district)

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $31,013 annually • Responds to constituent • Works in district office requests for information • May also perform constituent services • Maintains handout literature representative or caseworker duties regarding district and House • Has been in position for 4.1 years • Performs general administrative • Has a Bachelor’s degree duties • May have previous experience in private organizations

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 138 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Caseworkers usually hold their position for under three years

Hill staffer profile: constituent services representative/caseworker Average age Highest educational attainment

2009 2010 27% Other 22% 24% 21% PhD 23% 20% 20% 18% 18% (1%) 18%

11% J.D. 3%

Master’s 9% 64% Degree Bachelor’s Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office 2.1 Commuting Not Commuting

100% 99% 96% 1.2

0.6

0% 1% 4%

2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 139 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Caseworkers represent the district’s needs and are meant to have an ear to the ground when their member is in D.C.

Hill staffer profile: constituent services representative/caseworker

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $47,543 annually • Acts as member’s community • Works in district office representative within his or her • May also perform Field area of responsibility Representative duties • Monitors and updates member • Has a Bachelor’s degree and district director on district • May have previous experience in the and local issues House, state/local government, and • Handles casework private organizations correspondence

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 140 HILL STAFFER PROFILES District directors are usually over the age of 30

Hill staffer profile: district director Average age Highest educational attainment

Other (8%) 2009 2010 PhD (2%) 33% 30% J.D. 28% 23% 11% 22% 19% 16% 15% 15% Master’s 64% 9% Degree 6% Bachelor’s Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and 8.1 D.C. office

6 Commuting Not Commuting 5.4 84% 87% 85%

16% 14% 15% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 141 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The average annual salary for a district director is $92,650

Hill staffer profile: district director

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $92,650 annually • Oversees all district office • Works in district office operations • May also perform field representative • Represents Member, or assigns duties appropriate staff to represent • Been in position for 8.1 years Member, in district • Has a bachelor's degree • Travels through district at regular • May have previous experience in the intervals to keep abreast of local House, Federal, campaign, concerns community organizations, and private organizations

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 142 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Field representatives rarely commute between the district and D.C. office

Hill staffer profile: field representative Average age Highest educational attainment

33% 2009 2010 PhD Other 32% J.D. (1%) (10%) (2%) 23% 22% Master’s 18% 17% 15% Degree 9% 15% 15% 12%

78% Bachelor’s Degree 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Average years in current position Percentage commuting between district and D.C. office Commuting Not Commuting 6 95% 96% 96% 4.5 4

5% 4% 4% 2006 2009 2010 2006 2009 2010

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 143 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The majority of field representatives hold a Bachelor’s degree

Hill staffer profile: field representative

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $47,184 annually • Acts as liaison with federal, • Works in D.C. office district, and local agencies for • May also perform constituent services member and constituents duties • Assesses casework for problems • Has been in position for 6 years requiring legislative action and • Has a Bachelor’s degree makes recommendations to the • May have previous experience in the district director and chief of staff House, local government, military, and private organizations

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 144 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Financial administrators usually hold the position for about eight years

Hill staffer profile: financial administrator Average age Highest educational attainment Bachelor’s 2010 Degree

39% 31% 43%

57% 15% 15% Other 0%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Percentage commuting between Average years in current district and D.C. office position

In 2010, financial In 2010, no financial administrators spent, on administrators commuted average, 8.1 years in their between the district and the current position D.C. Office

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 145 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Financial administrator’s earn an average of $29,375 annually

Hill staffer profile: financial administrator

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $29,375 annually • Responsible for all office • Works in D.C. office finances • May also perform office • May process vouchers for manager/executive assistant, payment or reimbursement of scheduler, and systems administrator official expenses and payroll duties processing • Been in position for 8.1 years • Has a bachelor's degree • May have previous experience in the House, and state/local government

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 146 HILL STAFFER PROFILES The systems administrator is the Hill staffer most likely to hold a PhD

Hill staffer profile: systems administrator Average age Highest educational attainment

2010 Other Bachelor’s 39% Degree PhD 8% 15% 23% 23%

15% Master’s 8% Degree 69% 0%

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+

Percentage commuting between Average years in current district and D.C. office position

In 2010, systems In 2010, 7% of systems administrator spent, on administrators commuted average, 6.6 years in their between the district and current position D.C. office

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 147 HILL STAFFER PROFILES Systems administrators maintain network hardware and software

Hill staffer profile: systems administrator

Position summary Basic responsibilities

• Earns an average of $33,675 annually • Maintains network hardware and • Works in D.C. office software • Been in position for 6.6 years • Monitors network • Has a Bachelor's degree • May perform maintenance • May have previous experience in the • Implements network security House, campaign, community measures organizations, and private organizations

Source: 2010 House compensation study: guide for the 112th Congress. January 12, 2017 | Madelaine Pisani 148 UNDERSTANDING YOUR MEMBER OF CONGRESS Most members of Congress feel misunderstood by their constituents

