Chapter 1 , THE MARINE METAL

1. Historical review ...... 10 1.1 Early beginnings, 1890 to 1900 ...... 10 1.2 Weight reduction, safety and decoration of ships 1920 - 1950 ...... 13

2. The development of aluminium-magnesium alloys of the 5000 family ...... 14

3. Marine applications of aluminium ...... 15 3.1 High speed ships ...... 15 3.2 Boating and yachting ...... 16 3.3 Work boats ...... 16 3.4 Ship superstructures ...... 16 3.5 Offshore ...... 17 3.6 Coastal installations ...... 17

4. Innovation ...... 17 Marine

9 1. ALUMINIUM,

T IS AN OLD STORY that goes back I over a century, and one which incidentally accompanied the birth of the aluminium industry.

The industrialisation of aluminium production by dry electrolysis began in 1886 with the utilisation of the patent of Paul Louis Héroult in and Charles Martin Hall in the United States.

Less than a decade later, from 1891 to 1897, a number of The Aluminum World, December 1895 [2]. Figure 1 attempts were made both in Europe and the United States to build ships from aluminium. 1. 1.1 Although short-lived, these experi- HISTORICAL REVIEW Early beginnings, ments proved highly illuminating 1890 to 1900 and informative, and the perform- Although much more expensive The very first boat known to be ance of these vessels revealed the than steel, some 30 times more in made of aluminium, a “steam [1] full potential of aluminium for 1895 (1), aluminium quickly launch” 5.50 metres in length, marine applications. aroused the interest of maritime with a beam of 1.28 metres and a circles (figure 1). Its light weight draft of 0.61 metres, was built in In the Nineteen Thirties, alu- was initially the principal reason 1891 by the Swiss shipyard Escher minium’s adventure in ship con- for the use of aluminium in ship- Wyss in Zurich [3]. Its hull alone struction was re-launched on new building. weighed 440 kg. This boat was concepts based on the use of spe- powered by a steam engine that cial alloys and methods of assem- (1) By the year 2000 aluminium was ran on oil (figure 2). around 4 to 5 times more expensive than bly that have continued to advance steel, or between 2 and 2.5 times allow- to the present day. ing for a 50% reduction in weight.

THE AMPORELLE Alcan Marine

10 THE MARINE METAL

Alfred Nobel, the inventor of “Le Vendenesse” was 17.40 dynamite and creator of the metres long overall, with 180 m2 famous prize, placed an order with of canvas and a displacement of the same shipyard for a boat, “Le 15 tonnes. The 2 mm thick Mignon”. This vessel was 13 aluminium skin, riveted to steel metres long, had a 1.80 metre frames, saved 40% on the weight beam and a draft of 0.61 metres, of the hull. and was kept moored in front of Nobel’s villa at San Remo in Italy. It Inspired by experience with the too was powered by an oil-fired Vendenesse, the holders of the Aluminium launch (1891). Figure 2 steam engine. During trials on America Cup had the skin of their Lake Zurich, “Le Mignon” attained boat “Defender” made from 2.80 metres and a draft of 1.45 a speed of 13 km/h (8 knots). aluminium. With its weight thus metres with a displacement of 14 reduced, it won the America Cup tonnes. The bare hull weighed just In France, a wealthy aristocrat and unopposed in September 1895 2500 kg. The skin and frames keen regatta yachtsman, Comte (figure 3). were made from aluminium sheet Jacques de Chabannes de la 1 to 5 mm thick [4]. Palice, appointed a naval architect Navies too took an interest in to design the first aluminium aluminium. Thus it was that in In 1895 the same yard also sailing boat in history, “Le 1894 the French navy placed an constructed a 58 metre (190 feet) Vendenesse”. This vessel was built order for a torpedo-boat, “Le long torpedo-boat, the “Sokol”, for the at Saint Denis near , and was Foudre”, with the British shipyard Russian navy. Powered by a 4000 HP launched on the 6 December Yarrow & Co. This vessel had a engine, it attained the speed record 1893. length of 19 metres, a beam of for the time of 32 knots [5].

