U Ndergraduate Physics R Esearch Fair 2019
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The “Hot” Science of RHIC Status and Future
The “Hot” Science of RHIC Status and Future Berndt Mueller Brookhaven National Laboratory Associate Laboratory Director for Nuclear and Particle Physics BSA Board Meeting BNL, 29 March 2013 Friday, April 5, 13 RHIC: A Discovery Machine Polarized Jet Target (PHOBOS) 12:00 o’clock 10:00 o’clock (BRAHMS) 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock RF 4:00 o’clock STAR 6:00 o’clock LINAC EBIS NSRL Booster BLIP AGS Tandems Friday, April 5, 13 RHIC: A Discovery Machine Polarized Jet Target (PHOBOS) 12:00 o’clock 10:00 o’clock (BRAHMS) 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock RF 4:00 o’clock STAR 6:00 o’clock LINAC EBIS NSRL Booster BLIP AGS Tandems Pioneering Perfectly liquid quark-gluon plasma; Polarized proton collider Friday, April 5, 13 RHIC: A Discovery Machine Polarized Jet Target (PHOBOS) 12:00 o’clock 10:00 o’clock (BRAHMS) 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock RF 4:00 o’clock STAR 6:00 o’clock LINAC EBIS NSRL Booster BLIP Versatile AGS Wide range of: beam energies ion species polarizations Tandems Pioneering Perfectly liquid quark-gluon plasma; Polarized proton collider Friday, April 5, 13 RHIC: A Discovery Machine Polarized Jet Target (PHOBOS) 12:00 o’clock 10:00 o’clock (BRAHMS) 2:00 o’clock RHIC PHENIX 8:00 o’clock RF 4:00 o’clock STAR 6:00 o’clock LINAC EBIS NSRL Booster BLIP Versatile AGS Wide range of: beam energies ion species polarizations Tandems Pioneering Productive >300 refereed papers Perfectly liquid >30k citations quark-gluon plasma; >300 Ph.D.’s in 12 years Polarized proton collider productivity still increasing Friday, April 5, 13 Detector Collaborations 559 collaborators from 12 countries 540 collaborators from 12 countries 3 Friday, April 5, 13 RHIC explores the Phases of Nuclear Matter LHC: High energy collider at CERN with 13.8 - 27.5 ?mes higher Beam energy: PB+PB, p+PB, p+p collisions only. -
Time Quasilattices in Dissipative Dynamical Systems Abstract Contents
SciPost Phys. 5, 001 (2018) Time quasilattices in dissipative dynamical systems Felix Flicker1,2 1 Rudolph Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK 2 Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 USA fl[email protected] Abstract We establish the existence of ‘time quasilattices’ as stable trajectories in dissipative dy- namical systems. These tilings of the time axis, with two unit cells of different durations, can be generated as cuts through a periodic lattice spanned by two orthogonal directions of time. We show that there are precisely two admissible time quasilattices, which we term the infinite Pell and Clapeyron words, reached by a generalization of the period- doubling cascade. Finite Pell and Clapeyron words of increasing length provide system- atic periodic approximations to time quasilattices which can be verified experimentally. The results apply to all systems featuring the universal sequence of periodic windows. We provide examples of discrete-time maps, and periodically-driven continuous-time dy- namical systems. We identify quantum many-body systems in which time quasilattices develop rigidity via the interaction of many degrees of freedom, thus constituting dissi- pative discrete ‘time quasicrystals’. Copyright F. Flicker. Received 30-10-2017 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Accepted 15-06-2018 Check for Attribution 4.0 International License. Published 03-07-2018 updates Published -
Arxiv:2005.03138V2 [Cond-Mat.Quant-Gas] 23 May 2020 Contents
Condensed Matter Physics in Time Crystals Lingzhen Guo1 and Pengfei Liang2;3 1Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), Staudtstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany 2Beijing Computational Science Research Center, 100193 Beijing, China 3Abdus Salam ICTP, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Time crystals are physical systems whose time translation symmetry is spontaneously broken. Although the spontaneous breaking of continuous time- translation symmetry in static systems is proved impossible for the equilibrium state, the discrete time-translation symmetry in periodically driven (Floquet) systems is allowed to be spontaneously broken, resulting in the so-called Floquet or discrete time crystals. While most works so far searching for time crystals focus on the symmetry breaking process and the possible stabilising mechanisms, the many-body physics from the interplay of symmetry-broken states, which we call the condensed matter physics in time crystals, is not fully explored yet. This review aims to summarise the very preliminary results in this new research field with an analogous structure of condensed matter theory in solids. The whole theory is built on a hidden symmetry in time crystals, i.e., the phase space lattice symmetry, which allows us to develop the band theory, topology and strongly correlated models in phase space lattice. In the end, we outline the possible topics and directions for the future research. arXiv:2005.03138v2 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 23 May 2020 Contents 1 Brief introduction to time crystals3 1.1 Wilczek's time crystal . .3 1.2 No-go theorem . .3 1.3 Discrete time-translation symmetry breaking . -
