DOCSLIB.ORG

Potential and Challenges for Mid-Infrared Sensors in Breath Diagnostics Seong-Soo Kim, Christina Young, Brani Vidakovic, Sheryl G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Potential and Challenges for Mid-Infrared Sensors in Breath Diagnostics Seong-Soo Kim, Christina Young, Brani Vidakovic, Sheryl G IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 10, NO. 1, JANUARY 2010 145 Potential and Challenges for Mid-Infrared Sensors in Breath Diagnostics Seong-Soo Kim, Christina Young, Brani Vidakovic, Sheryl G. A. Gabram-Mendola, Charlene W. Bayer, and Boris Mizaikoff Abstract—Exhaled breath contains more than 1000 con- I. INTRODUCTION stituents at trace level concentrations, with a wide variety of these compounds potentially serving as biomarkers for specific T is well established that exhaled breath (EB) from pa- diseases, physiologic status, or therapeutic progress. Some of the I tients suffering specific diseases contains distinctive scents, compounds in exhaled breath (EB) are well studied, and their as documented for a long time in both eastern and western cul- relationship with disease pathologies is well established. However, ture. The analysis of breath is among the oldest diagnostic tech- molecularly specific analysis of such biomarkers in EB at clinically niques in medical practice characterizing diseases by specific relevant levels remains an analytical and practical challenge due to the low levels of such biomarkers frequently below the ppb (v/v) odors [1]. For ages it was believed that expired breath from pa- range in EB. In this contribution, mid-infrared (MIR) spectro- tients may contain chemicals related to specific diseases without scopic sensing techniques are reviewed for potential application in validation of this hypothesis. In 1971, Linus Pauling pioneered breath diagnostics. While the spectral regime from 3–20 m has the analytical assessment of breath components by gas chro- already been utilized for fundamental studies on breath analysis, matographic (GC) analysis of exhaled air, and identified a wide significant further improvements are in demand for substantiating range of bloodborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ex- MIR spectroscopy and sensing techniques as a suitable candidate for clinically deployable breath analyzers. Several advantageous haled after passing the blood/air interface within the lungs [2]. features including inherent molecular selectivity, real-time mon- Also to the benefit of disease diagnostics, the scientific itoring capability, comparable ease of operation, potentially low and technological achievements during the 20th century have costs, and a compact device footprint promise reliable optical brought numerous analytical diagnostic instruments to matu- diagnostics in the MIR. Hence, while the application of MIR rity and have facilitated their implementation in the medical spectroscopy and sensing systems to breath analysis yet appear sciences. Advanced diagnostic instruments such as electro- in their infancy, recent progress on advanced MIR light sources, waveguides, and device concepts forecasts next-generation optical cardiography (ECG), 3-D functional tomography (CT), and sensing platforms suitable for addressing the challenges of in situ similar technologies provide more accurate vital information to breath diagnostics. medical doctors for precise diagnostic judgments on a patient’s Index Terms—Absorption spectroscopy, breast cancer, chem- condition. Modern biomedical analytical instruments have ical sensor, exhaled breath (EB), exhaled breath condensate changed and matured with the medical sciences from empirical (EBC), exposure monitoring, hollow waveguide, infrared sensor, to analytical strategies, and have assisted in broadening our mid-infrared (MIR), optical sensor, planar waveguide, quantum understanding on physiological processes from the molecular cascade laser. level to cells, cell ensembles, and entire living organisms. Consequently, it is of paramount importance to monitor phys- iological processes associated with the human body for the diagnosis of diseases or for assessing the health status. Unique panels of molecular constituents may accompany certain physi- Manuscript received September 09, 2009; revised September 27, 2009; ac- ological processes or disease pathologies as mediators, markers, cepted September 27, 2009. Current version published December 16, 2009. The or metabolic by- or end-products, etc. Hence, characteristic associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and approving it for pub- lication was Prof. Cristina Davis. biomarkers addressable with appropriate analytical techniques S.