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SDSU these pages to discover a side of France you never knew!

No matter what your academic, professional or personal interests, French is relevant, French is practical, and… #FrenchIsEverywhere !

Why learn French? They wrote the book on human rights: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du Improves English vocabulary: 30% - citoyen), passed by France's National 50% of English comes from French or Latin Constituent Assembly in August 1789, had a through French. (French was the mother major impact on the development of freedom tongue of every English king from William and democracy in Europe and worldwide. the Conqueror (1066) until Henry IV (1399– 1413). With native speakers on every continent, French is expanding fast in Exposure to the French world view and the fastest-growing areas of the world, values: Less money-oriented, materialistic, especially in Africa. The latest stats anticipate consumerist. Respect for intellectual and that by 2050, French will be spoken by 750 artistic endeavors. million people. Arguably the greatest contribution to 6th largest economy in the world: (2016) 1 Western Civilization since ancient United States – 2 China – 3 Japan – 4 Germany – Greek and Roman cultures: Political 5 United Kingdom – 6 France – 7 India – 8 Italy thought, philosophy, science, art, literature... – 9 Brazil – 10 Canada – 11 Korea – 12 Russia – 13 Spain – 14 Australia – 15 Mexico

french.sdsu.edu 1 ARTS & HUMANITIES of course…

Art the 1980s, embraced this method, and his influence revitalized and renewed France was arguably a leader in the appreciation for this style, and shaped development of Romanesque art. What ballet as a whole. we now call Gothic art, was the French style. The Renaissance led to Italy The French method is often characterized becoming the main source of stylistic by technical precision, fluidity and developments until France matched gracefulness, and elegant, clean lines. The Italy's influence during the late precision of footwork and the emphasis of Baroque period and Neoclassicism strength and elegance define the method. and then regained the leading role in the Arts from the 19th to the Deaf Studies mid-20th century. Some art The first sign language developed movements that began in France: in France in the 18th century. “Old “Gothic,” Classicism, Rococo, French” sign language developed Romanticism, Impressionism, Post- organically in the deaf community of Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, Paris. Based on his observations of deaf Surrealism, Pop Art. (Wikipedia) people signing with their hands in the streets of Paris, the Abbé Charles Michel Dance de l'Épée started the Institution Nationale des The “French method” of ballet can Sourds-Muets in Paris in 1760. Combined be traced back to 17th century with French grammar, the manual France. This method is the basis of language evolved into the first official SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE all ballet training. In 1661, Louis XIV French Sign Language. Laurent Clerc, a created the Académie Royale de Danse where student of his and teacher at the school, the codified technique still used today by traveled to the U.S. with Thomas Hopkins those in the profession, regardless of what Gallaudet and, in 1817, co-founded the method of training they adhere to. first school for the deaf in the U.S., Rudolf Nureyev, the accomplished dancer the American School for the Deaf in and director of the Paris Opera Ballet in Hartford.

I think, therefore I am.

“Je pense, donc je suis,” a philosophical proposition made by French philosopher René Descartes in 1673, is a fundamental element of Western philosophy.

french.sdsu.edu 2 ARTS & HUMANITIES continued...

Film Music Louis Le Prince was a French artist France produced some of the world’s and inventor of the motion picture greatest composers: Berlioz, Bizet, camera, being the first person to shoot a Debussy, Lully, Ravel, and Satie. In moving picture sequence using a single 1982, the first Fête de la Musique, lens camera and a strip of (paper) film created by the French Minister of (1888). Culture, took place. It’s a nationwide street concert every June 21st that has Léon Bouly invented the now been adopted in over 120 countries. Cinematograph, a motion picture film camera that also serves as a film projector In the 1690s, Étienne Loulié invented and printer (1892). several devices: a device for tracing music staves on paper, a Auguste and Louis Lumière gave metronome-like chronomètre based the first commercial, public on the Galilean seconds pendulum, and a screening of cinematographic films in sonomètre for tuning harpsichords Paris in 1895. that used the monochord as a point of Georges Méliès was the first departure. He is credited with filmmaker to use the stop trick, or introducing the six-fold system of substitution, multiple exposures, meter classification still taught time-lapse photography, dissolves, today. and hand-painted color in his films. In 1759, Jean-Baptiste Thillaie SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE His most famous film, A Trip to the Delaborde, invented the clavecin Moon (Le voyage dans la Lune), in 1902, was électrique, the earliest surviving the first science fiction film and the electric-powered musical most popular movie of its time. Another instrument, pre-dated only by the Denis of his films, Le Manoir du diable is also d'or (a Czech invention and possibly the sometimes considered to be the first first electric instrument in history) which horror film. is only known from written accounts.