Creating Big Time Crystals with Ultracold Atoms
New J. Phys. 22 (2020) 085004 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aba3e6 PAPER Creating big time crystals with ultracold atoms OPEN ACCESS Krzysztof Giergiel1,TienTran2, Ali Zaheer2,ArpanaSingh2,AndreiSidorov2,Krzysztof RECEIVED 1 2 1 April 2020 Sacha and Peter Hannaford 1 Instytut Fizyki Teoretycznej, Universytet Jagiellonski, ulica Profesora Stanislawa Lojasiewicza 11, PL-30-348 Krakow, Poland REVISED 2 23 June 2020 Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] 8 July 2020 PUBLISHED Keywords: time crystals, Bose–Einstein condensate, ultracold atoms 17 August 2020 Original content from Abstract this work may be used under the terms of the We investigate the size of discrete time crystals s (ratio of response period to driving period) that Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. can be created for a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) bouncing resonantly on an oscillating Any further distribution mirror. We find that time crystals can be created with sizes in the range s ≈ 20–100 and that such of this work must maintain attribution to big time crystals are easier to realize experimentally than a period-doubling (s=2) time crystal the author(s) and the because they require either a larger drop height or a smaller number of bounces on the mirror. We title of the work, journal citation and DOI. also investigate the effects of having a realistic soft Gaussian potential mirror for the bouncing BEC, such as that produced by a repulsive light-sheet, which is found to make the experiment easier to implement than a hard-wall potential mirror. -
From High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions to Quark Matter Episode I : Let the Force Be with You
From High-Energy Heavy-Ion Collisions to Quark Matter Episode I : Let the force be with you Carlos Lourenço, CERN CERN, August, 2007 1/41 The fundamental forces and the building blocks of Nature Gravity • one “charge” (mass) • force decreases with distance m1 m2 Electromagnetism (QED) Atom • two “charges” (+/-) • force decreases with distance + - + + 2/41 Atomic nuclei and the strong “nuclear” force The nuclei are composed of: quark • protons (positive electric charge) • neutrons (no electric charge) They do not blow up thanks to the neutron “strong nuclear force” • overcomes electrical repulsion • determines nuclear reactions • results from the more fundamental colour force (QCD) → acts on the colour charge of quarks (and gluons!) → it is the least well understood force in Nature proton 3/41 Confinement: a crucial feature of QCD We can extract an electron from an atom by providing energy electron nucleus neutral atom But we cannot get free quarks out of hadrons: “colour” confinement ! quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum quark Strong colour field “white” π0 “white” proton 2 EnergyE grows = mc with separation! (confined quarks) (confined quarks) “white” proton 4/41 Quarks, Gluons and the Strong Interaction A proton is a composite object No one has ever seen a free quark; made of quarks... QCD is a “confining gauge theory” and gluons V(r) kr “Confining” r 4 α − s 3 r “Coulomb” 5/41 A very very long time ago... quarks and gluons were “free”. As the universe cooled down, they got confined into hadrons and have remained imprisoned ever -
Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy-Ion Collisions, and Beyond
Symposium on Fundamental Issues in Fundamental Issues in Elementary Matter (2000) 000–000 Elementary Matter Bad Honnef, Germany September 25–29, 2000 Hydrodynamic Models for Heavy-Ion Collisions, and beyond A. Dumitru1,a, J. Brachmann2, E.S. Fraga3, W. Greiner2, A.D. Jackson4, J.T. Lenaghan4, O. Scavenius4, H. St¨ocker2 1 Physics Dept., Columbia Univ., 538 W. 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA 2 Institut f¨ur Theor. Physik, J.W. Goethe Univ., Robert-Mayer Str. 10, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany 3 Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA 4 The Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Abstract. A generic property of a first-order phase transition in equilibrium,andin the limit of large entropy per unit of conserved charge, is the smallness of the isentropic speed of sound in the “mixed phase”. A specific prediction is that this should lead to a non-isotropic momentum distribution of nucleons in the reaction plane (for energies ∼ 40A GeV in our model calculation). On the other hand, we show that from present effective theories for low-energy QCD one does not expect the thermal transition rate between various states of the effective potential to be much larger than the expansion rate, questioning the applicability of the idealized Maxwell/Gibbs construction. Ex- perimental data could soon provide essential information on the dynamicsof the phase transition. 1. Introduction arXiv:nucl-th/0010107 v1 31 Oct 2000 Heavy-ion collisions at high energy are devoted mainly to the study of strongly interact- ing matter at high temperature and density. In particular, a major focus is the search for observables related to restoration of chiral symmetry and deconfinement, as predicted by lattice QCD to occur at high temperature, and in thermodynamical equilibrium [ 1]. -
Surprises from the Search for Quark-Gluon Plasma?* When Was Quark-Gluon Plasma Seen?