-S. Kim is with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia have the potential for elucidating the corresponding physio- Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA (e-mail: [email protected]. logical processes, pathogenic pathways, or pharmacological edu). C. Young is with the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute responses. However, usually such biomarkers are found only at of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400 USA (e-mail: christina.young@chem- trace level concentrations within the human body. istry.gatech.edu). Recent advances on the identification of disease biomarkers B. Vidakovic is with The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical have attracted considerable scientific and clinical interest in the Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). analysis of EB (vapor or condensate) providing a noninvasive S. G. A. Gabram-Mendola is with Emory University, Winship Cancer Insti- diagnostic window for diagnostic purposes. It is evident that tute and the AVON Comprehensive Breast Center, Grady, Atlanta, GA 30322 the composition of EB provides a complex image of the cor- USA (e-mail: [email protected]). C. W. Bayer is with the Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta, GA 30332- responding biochemical processes occurring within the body, 0841 USA (e-mail: [email protected]). which may be correlated to the physiological status of a patient. B. Mizaikoff is with Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Uni- Hence, quantitative compositional analysis of breath may pro- versity of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (e-mail: [email protected]). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online vide an attractive noninvasive diagnostic strategy for the recog- at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. nition, diagnosis, and status monitoring of complex diseases Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSEN.2009.2033940 and treatment strategies including but not limited to, e.g., breast 1530-437X/$26.00 © 2009 IEEE 146 IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 10, NO. 1, JANUARY 2010 cancer, lung cancer, and pulmonary diseases. However, quan- in or characteristic for specific reactions. While the majority titative analysis of breath metabolites present at nanomolar to of such biomarkers remain located inside the human body pro- picomolar ( ) concentration levels in real viding access only via invasive sampling of blood or biopsies, time remains a significant analytical challenge. to a certain extent the pathophysiological condition should also Nonetheless, it is evident that bodily secretions such as be reflected in the composition of excreted bodily fluids such urine or EB contain at least subsets or breakdown products of as urine, perspiration, saliva, etc., and breath as well as breath biomarkers present within human body. In consequence, it is condensate. Hence, it is not surprising that some of constituents highly desirable to establish sensing schemes with sufficient initially present with the human body may be determined sensitivity and molecular selectivity for addressing these con- either natively or after metabolitic transformation within such stituents noninvasively at trace levels. Gas chromatography excretions. Each of these constituents may be considered a in combination with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) may be potential biomarker providing valuable information on the considered the current golden standard method for analyzing physiological status of the respective biological system, or the constituents relevant to breath diagnostics [3]. Despite excellent progression of a disease and/or therapeutic treatment thereof. sensitivity, GC-MS usually requires preprocessing of breath However, given the complexity of such processes it has to be samples and separation for addressing target analytes, which anticipated that rather than individual biomarkers – which do renders this method less suitable for analyzing samples in real exist but are rarely sufficient for characterizing a physiological time. While there are efforts in progress on miniaturizing GC condition – entire panels of biomarkers will be up- and/or and MS components, to date this technology remains for most down-regulated during disease or treatment, yet above and applications confined to laboratory applications. In contrast, beyond any naturally occurring patient-to-patient variation. mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy has proven an excellent Among these excretions, EB is considered a projection image alternative methodology for trace level chemical detection – particularly of the volatile – chemical constituent profile of with high sensitivity and molecular selectivity. Compared blood. While the alveolar membrane represents the interface to GC-MS, MIR spectroscopy is appears more amenable to between blood and air, where the exchange of and miniaturization and integration, therefore promising close to takes place. However, any other molecular component perme- real-time analysis evaluating highly discriminative vibrational ating through this membrane barrier may finally be excreted and rotational molecular signatures, which are critical merits via EB, therefore serving as potential biomarkers. In addition, for clinical applications
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TECHNICAL PROGRAM As of March 8, 2019
