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Heidi Jo Newberg Jeffrey L. Carlin Editors Observations And Astrophysics and Space Science Library 420 Heidi Jo Newberg Jeffrey L. Carlin Editors Tidal Streams in the Local Group and Beyond Observations and Implications Astrophysics and Space Science Library Volume 420 Editorial Board Chairman W.B. Burton, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, VA, USA ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands ([email protected]) F. Bertola, University of Padua, Italy C.J. Cesarsky, Commission for Atomic Energy, Saclay, France P. Ehrenfreund, Leiden University, The Netherlands O. Engvold, University of Oslo, Norway A. Heck, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, France E.P.J. Van Den Heuvel, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands V. M . K a sp i , McGill University, Montreal, Canada J.M.E. Kuijpers, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands H. Van Der Laan, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands P.G. Murdin, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UK B.V. Somov, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R.A. Sunyaev, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5664 Heidi Jo Newberg • Jeffrey L. Carlin Editors Tidal Streams in the Local Group and Beyond Observations and Implications 123 Editors Heidi Jo Newberg Jeffrey L. Carlin Department of Physics, Applied Physics Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY, USA Troy, NY, USA ISSN 0067-0057 ISSN 2214-7985 (electronic) Astrophysics and Space Science Library ISBN 978-3-319-19335-9 ISBN 978-3-319-19336-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-19336-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015956760 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover illustration: The “Field of Streams” (after Belokurov, V., Zucker, D.B., Evans, N.W. et al., 2006, ApJL, 642, L137 as reproduced with more recent data by Matthew Newby) shows the density of main sequence turnoff stars in the north Galactic cap, color coded by distance. Blue is closer and red is farther away. The stars were selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 10. This beautiful image shows that the outer stellar halo is dominated by several large “streams” of stars. These stars were ripped from their progenitor dwarf galaxies by tidal forces in the Milky Way. The image is plotted in Equatorial coordinates with declination-corrected bins of 0.25 degree 0.25 degree each. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface This book introduces the field of tidal streams, charts the major discoveries that brought us to our current understanding, and gives the reader a sense of the field as we know it. Because this field is quite young, the researchers who made major contributions are still active in the field. I am quite fortunate and grateful that many of these wonderful people agreed to contribute chapters to this book. Their expertise and willingness to share it in this way were essential to the book’s success. I would particularly like to thank my co-editor Jeff Carlin for stepping in to bridge any scientific or technical gaps that arose. In addition to having made important contributions to the field of tidal streams, he has an incredible ability to spot grammar and spelling errors, which was put to great use as he copy edited every single chapter of this book. I am quite happy with the result. There are some notable scientists in this field who were not available or were not asked to write chapters, and because of this I am sure that there is wisdom that has not been passed down in this volume. I hope that we have at least done a reasonable job of covering the major results presented in their papers. I apologize in advance to those whose work was missed or was not as fully represented as it could have been. One of the things I have personally learned in writing and editing this book is that each of us watches the field evolve from our own vantage point. We do not know everything that has been discovered, or we learn about results in different orders, and we are not all influenced by the same results in the same way. In editing the chapters of this book, my primary intent was to improve clarity and style and to cover as much material as possible without duplication. I think it is important that in each chapter the historical viewpoint is that of the authors of that chapter at the time the chapter was written. This book certainly will not be the definitive book on tidal streams, in the sense that definitive implies the material presented is final, settled, or inarguable. I have personally learned an enormous amount in researching my portion of this book and in editing the contributions of others. Our knowledge of tidal streams and the information they give us on the quantity and location of dark matter in the Milky Way is still evolving. Keep in mind that writing the book took about 2 years, and the chapters of more conscientious writers were finished months ahead of those v vi Preface for whom deadlines are less important. Some important findings presented in this volume were discovered while the chapters were being written! I consciously decided not to attempt to make all of the chapters completely consistent. We do not all agree on the identity of the tidal streams. There is stellar structure in the plane of the Milky Way that some believe was ripped from dwarf galaxies as they fell in to our galaxy, and others are just as sure is material thrown up from the disk. We don’t all agree about whether all of the material in the orbital plane of the Sagittarius dwarf tidal stream was ripped from the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, or whether it came from multiple infalling dwarf galaxies, or how many times the Sagittarius dwarf tidal stream wraps around the Milky Way. We don’t all agree that all of the objects identified as tidal streams are actually tidal debris, and we certainly don’t all agree on the fluffier structures of stars that we call “clouds.” But the chapters in this book outline the published work of experts in the field, as interpreted by experts in the field, and will serve as a reliable guide to our current best understanding. I hope this book will teach you as much as I have learned in editing it, and that it will inspire you to solve the many outstanding questions it describes. Troy, NY, USA Heidi Jo Newberg August 2015 Contents 1 Introduction to Tidal Streams .............................................. 1 Heidi Jo Newberg 1.1 An Overview of Tidal Streams and Halo Substructure ................ 1 1.2 The Discovery of Tidal Streams in the Milky Way .................... 4 1.2.1 Dwarf Galaxies and Moving Groups .......................... 4 1.2.2 Halo Substructure in the Era of Large Surveys................ 7 1.3 Observational Techniques for Finding Substructure .................. 15 1.3.1 Standard Candles and Photometric Parallax ................... 15 1.3.2 Matched Filter Techniques ..................................... 17 1.3.3 Statistical Photometric Parallax ................................ 19 1.4 Co-moving Groups of Stars ............................................ 21 1.5 Chemical Tagging ....................................................... 22 1.6 Constraining Dark Matter, the Formation of the Milky Way, and Cosmology with Tidal Streams .............................. 23 1.6.1 Rapid Collapse vs. Hierarchical Mergers...................... 23 1.6.2 Constraining Dark Matter with Tidal Streams................. 24 1.7 Disk Response to Tidal Interactions.................................... 25 1.8 Future Prospects......................................................... 26 References ..................................................................... 27 2 The Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Stream(s) .................................... 31 DavidR.LawandStevenR.Majewski 2.1 Introduction ............................................................. 31 2.2 Historical Remarks and Basic Structure of the Sagittarius System ... 32 2.3 Stellar Populations Within the Sagittarius System .................... 37 2.3.1 Stellar Populations in the Sagittarius Core .................... 37 2.3.2 Stellar Populations in the Sagittarius Streams ................. 41 2.3.3 Chemical Evolution of the Sagittarius System ................ 42 2.3.4 Sagittarius Star Clusters .......................................
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