Josephine Baker

Born in the U.S. in 1906, she was a mega celebrity in France and and a French Resistance agent. She refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States, and France welcomed her and many other American artists with open arms.

french.sdsu.edu 3 ARTS & HUMANITIES wait, there’s more...

Philosophy amusing juxtapositions, mingling social classes, and eccentrics in contemporary A small few… René Descartes: Paris streets and cafes. In more than France’s national philosopher, whose twenty books he presented a charming Discourse on Method defined thought as the vision of human frailty and life as a series essential human quality. Voltaire: A of quiet, incongruous moments. caustic and playful writer whose Candide savaged the complacent optimism of his Henri Cartier-Bresson was a age. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Swiss- French humanist photographer born but appropriated by the French as considered a master of candid the intellectual father of their 1789 photography, and an early user of revolution. Jean-Paul Sartre: The 35 mm film. He pioneered the theorist and living embodiment of the genre of street photography, and public intellectual, who confronted all the viewed photography as capturing a powerful institutions of his time (the decisive moment. bourgeois state, the Communist party, the university system). Simone de World Languages Beauvoir: Her The Second Sex (1949), Alsace, a French region that drew on existentialist philosophy to offer a borders Germany, has been passed ground-breaking account of women’s between French and German oppression, thus charting the path for control several times since 1681, modern feminism. (https://www.theguardian.com/ when Strasbourg was books/2015/jun/13/10-most-celebrated-french-thinkers- conquered by French forces. philosophy) SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE Alsatian is a Germanic dialect spoken Photography in Alsace. You can say “ça geht’s?" to your Robert Doisneau is the French friends when you see them, which is a photographer whose work everyone direct mixture of “ça va?” in French and recognizes. He was known for his “wie geht’s?" in German, to mean “how modest, playful, and ironic images of are you?”.

Street photography born in France

Doisneau is renowned for his 1950 image Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville (Kiss at City Hall).

Right: Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir.

french.sdsu.edu 4 CAREER TECHNICAL EDUCATION Great minds!

Accounting carrying people) and the first free flight with human passengers; the first manned It is generally accepted that cost hydrogen balloon. 1852: The first accounting did not develop until the late powered, controlled, sustained lighter- 1880s, a period referred to as the costing than-air flight is believed to have taken renaissance. But this may be inaccurate, place when Henri Giffard flew 15 miles in based on writings on cost accounting in France with a steam engine driven craft. 19th century France. Engineers 1884: The first fully controllable free- contributed significantly to the flight. 1857: A monoplane with a tail development of cost accounting in 19th plane and retractable undercarriage made and 20th century France. These writings, the first successful powered glide in mainly by graduates of French history. 1907: The first time a manned engineering schools, discussed helicopter is known to have risen off the overhead allocation, depreciation, ground. And a lot more… (Wikipedia) transfer prices, and the distinction between fixed and variable costs Automotive Technology long before these topics were discussed in Anglo-Saxon analysis. French Army Captain Nicolas-Joseph (www.inderscience.com) Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) built the first working self- Aeronautical & Aviation propelled land-based mechanical Technology vehicle, the world's first automobile. He was one of the first to successfully employ SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE The term "aviation" was coined in a device for converting the reciprocating 1863 by French pioneer Guillaume motion of a steam piston into a rotary Joseph Gabriel de La Landelle, and the motion by means of a ratchet Airbus A380 is the world’s largest arrangement. A small version of his passenger plane. three-wheeled fardier à vapeur ("steam 1783: The Montgolfiers launched the first dray") was made and used in 1769. manned flight (a tethered balloon

ParisTech

Pierre Bézier attended the prestigious École Nationale des Arts & Métiers ParisTech.

The first automobile, invented by Nicolas- Joseph Cugnot, is on display at that institution.

french.sdsu.edu 5 CAREER TECHNICAL EDUCATION continued…

Business Computer Science France is home to some of the Around 1640, Blaise Pascal, a most well-known brands on leading French mathematician, earth, like Michelin, Perrier, Bic (yes, constructed a mechanical adding the pens!) and Sephora (didn’t know device based on a design described by that was French, did you?). And then, Greek mathematician “Hero of of course, the iconic luxury brands, Alexandria.” like Chanel, Dior, Vuitton, Saint- The Minitel was a Videotex Laurent… Plus it’s a thriving online service accessible through European hub for Internet telephone lines. It is considered entrepreneurs! one of the world's most Computer Aided Design successful pre-World Wide Web The invention of the 3D CAD/ online services. The service was CAM is attributed to a French rolled out experimentally in 1978 in engineer, Pierre Bézier. After his Brittany and throughout France in mathematical work concerning 1982. From its early days, users could surfaces, he developed UNISURF, make online purchases, make train between 1966 and 1968, to ease the reservations, check stock prices, search design of parts and tools for the the telephone directory, have a mail automotive industry. Then, UNISURF box, and chat in a similar way to what SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE became the working base for the is now possible on the Internet. In following generations of CAD February 2009, the Minitel network software. (Wikipedia) still had 10 million monthly connections. It was retired in 2012. Office Technology (Wikipedia) The Bic pen. In 1950.