    TECHNICAL PROGRAM As of March 8, 2019 SYMPOSIUM Session 30 SUNDAY, MARCH 17, 2019 Electroanalytical Chemistry on Inexpensive Substrates - arranged AFTERNOON by Thiago Paixao, University of Sao Paulo and Charles Henry, Colorado State University Sunday Afternoon, Room 115B SYMPOSIUM Session 10 Thiago Paixao, University of Sao Paulo, Presiding Analytical Chemistry and ANYL: New Measurement Tools for Characterizing Individual Cells - arranged by Jonathan Sweedler, 1:30 Introductory Remarks - Thiago Paixao and Charles Henry University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign 1:35 (30-1) Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Sunday Afternoon, Room 120A Jonathan Sweedler, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Presiding Infectious Disease Detection CHARLES HENRY, Colorado State University, Brian Geiss, David S Dandy 1:30 Introductory Remarks - Jonathan Sweedler 2:10 (30-2) Hanging by a Thread: Sensors, Microfluidics and Drug Delivery SAMEER SONKUSALE, Tufts University 1:35 (10-1) Single-Cell Proteomics and Metabolomics for Understanding the Developing Embryo and the Brain PETER NEMES, 2:45 (30-3) Wearable and Implantable Electrochemical Paper- University of Maryland, College Park, Camille Lombard-Banek, Erika P Portero, Based Electronics RAMSES V MARTINEZ, Purdue University Sam B Choi, Chiara M Manzini, Abigail M Polter, Sally A Moody 3:20 Recess 2:10 (10-2) An Integrated Analytical Platform for Studying 3:35 (30-4) Paper-Derived Carbon Electrodes CARLOS D Neurotransmission MEI SHEN, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign GARCIA,
    [Show full text]
  • Volatolomics Survey 2019
    1 VOLATOLOMICS Larry J Kricka, Joesph R Wiencek, and Paolo Fortina (IFCC Emerging Technology Division) INTRODUCTION This IFCC Emerging Technology Division (ETD) is dedicated to providing current awareness For emerging technologies likely to have important clinical diagnostic applications in the near Future. One of those technologies is volatolomics (breathomics) (i.e., breath analysis). This web page will provide a regularly updated perspective on the emerging clinical diagnostic applications of volatolomics over the next 3 years. Breath analysis is not new and already has a Few, but very speciFic applications (e.g., breath alcohol testing, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrous oxide testing, 13carbon/12carbon-based tests)(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990505/). The types oF breath analysis can be subdivided into: a. Analysis of exogenous compounds, e.g., ethanol, nitrous oxide (anesthesia), 13carbon compounds. b. Analysis of speciFic endogenous compounds, e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide. c. Analysis of mixtures of unidentiFied endogenous compounds (e.g., Volatile Organic Compounds or VOCs) to provide a diagnostic signature. d. Analysis of exhaled particles. Current work on volatolomics centers on Finding diagnostic utility in the pattern oF compounds (VOCs) in breath. Breath analysis is an attractive proposition because this type of testing is non-invasive, applicable to the point-of-care and ofFers the possibility of real-time clinical management. Already, there are more than 10 companies Focused on the clinical diagnostic applications of volatolomics employing diverse analytical technologies (breath analysis analyzers are sometimes known as “electronic noses”). The broad range of diagnostic applications under investigation and development ranges From breath glucose testing to testing for different types of cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • A Portable Real-Time Ringdown Breath Acetone Analyzer: Toward Potential Diabetic Screening and Management
    sensors Article A Portable Real-Time Ringdown Breath Acetone Analyzer: Toward Potential Diabetic Screening and Management Chenyu Jiang 1, Meixiu Sun 1, Zhennan Wang 1, Zhuying Chen 1, Xiaomeng Zhao 1, Yuan Yuan 1, Yingxin Li 1,* and Chuji Wang 1,2,* 1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; [email protected] (C.J.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (Z.C.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (C.W.); Tel.: +86-22-8789-1131 (Y.L.); +1-662-325-9455 (C.W.) Academic Editor: Andrea Facchinetti Received: 10 May 2016; Accepted: 15 July 2016; Published: 30 July 2016 Abstract: Breath analysis has been considered a suitable tool to evaluate diseases of the respiratory system and those that involve metabolic changes, such as diabetes. Breath acetone has long been known as a biomarker for diabetes. However, the results from published data by far have been inconclusive regarding whether breath acetone is a reliable index of diabetic screening. Large variations exist among the results of different studies because there has been no “best-practice method” for breath-acetone measurements as a result of technical problems of sampling and analysis. In this mini-review, we update the current status of our development of a laser-based breath acetone analyzer toward real-time, one-line diabetic screening and a point-of-care instrument for diabetic management.
