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Filmes E Trilhas No Cinema Negro Dos EUA Dos Anos 1970: Uma Análise Sobre O Ciclo Blaxploitation

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Filmes E Trilhas No Cinema Negro Dos EUA Dos Anos 1970: Uma Análise Sobre O Ciclo Blaxploitation UNIVERSIDADE ANHEMBI MORUMBI VICTOR MAKOTO OIWA Filmes e trilhas no cinema negro dos EUA dos anos 1970: Uma análise sobre o ciclo blaxploitation SÃO PAULO 2011 VICTOR MAKOTO OIWA Filmes e Trilhas no Cinema Negro dos EUA dos anos 1970: Uma Análise Sobre o Ciclo Blaxploitation Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação da Profa. Dra. Laura Loguercio Cánepa SÃO PAULO 2011 VICTOR MAKOTO OIWA Filmes e Trilhas no Cinema Negro dos EUA dos anos 1970 Uma Análise Sobre o Ciclo Blaxploitation Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado à Banca Examinadora, como exigência parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre do Programa de Mestrado em Comunicação, área de concentração em Comunicação Contemporânea da Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, sob a orientação do Profa. Dra. Laura Loguercio Cánepa Aprovado em ____/____/____ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Em memória de William H. Oiwa, Patric R. Oiwa e Eduardo J. Kitagawa AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a Deus, Minha família toda, principalmente Yoji, Yoko e Mi pela paciência, ensinamentos e todos os momentos de alegrias e sofrimentos que passamos juntos. Vocês são a razão para eu continuar insistindo em acreditar nos velhos e bons valores. A minha orientadora Laura Cánepa, que se interessou pela minha pesquisa e me guiou nesta jornada, tornando possível a existência dessa dissertação. Aos professores Rogério Ferraraz, Maria Ignes e Luiz Vadico, pelo conhecimento. Ao coordenador Leonardo Vergueiro que propôs que eu fizesse o mestrado e pela oportunidade. Tambem aos colegas de trabalho André Salata, Thomas Gruetz, Cris Merlo, Bruno E., Mauricio de Caro Esposito e Theóphilo Pinto. Aos amigos do coração Rodrigo Brandão e família, pelas conversas e dicas sobre o tema, Igor Hatanda, Caio Neri, Marcos Koga, Pitzan Oliveira e família, Luana Dias Gomes, Edson Gomes, Fernando Borges, Apo Fousek, Shaw e Carla, Melissa Gomes, Ricardo Gomes, Douglas Okura, Kiko Dinucci, DJ Marco, Max Takahashi, Francisco Bicudo, Marcelo Munari, Marina H. Sousa e todos que me ajudaram de alguma forma nesta pesquisa. RESUMO Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise da relação entre música e cinema nos filmes estadunidenses dos anos 1970 voltados ao público negro (conhecidos genericamente, e por vezes erroneamente, como blaxploitation), buscando observar como se deu a apropriação da cultura afirmativa afroamericana na cultura pop internacional, com seus sucessos, contradições e clichês que ainda são bastante representativos em várias manifestações culturais nos dias de hoje. Para isso, foi feito, primeiro, um apanhado histórico sobre as lutas pelos direitos civis nos anos 1960, o desenvolvimento da música negra nos anos 1950-1970 e a maior participação dos afroamericanos no cinema ao longo dos anos 1960-1970. Depois, foi feita a análise de cinco filmes representativos do período levando em conta sua relação com as trilhas musicais. Palavras-chave: Análise fílmica. Gêneros cinematográficos. Blaxploitation. Trilhas sonoras. Black music. ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the relationship between music and cinema in the 1970’s american filmes aimes at black audiences (known generically, and sometimes erroneously, as Blaxploitation), seeking to observe how was the appropriaton of African American culture in the pop culture, with its sucsesses, contradictions and clichés that are still fairly representative of various cultural events today. For that was done, fist, a historical overview about the civil sirhts struggles in the 1960’s, the developmente of black music in the years 1950-1970’s and greater participation of African Americans in film over the years 1960-1970’s. Then we made a study os five representative films of the period taking into account its relationship with the music soundtracks scores. Key-words: Film analysis. Film genres. Blaxploitation. Soundtracks. Black music. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................. 11 CAPÍTULO I - A CULTURA NEGRA NOS EUA NOS ANOS 1960 E 1970 1.1 O pano de fundo social .......................................................................... 13 1.2 Os movimentos afirmativos .....................................................................14 1.3 A Transição ............................................................................................ 18 CAPÍTULO II - MÚSICA E CINEMA NA CULTURA NEGRA DOS ANOS 1960 E 1970 2.1 A nação sob um único groove ................................................................ 