ParisTech

Alphonse Pénaud advanced the theory of wing contours and aerodynamics. In 1871 he flew the first aerodyna-mically stable fixed-wing airplane.

The Minitel (right) was a forerunner of the Internet.

french.sdsu.edu 6 MATH, SCIENCE & ENGINEERING on adore les geeks…

Biology Mathematics See Health & Safety Sciences… The first practical realization of the metric system came in 1799, during Chemistry the French Revolution, when the Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier was a existing system of measures, which had French nobleman and chemist who was become impractical, was replaced by a central to the 18th-century chemical decimal system based on the kilogram revolution. He is widely considered the and the meter. "father of modern chemistry". Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the Physics role oxygen plays in combustion. He Radioactivity was discovered in recognized and named oxygen (1778) 1896 by Henri Becquerel, while and hydrogen (1783), helped working with phosphorescent materials. construct the metric system, and Marie Curie, a naturalized-French wrote the first extensive list of physicist and chemist, conducted elements. pioneering research on Engineering radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the Pierre-Paul Riquet designed and built the first person and only woman to win Canal du Midi. It runs from the city of twice, the only person to win a Toulouse down to the Mediterranean port Nobel Prize in two different of Sète and took 12,000 laborers to build. SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE sciences, and was part of the Curie It is considered an extraordinary 17th family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She century feat of engineering and a was also the first woman to become a masterpiece of both hydraulic and professor at the University of Paris, structural engineering. It has been a and in 1995 became the first woman to Unesco World Heritage Site since 1996. be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.

Le Canal du Midi

Its main aim was to transport wheat, wine and textiles, primarily heavy cloth from Nîmes – where denim comes from (de Nîmes!) and silk.

Marie Curie in her laboratory.

french.sdsu.edu 7 HEALTH & SAFETY SCIENCES saving lives for centuries...

Nutrition He is also the reason you don’t get sick from drinking milk! In 1864 he Around 1770, Antoine Lavoisier discovered that heating beer and wine was discovered the details of metabolism, enough to kill most of the bacteria that which was called the most caused spoilage. Today your milk is fundamental chemical discovery of pasteurized! the 18th century. And then there’s… In 1816, François Magendie identified protein as an essential – Ligature of arteries, Ambroise Paré, 1565 dietary component. – Blood transfusion, Jean-Baptiste Denys, 1667 and first direct modern transfusion, Émile Jeanbrau, 1914 Nursing – The first life-sized obstetrical mannequin, for In Catholic lands such as France, teaching, Angelique du Coudray, 1750s – Codeine first isolated, Pierre Robiquet, 1832 rich families continued to fund – Aspirin, Charles Frédéric Gerhardt, 1853 convents and monasteries, and – Hypodermic needle, Charles Pravaz, 1853 enrolled their daughters as nuns – Incubator, Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, 1881. His student, Pierre-Constant Budin, who provided free health services created perinatology in the late 1890s to the poor. Nursing was a religious role – Rabies vaccine, Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux, for the nurse, and there was little call for 1885 science. (Wikipedia) – Antibiotics, Louis Pasteur and Jean Paul Vuillemin (natural antibiosis) Pasteur & the Germ Theory of – Mantoux test, Charles Mantoux, 1907 – Tuberculosis vaccine, Albert

SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE Disease Calmette and Camille Guérin, 1921 – Discovery of the cause of Down Louis Pasteur confirmed the direct syndrome, Jérôme Lejeune, 1958-1959 connection between germs and – First bone marrow transplant, Georges Mathé, disease between the years 1860 and 1959 – Insulin pump, Jacques Mirouze, 1981 1864. He discovered the pathology of the – Discovery of HIV virus, Françoise Barré- puerperal fever (postpartum infection of Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, 1983 the uterus).

The stethoscope

The stethoscope was invented in France in 1816 by René Laennec (right) because he was uncomfortable placing his ear on women's chests to hear heart sounds.

