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The Primitively Social Behavior of Euglossa Cordata (Hymenoptera

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The Primitively Social Behavior of Euglossa Cordata (Hymenoptera The primitively social behavior of Euglossa cordata (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini): a view from the perspective of kin selection theory and models of reproductive skew Gabriele Antico Freiria, Carlos Alberto Garófalo, Marco Antonio del Lama To cite this version: Gabriele Antico Freiria, Carlos Alberto Garófalo, Marco Antonio del Lama. The primitively social behavior of Euglossa cordata (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini): a view from the perspective of kin selection theory and models of reproductive skew. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2017, 48 (4), pp.523-532. 10.1007/s13592-017-0496-4. hal-01710375 HAL Id: hal-01710375 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01710375 Submitted on 15 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2017) 48:523–532 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2017 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-017-0496-4 The primitively social behavior of Euglossa cordata (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Euglossini): a view from the perspective of kin selection theory and models of reproductive skew 1 2 1 Gabriele Antico FREIRIA , Carlos Alberto GARÓFALO , Marco Antonio DEL LAMA 1Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz km 235, 13565.905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 2Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040- 901, Brazil Received 18 July 2016 – Revised6December2016– Accepted 17 January 2017 Abstract – The present study investigated the level of reproductive skew during the reactivation processes of 11 nests of Euglossa cordata . Behavioral observations associated with kinship analysis between offspring and females involved in these processes were carried out. Different types of associations between females occurred in these reactivations: between mothers and daughters, sisters, cousins, and unrelated females. Behavioral observations and Mendelian segregation analysis at 12 microsatellite loci attributed all the offspring to the dominant female of each nest. The results revealed a full reproductive skew at the different processes of reactivation, irrespective of the type of association between females. Thus, our data indicate that reproductive skew was not associated with genetic relatedness in E. cordata . Euglossa / reproductive skew / sociogenetic structure / microsatellites 1. INTRODUCTION According to kin selection theory, the evolution of altruistic behavior, which includes the repro- Social behavior is a controversial issue in biolo- ductive division of labor, is favored by genetic gy, as it involves the evolution by natural selection relatedness among nestmates. It is possible to gain of altruistic traits, which decreases individual fitness reproductive success by providing reproductive (Freeman and Herron 2009). Models were proposed opportunities to relatives. As related individuals to solve this apparent paradox, such as kin selection share alleles by descent, when an individual helps theory (Hamilton 1964), surely the model that re- their relatives to reproduce, they indirectly pass on ceived greater attention among researchers (Queller genes identical by descent to the next generation, and Strassmann 1998;KellerandChapuisat1999; what Hamilton (1964) named indirect fitness. Strassmann et al. 2011;Liaoetal.2015). However, the occurrence of conflicts within groups is not excluded, since individuals may be Electronic supplementary material The online version of interested in passing on their genes directly to the this article (doi:10.1007/s13592-017-0496-4) contains next generation (Keller and Chapuisat 1999). supplementary material, which is available to authorized Theoretical models have been proposed to explain users. how such conflicts can be solved. Reproductive skew Corresponding author: G. Freiria, models involve ecological and genetic predictions to [email protected] explain the different reproductive skew rates seen in Manuscript editor: David Tarpy animal societies (Reeve and Keller 2001). 524 G.A. Freiria et al. Investigations about factors or conditions that skew. Nests need to be monitored constantly so favor the evolution of social behavior require pre- that all offspring could be assigned accurately to social taxa (Rehan et al. 2015). Orchid bees are the DF or SF. Thus, behavioral observations appropriate models, as such insects are the only followed by kinship analysis can provide better clearly non-eusocial species within the monophy- estimates of reproductive skew rate in all types of letic group of corbiculate bees that clusters hon- associations between reactivating females, to ver- eybees, stingless bees, bumblebees, and orchid ify if genetic relatedness and reproductive division bees. of labor are correlated in Euglossa species. Among the free-living (Euglossa , Eulaema , The aim of this study was to confirm the oc- and Eufriesea ) and cleptoparasitic genera currence of complete reproductive skew in (Aglae and Exaerete ) of the tribe Euglossini E. cordata through behavioral observations and (Michener 2007), Euglossa is the most suitable kinship analyses using microsatellite markers in for studying the evolution of social behavior, females and offspring. We also discuss the evolu- since this genus harbors both solitary and com- tion of reproductive work division in Euglossa munal species, as well as species in which two or comparing the results found in some species of the more females share a nest where reproductive genus on the basis of the predictions of kin selec- division of labor and overlapping generations are tion theory and models of reproductive skew. observed (Garófalo 2006; Augusto and Garófalo 2011). 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS The genus Euglossa has approximately 110 described species (Ramírez et al. 2010); the Reactivation processes were monitored in 13 intranidal observations are known or suggested E. cordata nests until adequate conditions for for about 10% of them. Among these species, estimating reproductive skew rates in the off- the social organization of Euglossa cordata has spring production by reactivating females were been the most extensively studied. Nest founda- obtained. These situations consisted of tion is a solitary process. After building six to ten reactivations where more than one female is in- cells, the foundress female remains in the nest volved and more than one type of association until the emergence of her offspring (Garófalo between females. A specific number of cells pro- 1985; Augusto and Garófalo 2011). duced during reactivation was also needed to al- Subsequently, some young females remain in the low accurate estimates of reproductive skew natal nest, reactivating it in either the presence or based on male and female offsprings. A minimum absence of the mother. Thus, small colonies are of six cells was established as appropriate for the formed by females of different generations (moth- genetic analysis in the present investigation. er and daughter), the same generation (sisters), and occasionally by unrelated females. 2.1. Obtaining of nests Behavioral observations in E. cordata nests showed that the oldest female assumes dominance To obtain E. cordata nests, trap nests of the nest. The dominant female (DF) rarely consisting of bamboo canes and small wooden leaves the nest, while the subordinate female boxes with a circular entrance measuring 1.2 cm (SF) assumes the tasks of colleting resin, con- (Garofalo et al. 1993) were displayed in different structing or reusing cells, provisioning cells and urban areas of three cities in the state of São Paulo, laying eggs. Brazil: São Carlos (21° 59″ 0.091″ S, 47° 52″ The DF performs oophagy of the subordinate’s 47.721″ W, campus of Federal University of São eggs and replaces her own eggs in the previously Carlos (UFSCar), and 21° 59″ 16.584″ S, 47° 52″ operculated cells, suggesting complete reproduc- 23,456″ W, private property in the city center) and tive skew (Garófalo 1985, 1992; Augusto and Ribeirão Preto in the campus of University of São Garófalo 2011). However, studies based only on Paulo (21° 09″ 46.0″ S, 47° 51″ 39.4″ W). Traps behavioral observations do not fully account for were also placed in a Barbados cherry (Malpighia genetic relatedness estimates of reproductive emargitata ) orchard (23°02″ 49″ S, 47° 13″ 17″ The primitively social behavior of Euglossa cordata 525 W) with an area of 3 ha in the municipality of Total DNA of the individuals was extracted for Indaiatuba, state of São Paulo. The trap nests were the amplification of the microsatellite loci. placed in specific sites to protect them from bad Extraction was performed using the three right weather, taking advantage of the local buildings. legs of adults, which were macerated in liquid In Indaiatuba, however, the traps (360 sections of nitrogen using the Chelex 100 protocol (Walsh bamboo cane and 12 boxes) were placed on six et al. 1991). Twelve microsatellite loci were used: iron supports installed throughout the orchard. eight (Egc 17, Egc 18, Egc 24, Egc 26, Egc 30a, Monthly, from December
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