Members’ response to the statement: “Most of my constituents understand the day-to-day activities I engage in”

Disagree Neutral Agree

Analysis • Many Americans possess a limited, and somewhat distorted, view of what it’s like to be a member of Congress; most portrayals of members by the entertainment industry reinforce the stereotype that they are lazy, self-interested and corrupt • Members themselves add to the criticism by decrying their colleagues and Congress, claiming that nothing is getting done • Reality is somewhat different: for most members, the job of being a lawmaker is not luxurious or carefree; it’s rather chaotic, more like being the CEO of a small start-up company or an emergency room physician

Sources: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Life in Congress: The Member Perspective,‖ 2013 January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 149 UNDERSTANDING YOUR MEMBER OF CONGRESS Constituent service work is important to members but members may lack resources to meet demands

Importance to members’ job satisfaction of staying in touch with constituents and response to “I have the resources to accomplish my goals in Congress”

Very important Somewhat important Disagree Neutral Agree

However…

Analysis • Members prioritize serving and staying in touch with constituents; constituent conversations guide policymaking, and every member realizes that reelection hinges on their ability to serve the constituents who vote them into office • Nonetheless, members face constraints in their ability to meet constituent demands, and advocates should be sensitive to members’ limited time and resources when making specific asks of their member of Congress

Sources: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Life in Congress: The Member Perspective,‖ 2013 January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 150 UNDERSTANDING YOUR MEMBER OF CONGRESS A member’s schedule leaves little time for focusing on Constituents and often has events that overlap

Sample House member schedule

9:30 AM – 9:30 AM Speak to attendees of National Women, Infants, and Children’s Association (WIC) Leadership Conference 10:00 AM – 12:00 PM Attend appropriations hearing for FDA regulatory programs 10:30 AM – 12:00 PM Attend bipartisan classified briefing on Iran 12:00 PM – 1:00 PM Attend caucus meeting on jobs and the economy 12:45 PM – 1:15 PM Meet with WIC program manager to discuss issues and funding 1:15 PM – 1:45 PM Meet with representatives from the American Israel Public Affairs Committee to discuss U.S.-Israel aid 1:30 PM – 2:00 PM Meet with local county supervisor to discuss national parks bill 2:00 PM – 2:30 PM Meet with nonprofit representative to discuss food stamp initiative in state 2:30 PM – 3:00 PM Meet with local U.S. Army officers to discuss land transfer issues 3:00 PM – 4:00 PM Listen in on fundraising call at party HQ 3:00 PM – 3:30 PM (FYI: regional Army Corp of Engineers discussing current projects) 3:30 PM – 4:00 PM Meet with organic farming research foundation to discuss farming programs 4:30 PM – 5:00 PM Meet with local supervisor to discuss health issues 5:00 PM – 6:00 PM Meet with local county representatives to discuss flood control efforts 6:30 PM – 9:30 PM (FYI: American Council for Capital Formation Dinner Discussion)

*From one day in a House member’s Washington, D.C., office in March 2012. Only identifying details have been altered.

Sources: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Life in Congress: The Member Perspective,‖ 2013 January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 151 UNDERSTANDING YOUR MEMBER OF CONGRESS Members rely on their staff to help them serve their constituents

Members’ trust in their staff

Agree Neutral

My staff clearly understands My staff is good My staff provides and is motivated by what I’m at keeping focused on sufficient support to help trying to accomplish my goals and priorities me effectively do my job

Analysis • To help them keep up with their many professional obligations, members depend on staff, who support them with their day-to-day work and keep them focused on legislative goals • Members trust their staff to help them carry out their responsibilities in office, including listening to constituents; for this reason, advocates should not be surprised if they meet with staff in lieu of a member

Sources: Congressional Management Foundation and the Society for Human Resource Management, ―Life in Congress: The Member Perspective,‖ 2013 January 5, 2017 | Hunter Hamrick 152 POLICY PROFESSIONALS PER MEMBER OF CONGRESS There are a large number of policy professionals per influential member of Congress

Policy professionals* per most influential members of Congress, 2013

1 : 46 1 : 548 1 : 2,742 Members of Congress Committee Chairs** Members of Majority Leadership*** to Policy Professionals to Policy Professionals to Policy Professionals

*‖Policy Professionals‖ includes registered lobbyists, strategic policy consultants, and historical advisors. **45 committee chairs ***9 members of majority leadership

Analysis • Due to recent restrictions on lobbying, many policy professionals are not registering as lobbyists, but are still seeking to influence votes • A Sunlight Foundation study of government affairs registries found that for every registered lobbyist engaging in lobbying activity, there was one unregistered individual also engaging in lobbying activity Sources:• OpenSecrets.orgIf true, the market Lobbying of advocacy Database, professionals2013; Tom LaPira is, ―Howlikely much twice lobbying as saturated is there in as Washington? publicly available It‘s DOUBLE data what would you think,‖ suggest Sunlight Foundation, Nov. 25, 2013. December 30, 2016 | Yanni Chen 153