    [Show full text]
  • Selective Gas Sensors from Flames for Breath Analysis
    Extended Abstract of: Diss. ETH No. 23990 Selective gas sensors from flames for breath analysis A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZÜRICH (Dr. sc. ETH Zurich) presented by ANDREAS GÜNTNER MSc ETH Zürich born on 23.07.1987 citizen of Germany accepted on the recommendations of Prof. Dr. Sotiris E. Pratsinis, examiner Prof. Dr. Christofer Hierold, co-examiner Dr. Agapios Agapiou, co-examiner Zürich, 2017 1. Summary: Novel technology to monitor health parameters in a personalized, convenient and on-demand fashion can revolutionize medical diagnostics and treatment of major diseases (e.g. cancer, obesity, kidney dysfunction or diabetes). Current methods are invasive, thus hardly suitable for daily use or even continuous monitoring. Exhaled breath is rich in physiological information, easily accessible and therefore ideal for this purpose. For this, suitable breath detectors that are portable, low-cost, user- friendly and proven in clinical environments are needed. Despite extensive research for more than two decades, however, only few breath sensors have been translated into clinical practice. Actually, most never even left the scientific laboratories mostly failing on the demanding sensitivity and selectivity requiement in breath. In fact, most markers occur at parts-per-million (ppm) to parts-per- billion (ppb) concentrations that need to be detected within the >800 compounds in exhaled breath. In this thesis, novel sensor concepts and systems were designed to systematically address the required selectivity and sensitivity in breath analysis. Key breath markers (including ammonia, isoprene, formaldehyde and acetone) were targeted, where no reliable chemical sensors exist to date. Therefore, gas sensing materials were explored and engineered at the nanoscale by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP).
    [Show full text]
  • Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis Using Expired Human Breath Analysis
    Diagnostics 2015, 5, 27-60; doi:10.3390/diagnostics5010027 OPEN ACCESS diagnostics ISSN 2075-4418 www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics/ Review Technologies for Clinical Diagnosis Using Expired Human Breath Analysis Thalakkotur Lazar Mathew †,*, Prabhahari Pownraj †, Sukhananazerin Abdulla † and Biji Pullithadathil † Nanosensor Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore641 004, India; E-Mails: [email protected] (T.L.M); [email protected] (P.P); [email protected] (S.N.A); [email protected] (B.P.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +91-422-4344000 (ext. 4323); Fax: +91-422-2573833. Academic Editor: Sandeep Kumar Vashist Received: 12 August 2014 / Accepted: 1 December 2014 / Published: 02 February 2015 Abstract: This review elucidates the technologies in the field of exhaled breath analysis. Exhaled breath gas analysis offers an inexpensive, noninvasive and rapid method for detecting a large number of compounds under various conditions for health and disease states. There are various techniques to analyze some exhaled breath gases, including spectrometry, gas chromatography and spectroscopy. This review places emphasis on some of the critical biomarkers present in exhaled human breath, and its related effects. Additionally, various medical monitoring techniques used for breath analysis have been discussed. It also includes the current scenario of breath analysis with nanotechnology-oriented techniques. Keywords: breath analysis; noninvasive techniques; biomarkers; metabolism; nanosensors 1. Introduction Medical monitoring technologies and diagnostics are the essential tools that assist clinicians in discriminating health from disease states and have the potential to envisage impending effects [1]. The detection of diseases strengthens the possibility for successful treatment and also insists the demand for Diagnostics 2015, 5 28 cheap, noninvasive, and qualitative diagnosis of diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits
    Sensors 2009, 9, 8230-8262; doi:10.3390/s91008230 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Review Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits Chuji Wang * and Peeyush Sahay Department of Physics and Astronomy and The Institute for Clean Energy Technology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-662-325-9455; Fax: +1-662-325-8898. Received: 1 September 2009; in revised form: 9 October 2009 / Accepted: 10 October 2009 / Published: 19 October 2009 Abstract: Breath analysis, a promising new field of medicine and medical instrumentation, potentially offers noninvasive, real-time, and point-of-care (POC) disease diagnostics and metabolic status monitoring. Numerous breath biomarkers have been detected and quantified so far by using the GC-MS technique. Recent advances in laser spectroscopic techniques and laser sources have driven breath analysis to new heights, moving from laboratory research to commercial reality. Laser spectroscopic detection techniques not only have high-sensitivity and high-selectivity, as equivalently offered by the MS-based techniques, but also have the advantageous features of near real-time response, low instrument costs, and POC function. Of the approximately 35 established breath biomarkers, such as acetone, ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethane, methane, and nitric oxide, 14 species in exhaled human breath have been analyzed by high-sensitivity laser spectroscopic techniques, namely, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), integrated cavity output spectroscopy (ICOS), cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), cavity leak-out spectroscopy (CALOS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and optical frequency comb cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFC-CEAS).
    [Show full text]
  • Breath Ammonia Levels in a Normal Human Population Study As Determined by Photoacoustic Laser Spectroscopy
    Breath ammonia levels in a normal human population study as determined by photoacoustic laser spectroscopy T Hibbard1 and A J Killard1,2* 1Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland 2Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK. * [email protected] Abstract Photoacoustic laser spectroscopy was used as a technique to measure real-time levels of ammonia in exhaled human breath in a small, locally recruited, normal healthy population (n=30). This yielded an average level of breath ammonia of 265 ppb, ranging from 29 to 688 ppb. Although average levels were marginally higher in male volunteers, this was not statistically significant. In addition, no correlation could be found between age, body mass index, or breath carbon dioxide levels. Monitoring of the daily routine of two individuals showed a consistent decrease in oral breath ammonia concentrations by the early afternoon (post-prandial), but was followed by a gradual increase towards late afternoon. However, in a comparison of oral and nasal breath in two volunteers, nasal breath ammonia levels were found to be significantly lower than oral levels. In addition, the daily variation was only seen in oral rather than nasal measurements which may indicate that significant background levels are predominantly of oral origin and that nasal sampling is the preferred route to eradicate this background in future studies. These results provide a healthy human breath ammonia baseline upon which other studies may be compared. Key Words Human breath, diagnostics, volatile compound, ammonia, photoacoustic spectroscopy 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopic Studies of Ethylene and Ammonia As Biomarkers at Patients with Different Medical Disorders
    U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series A, Vol. 73, Iss. 2, 2011 ISSN 1223-7027 SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF ETHYLENE AND AMMONIA AS BIOMARKERS AT PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT MEDICAL DISORDERS Cristina POPA1 , Ana M. BRATU2, Ramona CERNAT3, Stefan BANITA4, Doru C. A. DUTU5, Dan C. DUMITRAS6 Analiza aerului expirat permite observarea proceselor biochimice in organism prin intermediul unei investigatii neinvazive. Concentratia de etilena si ammoniac din aerul exalat este crescuta in bolile inflamatorii. Vom descrie masuratori precise de coeficienti de absorbtie ai etilenei si amoniacului la lungimile de unda ale laserului cu CO2 prin utilizarea unei celule fotoacusitce in configuratie externa si vom compara rezultatele noastre cu alte valori raportate in literatura de specialitate. Setul de valori al coeficientilor de absorbtie, pentru toate lungimile de unda laser, si pentru un gaz special sau vapor se numeste spectrul de absorbtie sau “amprenta”; coeficientii de absorbtie sunt entitati absolute, unice doar la frecventa laserului si a speciilor, care ofera specificul de performanta al instrumentului in ceea ce priveste limita de detectie si respingere