20 2.2 Os negros no cinema e o cinema dos negros ........................................ 31 2.2.1 A imagem do negro no cinema dos EUA nos anos 60 .............. 34 2.2.2 O nascimento de um gênero: o blaxploitation ........................... 36 CAPÍTULO III - FILMES E TRILHAS SONORAS 3.1 Sweet Sweetback Baadasssss Song ..................................................... 47 3.2 Shaft ....................................................................................................... 51 3.3 A Máfia Nunca Perdoa ........................................................................... 55 3.4 Super Fly ................................................................................................ 59 3.5 O Chefão do Gueto ................................................................................ 63 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ......................................................................... 67 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................. 71 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1,2,3: Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Bobby Seale .............................................. 15 Figura 4, 5, 6: Cartaz de Emory Douglas, logo dos Panteras Negras, Catleen Cleaver .. 16 Figura 7, 8: revista Jet Magazine, Jackson5 (1970) e Michelle Obama (2010) .................19 Figura 9, 10: LPs Sam Cooke (1964) e Marvin Gaye (1971) ............................................ 22 Figura 11, 12: Colatânea e Lp de James Brown ............................................................... 27 Figura 13, 14: LPs Curtis (1970) e imagem de C. Mayfield se apresentando .................. 29 Figura 15, 16: Cartaz e fotograma de O Nascimento de uma nação (1914) .................... 31 Figura 17, 18: Richard Wildmarke e Poitier e capa de Sangue do meu sangue (1950) ... 33 Figura 19, 20: Jim Brown em Os 12 condenados e Rio Conchos .................................... 35 Figura 21, 22: cartazes Halls of Anger e Rififi no Harlem (ambos 1970) ......................... 40 Figura 23, 24: DVD Sweetback e cartaz de Shaft (1971) ................................................. 42 Figura 25, 26, 27: cartazes de Blacula (1972), Black Caesar (1973) e Coffy (1973) ....... 43 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AABB - Above Average Black Band AIP - American International Pictures BS - Bobby Seale DC - Dani Cohn DJ - Disc Jockey EUA - Estados Unidos da America CLOD - Catholic Legion of Decency CORE - Congress of Racial Equality GFOS - Godfather of Soul KKK - Ku Klux Klan LP - Long Play MGM - Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NBA - National Basketball Association NFL - National Football Association RAP - Rhythm and Poetry R&B - Rhythm and Blues SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Comitee TV - televisão WB - Warner Brother INTRODUÇÃO Este é um trabalho que trata do encontro de gêneros musicais e cinematográficos que ocorreu entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, dando início a um processo cultural importantíssimo na segunda metade do século XX, com reflexos diversos notáveis até os dias de hoje: a cultura afirmativa dos negros nascidos nos Estados Unidos da América. Dos movimentos sociais à moda, passando por variadas tendências artísticas, politicas e comportamentais, o movimento negro estadunidense e suas variadas e contraditórias expressões é fundamental para compreendermos uma parte do mundo ocidental até os dias de hoje. Mas, é claro, trata-se de um assunto muito extenso para ser tratado numa dissertação de mestrado. Então, optei por um recorte bem específico desse processo sócio-político-econômico-cultural, examinando a relação entre alguns filmes protagonizados por artistas negros (conhecidos genericamente como blaxploitation, termo que será discutido mais adiante) e algumas músicas de soul e funk compostas e executadas por outros artistas negros dos EUA nos anos 1960 e 1970, que foram trilhas- sonoras desses filmes. Por gostar de rap e da cultura hip-hop, desde criança dançando break e vindo a ser DJ no final da década de 1990, logo me aprofundei nas pesquisas sobre músicas e músicos de jazz e funk, que influenciaram esse gênero contemporâneo e que estão largamente presentes nas trilhas de um importante grupo de filmes nos anos 1970. Também as temáticas abordadas nesses filmes e na cultura hip-hop, tais como racismo, submundo do crime, marginalidade, sexo, drogas e corrupção me chamavam a atenção. Cresci vendo filmes como Wild Style dirigido por Charlie Ahearn e Perigo para a Sociedade (Menace II Society), de John Singleton nos anos 1980 e 1990. Também assistia a vários filmes do diretor Spike Lee e nem imaginava que tudo isso era, em certo sentido, um legado deixado por filmes surgiram no final dos anos 1960 e, com mais de cem títulos representativos que vêm influenciando, desde então, vários
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