Surprises from the search for quark-gluon plasma?* When was quark-gluon plasma seen? Richard M. Weiner Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay and Physics Department, University of Marburg The historical context of the recent results from high energy heavy ion reactions devoted to the search of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is reviewed, with emphasis on the surprises encountered. The evidence for QGP from heavy ion reactions is compared with that available from particle reactions. Keywords: Quark-Gluon plasma in particle and nuclear reactions, hydrodynamics, equation of state, confinement, superfluidity. 1. Evidence for QGP in the Pre-SPS Era Particle Physics 1.1 The mystery of the large number of degrees of freedom 1.2 The equation of state 1.2.1 Energy dependence of the multiplicity 1.2.2 Single inclusive distributions Rapidity and transverse momentum distributions Large transverse momenta 1.2.3 Multiplicity distributions 1.3 Global equilibrium: the universality of the hadronization process 1.3.1 Inclusive distributions 1.3.2 Particle ratios -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *) Invited Review 1 Heavy ion reactions A dependence of multiplicity Traces of QGP in low energy heavy ion reactions? 2. Evidence for QGP in the SPS-RHIC Era 2.1 Implications of observations at SPS for RHIC 2.1.1 Role of the Equation of State in the solutions of the equations of hydrodynamics 2.1.2 Longitudinal versus transverse expansion 2.1.3 Role of resonances in Bose-Einstein interferometry; the Rout/Rside ratio 2.2 Surprises from RHIC? 2.2.1 HBT puzzle? 2.2.2 Strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma? Superfluidity and chiral symmetry Confinement and asymptotic freedom Outlook * * * In February 2000 spokespersons from the experiments on CERN’s Heavy Ion programme presented “compelling evidence for the existence of a new state of matter in which quarks, instead of being bound up into more complex particles such as protons and neutrons, are liberated to roam freely…”1. -
Arxiv:2007.08348V3
Dynamical transitions and critical behavior between discrete time crystal phases 1 1,2, Xiaoqin Yang and Zi Cai ∗ 1Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 2Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, Shanghai 201315, China In equilibrium physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking and elementary excitation are two con- cepts closely related with each other: the symmetry and its spontaneous breaking not only control the dynamics and spectrum of elementary excitations, but also determine their underlying struc- tures. In this paper, based on an exactly solvable model, we propose a phase ramping protocol to study an excitation-like behavior of a non-equilibrium quantum matter: a discrete time crystal phase with spontaneous temporal translational symmetry breaking. It is shown that slow ramp- ing could induce a dynamical transition between two Z2 symmetry breaking time crystal phases in time domain, which can be considered as a temporal analogue of the soliton excitation spacially sandwiched by two degenerate charge density wave states in polyacetylene. By tuning the ramping rate, we observe a critical value at which point the transition duration diverges, resembling the critical slowing down phenomenon in nonequilibrium statistic physics. We also discuss the effect of stochastic sequences of such phase ramping processes and its implication to the stability of the discrete time crystal phase against noisy perturbations. Usually, the ground state energy of an equilibrium sys- question is how to generalize such an idea into the non- tem does not have much to do with its observable behav- equilibirum quantum matters with intriguing SSB absent ior. -
Lattice Investigations of the QCD Phase Diagram
Lattice investigations of the QCD phase diagram Dissertation ERSI IV TÄ N T U · · W E U P H P C E S I R T G A R L E B · 1· 972 by Jana Gunther¨ Major: Physics Matriculation number: 821980 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Z. Fodor Hand in date: 15. December 2016 Die Dissertation kann wie folgt zitiert werden: urn:nbn:de:hbz:468-20170213-111605-3 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ade%3Ahbz%3A468-20170213-111605-3] Lattice investigations of the QCD phase diagram Acknowledgement Acknowledgement I want to thank my advisor Prof. Dr. Z. Fodor for the opportunity to work on such fascinating topics. Also I want to thank Szabolcs Borsanyi for his support and the discussions during the last years, as well as for the comments on this thesis. In addition I want to thank the whole Wuppertal group for the friendly working atmosphere. I also thank all my co-authors for the joint work in the various projects. Special thanks I want to say to Lukas Varnhorst and my family for their support throughout my whole studies. I gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (GCS) for providing computing time for a GCS Large-Scale Project on the GCS share of the supercomputer JUQUEEN [1] at Julich¨ Supercomputing Centre (JSC). GCS is the alliance of the three national supercomputing centres HLRS (Universit¨at Stuttgart), JSC (Forschungszentrum Julich),¨ and LRZ (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the German State Ministries for Research of Baden-Wurttemberg¨ (MWK), Bayern (StMWFK) and Nordrhein-Westfalen (MIWF). -