a interferentei. Analysis of exhaled air enables the observation of biochemical processes in the body through a noninvasive investigation. Exhaled concentration of ethylene and ammonia is increased in inflammatory diseases. We describe accurate measurements of the ethylene and ammonia absorption coefficients at the CO2 laser wavelengths by using a photoacoustic cell in an external configuration, and we compare our results with other values reported in the literature. The set of values of the absorption coefficients for all laser wavelengths and a particular gas or vapor is called the absorption spectrum or “fingerprint”; the absorption coefficients are absolute entities, unique only to the laser frequency and species, which provide the specifics of instrument performance in terms of detection limit and interference rejection.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue on Human Breath Analysis IEEE Sensors Journal 2010, 10 (1)
    Special issue on Human Breath Analysis IEEE Sensors Journal 2010, 10 (1) Editorial The Future of Sensors and Instrumentation for Human Breath Analysis Davis, C. E. Frank, M. Mizaikoff, B. Oser, H. What is Normal Breath? Challenge and Opportunity Solga, S. F. Risby, T. H. Breath Analyzer for Alcolocks and Screening Devices Hok, B. Pettersson, H. Kaisdotter Andersson, A. Haasl, S. Akerlund, P. Abstract Alcolocks and alcohol screening devices are becoming commonplace, and their use is expected to grow rapidly with cost reduction and improved usability. A new breath analyzer prototype is demonstrated, with the prospects of eliminating the mouthpiece, reducing expiration time and volume, improving long-term stability, and reducing life cycle cost. Simultaneous ${hbox {CO}}_{2}$ measurements compensate for the sample dilution and unsaturated expiration. Infrared transmission spectroscopy is used for both the alcohol and ${hbox {CO}}_{2}$ measurement, yet the entire system is contained within a small handheld unit. Experimental results are reported on the device sensitivity, linearity, resolution, and influence from varying measuring distance. The correlation between early and full-time sampling was established in 60 subjects. Basic concept verification was obtained, whereas resolution and selectivity still needs to be improved. Further improvements are expected by system optimization and integration. A Novel MEMS Respiratory Flow Sensor Wei, C.-L. Lin, C.-F. Tseng, I.-T. Abstract A novel CMOS-process-compatible MEMS sensor for monitoring respiration is presented. This resistive flow sensor was manufactured by the TSMC 0.35 $mu{hbox {m}}$ CMOS/MEMS mixed-signal 2P4M Polycide process. The sensor was demonstrated to be sensitive enough to detect the respiratory flow rate, and the relationship between flow rate and sensed voltage is quite linear.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids
    materials Review Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids Cristina Ramírez *, Manuel Belmonte , Pilar Miranzo and Maria Isabel Osendi * Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC. Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (P.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.R.); [email protected] (M.I.O.); Tel.: +34-917-355-840 (C.R.); +34-917-355-868 (M.I.O.) Abstract: Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary focus on applications. We have adopted a broad scope of the term ceramics, therefore including some applications of GRM with certain metal oxides and cement- based matrices in the review. Applications of ceramic/graphene hybrids and composites cover many different areas, in particular, energy production and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, solar and fuel cells), energy harvesting, sensors and biosensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomaterials, thermal management (heat dissipation and heat conduction functions), engineering components, catalysts, etc. A section on ceramic/GRM composites processed by additive manufacturing methods is included due to their industrial potential and waste reduction capability. All these applications of ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids are listed and mentioned in the present review, ending with the authors’ outlook of those that seem most promising, based on the research efforts carried out in this field. Keywords: ceramic graphene composites; ceramic graphene hybrids; applications; ceramic compos- Citation: Ramírez, C.; Belmonte, M.; Miranzo, P.; Osendi, M.I.