He went on to pioneer its use in diagnosing various chest conditions.

french.sdsu.edu 8 RHETORIC & LITERACY Words, words, words…

English Journalism Unlike other Germanic languages, Charlie Hebdo is a French English shares a large portion of satirical weekly magazine, its vocabulary with French and featuring cartoons, reports, Latin, often attributed to the polemics, and jokes. Irreverent and period of Norman French stridently non-conformist in tone, the dominance in England after 1066 publication describes itself as above all (because a French-speaking king sat on secular, skeptic, and atheist, far-left- the throne of England for the next 300 wing, and anti-racist publishing articles or so years!). about the extreme right (especially the French nationalist “Front National” The French contributed legal, party), religion (Catholicism, Islam, military, technological, and Judaism), politics and culture. political terminology: force majeure, reconnoitre, détente, lèse- The magazine has been the target of majesté…The language also gave two terrorist attacks, in 2011 and common words, such as the names 2015. Both were presumed to be in of meats (veal, mutton, beef, pork), response to a number of controversial how food was prepared (boil, broil, Muhammad cartoons it published. In fry, roast, saute, and stew), as well as the second of these attacks, 12 people words related to the nobility were killed, including publishing SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE (prince, duke, marquess, viscount, director Charb and several other baron, and their feminine equivalents). prominent cartoonists. This attack gave rise to the JE SUIS CHARLIE Nearly 40 percent of English movement. (Wikipedia) words (in an 80,000 word dictionary) may be of French origin.

Classic Charlie…

Jean Jullien's graphic response to the Charlie Hebdo shootings was one of the most-shared images relating to the tragedy.

The cover of Charlie Hebdo after the deadly 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris in which 130 people were killed.

french.sdsu.edu 9 SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Influencers of the world…

Anthropology two-piece undergarment called le bien-être (well-being). The lower part was a corset Most consider Marcel Mauss (1872–1950) for the waist and the upper supported the to be the founder of the French breasts by means of shoulder straps. She anthropological tradition. Mauss and his exhibited at the Great Exposition of collaborators drew on ethnography and 1900, and by 1905 the upper half was philology to analyze societies that were being sold separately as a soutien-gorge not as 'differentiated' as European nation (literally, "support for the throat", but gorge states. Two works by Mauss in in old French meant bust), the name by particular proved to have enduring which bras are still known in France. relevance: Essay on the Gift, a seminal analysis of exchange and reciprocity, and Herminie became a fitter of bras to his Huxley lecture on the notion of the queens, princesses, dancers, and actresses. person, the first comparative study Mata Hari was among her customers. She of notions of person and selfhood was also the first to use cloth cross-culturally. incorporating rubber (elastic) thread. Cadolle's business is still running today. Above all, Claude Lévi-Strauss helped institutionalize The Jacquard loom, a mechanical anthropology in France. His theory loom, was invented by Joseph of structuralism exerted enormous Marie Jacquard in 1801. It simplified influence across multiple the process of manufacturing textiles with disciplines. complex patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse. Clothing & Textiles Denim is French! Its name comes from We don’t need to tell you about France “de Nîmes” (which means “from Nîmes,” and fashion. But did you know a the city where it was made). Frenchwoman invented the bra? In Paris, in 1889, Herminie Cadolle opened a lingerie workshop, where she invented a SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE

Le bien- être

Herminie Cadolle and her “wellbeing. ”

french.sdsu.edu 10 SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES continued…

Clothing & Textiles, cont. knowledge of the world through experience and subsequent reflection. Eight of the top 10 world's oldest luxury Within Piaget's framework, teachers brands are French. Hermès: 1837. should guide children in acquiring their Louis Vuitton: 1854. Lanvin 1889. own knowledge rather than simply Chanel: 1909. Nina Ricci:1932. Dior: transferring knowledge. 1946. Givenchy: 1952. Yves Saint Laurent: 1961. A Piagetian approach emphasizes experiential education; in school, Chanel was arguably the most experiences become more hands-on and influential fashion designer of all concrete as students explore through trial time. She revolutionized the way and error. Thus, crucial components of women wore clothes, making it early childhood education include fashionable for women to lose the corsets, exploration, manipulating objects, and wear pants, have a tan, accessorize experiencing new environments. extravagantly with costume jewelry. A Subsequent reflection on these true feminist! experiences is equally important. https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2013/09/04/seven- wonders-how-coco-chanel-changed-the-course-of-womens- fashion/ Early Childhood Education Jean Piaget's constructivist theory More French connections gained influence in the 1970s and coming soon… '80s. Although Piaget himself was primarily interested in a descriptive psychology of cognitive development, he also laid the groundwork for a constructivist theory of learning. Piaget believed that learning comes from

SDSU FRENCH #FRENCHISEVERYWHERE within: children construct their own

Coco Chanel

Chanel in pants, ropes of real and fake pearls, smoking…A liberated woman.

Her iconic “Chanel Suit” variations of which the fashion house still produces today.

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