Time-Domain Grating with a Periodically Driven Qutrit
PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 11, 014053 (2019) Time-Domain Grating with a Periodically Driven Qutrit Yingying Han,1,2,3,§ Xiao-Qing Luo,2,3,§ Tie-Fu Li,4,2,* Wenxian Zhang,1,† Shuai-Peng Wang,2 J.S. Tsai,5,6 Franco Nori,5,7 and J.Q. You3,2,‡ 1 School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China 2 Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China 3 Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China 4 Institute of Microelectronics, Department of Microelectronics and Nanoelectronics, and Tsinghua National Laboratory of Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 5 Theoretical Quantum Physics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan 6 Department of Physic, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan 7 Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA (Received 23 October 2018; revised manuscript received 3 December 2018; published 28 January 2019) Physical systems in the time domain may exhibit analogous phenomena in real space, such as time crystals, time-domain Fresnel lenses, and modulational interference in a qubit. Here, we report the experi- mental realization of time-domain grating using a superconducting qutrit in periodically modulated probe and control fields via two schemes: simultaneous modulation and complementary modulation. Both exper- imental and numerical results exhibit modulated Autler-Townes (AT) and modulation-induced diffraction (MID) effects. -
STATUS of the THEORY of QCD PLASMA BL1L—3 52 94 Joseph I, Kapusta Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973
BNL-35294 STATUS OF THE THEORY OF QCD PLASMA BL1L—3 52 94 Joseph I, Kapusta Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored hy an agency of the United States Government Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of thair employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsi- bility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Refer- ence herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recom- mendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. *Pennanent address: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 The submitted manuscript has been authored under contract DE-AC02-76CH00016 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Accordingly, the U.S. Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. DJSTR/BUTION OF 7H/S OOCWMENr IS UNLIMITED STATUS OF THE THEORY OF QCD PLASMA Joseph I. Kapusta Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973 ABSTRACT There is mounting evidence, based on many theoretical approaches, that color is deconfined and chiral symmetry is restored at temperatures greater Chan about 200 MeV. -
Magnetic Manipulation of Polymeric Nanostructures
Magnetic Manipulation of Polymeric Nanostructures R.S.M. Rikken 1,2, H. Engelkamp 1, R.J.M. Nolte 2, J.C. Maan 1, J.C.M. van Hest 2, D.A. Wilson 2, P.C.M. Christianen 1* 1 High Field Magnet Laboratory (HFML-EMFL), Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands 2 Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands *corresponding author: [email protected] Polymersomes are bilayer vesicles self-assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers. They are ideal and versatile nano-objects since they have many adjustable properties such as their flexibility, permeability and functionality, which can be used as nano-containers and nanomotors for nanochemistry and drug delivery [1, 2]. We have recently developed a polymersome system using poly(ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PEG-PS) block copolymers. PEG-PS polymersomes have the advantage that their flexibility can be controlled by the contents of organic solvents like THF and dioxane, which act as a plasticizer on the polystyrene membrane. It also allows flexible polymersomes to be fixated by adding an excess of water. For many applications, the shape of a polymersome is very important since shape and functionality are closely related. In this talk an overview will be given of our efforts to control the shape of polymersomes by application of osmotic and/or magnetic forces. It will be shown that high magnetic fields can be used in two different ways: either to probe the polymersome shape using magnetic alignment or to modify the shape by magnetic deformation. We have investigated two different methods in which an osmotic pressure is used to change the polymersome shape.