    [Show full text]
  • A Hybrid Breath Analysis System Via the Combination of Substrate
    pubs.acs.org/acssensors Article iHWG-MOX: A Hybrid Breath Analysis System via the Combination of Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguide Infrared Spectroscopy with Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Johannes Glöckler, Carsten Jaeschke, Yusuf Kocaöz, Vjekoslav Kokoric, Erhan Tütüncü, Jan Mitrovics, and Boris Mizaikoff* Cite This: ACS Sens. 2020, 5, 1033−1039 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations ABSTRACT: According to their materials and operating parameters, metal oxide (MOX) sensors respond to target gases only by a change in sensor resistance with a lack in selectivity. By the use of infrared spectroscopy, highly discriminatory information from samples at a molecular level can be obtained and the selectivity can be enhanced. A low-volume gas cell was developed for a commercially available semiconducting MOX methane gas sensor and coupled directly to a mid-infrared gas sensor based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) technology combined with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. This study demonstrates a sensing process with combined orthogonal sensors for fast, time-resolved, and synergic detection of methane and carbon dioxide in gas samples. KEYWORDS: eNose, metal oxide sensor, substrate-integrated hollow waveguide, iHWG, breath diagnostics, breath analysis ecause physical and biochemical methods in medical However, the rather minute concentrations of VOCs in the B monitoring and diagnostics have rapidly increased, breath exhaled breath matrix pose a challenge to many sensing analysis, as a noninvasive sensing method, became more and applications.10 Gas chromatography combined with mass more important. Advances in the identification of disease spectrometry (GC−MS) is an analytical method which covers biomarkers increased the interest in exhaled breath analysis for a wide variety of compounds with high sensitivity and early disease detection and emerged new sensing methods.1,2 precision and is considered to be the current gold standard Downloaded via UNIV ULM on May 17, 2020 at 09:03:26 (UTC).
    [Show full text]
  • Guiding Ketogenic Diet with Breath Acetone Sensors
    Article Guiding Ketogenic Diet with Breath Acetone Sensors Andreas T. Güntner 1,*, Julia F. Kompalla 1, Henning Landis 1, S. Jonathan Theodore 1, Bettina Geidl 2, Noriane A. Sievi 3, Malcolm Kohler 3, Sotiris E. Pratsinis 1 and Philipp A. Gerber 2,* 1 Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] (J.F.K.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (S.J.T.); [email protected] (S.E.P.) 2 Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 3 Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] (N.A.S.); [email protected] (M.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.T.G.); [email protected] (P.A.G.) Received: 8 October 2018; Accepted: 22 October 2018; Published: 28 October 2018 Abstract: Ketogenic diet (KD; high fat, low carb) is a standard treatment for obesity, neurological diseases (e.g., refractory epilepsy) and a promising method for athletes to improve their endurance performance. Therein, the level of ketosis must be regulated tightly to ensure an effective therapy. Here, we introduce a compact and inexpensive breath sensor to monitor ketosis online and non- invasively. The sensor consists of Si-doped WO3 nanoparticles that detect breath acetone selectively with non-linear response characteristics in the relevant range of 1 to 66 ppm, as identified by mass spectrometry. When tested on eleven subjects (five women and six men) undergoing a 36-h KD based on the Johns Hopkins protocol, this sensor clearly recognizes the onset and progression of ketosis.
    [Show full text]