THE HSV ALISO Alcan Marine

11 The Aluminium World, October 1895 [7]. Figure 3

The superstructures of a number a situation aggravated by an igno- much longer on the other hand. of ships of the US Navy were rance of the metallurgy of age In 1893, five aluminium launches made of aluminium but were hardening alloys at that time (2), with a length of 12 metres and a rapidly replaced by … steel [6]. heterogeneous methods of beam of 3 metres were con- assembly. Parts made of alu- structed in France at the initiative The use of aluminium in naval minium were riveted to frames of the Ministry for the Colonies. construction was not pursued made of steel (using steel rivets They were made in sections that beyond 1900 owing to the fact that and even rivets in cuprous alloy!!!) could be taken apart and carried the service life of these vessels These were ideal conditions for on men’s backs, and were was generally very short. The producing galvanic corrosion intended for use in the explo- aluminium showed signs of severe whose effect on the aluminium ration of two major African rivers, corrosion in contact with seawater was both rapid (within just a few the Congo and the Niger; they just a few weeks or at most weeks) and severe on a material had a service life of several several months after they were already sensitised by the presence years, beyond 1900 [11]. launched [8]. of copper or nickel, contemporary surface finishes There were a number of reasons were unsuitable for aluminium, for this failure: not to say catastrophic for corro- the metal itself. In order to sion resistance due to the use of harden aluminium to obtain red lead oxide, as was the case on acceptable mechanical properties, a number of ships such as the tor- up to 6% copper was added to it in pedo-boat “Le Foudre”. Europe [9] and up to 4% of nickel in the USA [10]. It is well known that The service life of aluminium ves- (2) The age hardening of aluminium alloys containing copper - “the duralu- Alcan Marine these elements are not at all sels operating in fresh water mins” - was discovered by Wilm in

12 favourable to corrosion resistance, environments at the time was 1908. 1. ALUMINIUM, THE MARINE METAL

from an alloy with 13% silicon, GRILLES AROUND THE LIFT SHAFT 1.2 known at the time as “alpax”, used OF THE LINER MAURETANIA Weight reduction, in the equipment of warships, safety and decoration such as the casings of engines, of ships 1920 - 1950 pumps and fans, electrical enclo- The experience of the final decade sures, doors [12], etc. of the 19th century had demon- strated that aluminium could be Out of considerations of safety used to significantly lighten a boat (superior strength in the event of and hence to increase its speed. fire) and weight, officers’ cabins The triumph of “Defender” in the were increasingly equipped with America Cup of 1895 was proof of furniture made from aluminium, this. usually painted duralumin [13, 14].

In the first half of the 20th century, Aluminium also found increasing from 1920 onwards, aluminium use in the interior equipment of regained an increasingly important merchant vessels and liners: place in both civil and military ship- both for safety reasons, super- ping. There were three main rea- seding timber furniture that would sons for this: burn and give off smoke and the availability of aluminium- fumes in a fire, magnesium wrought alloys of the and to enhance decoration (3) 5000 series. These are ideally on prestigious liners. The furniture suited for marine applications in in the cabins of the Normandie for general and for shipbuilding in par- example were made from “dura- ticular (cf. Chapters 2 and 3), lumin” [15], while the public areas the need to reduce the weight on many liners (salons, dining of warships to meet the require- rooms etc.) were adorned with Figure 4 ments of the Washington motifs in aluminium that were Conference of 1922, often commissioned from famous the safety (and comfort) of pas- designers [16]. sengers travelling on liners. Through its association with lux- ury, prestige, comfort and safety, In the Nineteen Twenties, the first aluminium found widespread use and probably most widespread on the last transatlantic liners to (3) Including the many outstanding artis- applications were parts moulded be launched. 1600 tonnes of alu- tic creations in the Art Deco style.

RIVETED CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIANA II Alcan Marine

13 Figure 5 minium alloys were used on the immersion test (6) [29, 30]. The pur- France, launched in 1962, in 2. pose of this test was to study the superstructures, funnels, lifeboats THE DEVELOPMENT behaviour of aluminium in ship- etc. [17]. OF ALUMINIUM- building on a representative MAGNESIUM mockup. The first boats to be made entirely ALLOYS OF of aluminium were launched at the THE 5000 FAMILY Marine applications, especially on beginning of the Nineteen Thirties. board mercantile vessels and war- These were the first marine Detailed studies of aluminium- ships, were convincing enough for applications of an alloy with 3% of magnesium alloys of the 5000 it to be accepted from 1930 on magnesium (4) whose industrial family (or series) began in 1900 [19]. that aluminium displayed excellent production had just been per- The development of industrial corrosion resistance in maritime fected: wrought alloys as we know them environments [31]. in Great Britain, the first all-alu- today was carried out in the period minium racing yacht, the 1930 -1960. Once the benefits of aluminium in “Diana II”, was built and launched shipbuilding had been recognised, at Southampton in August 1931. It A number of eminent European official bodies responsible for ship- was 19 metres long with a dis- and American metallurgists and ping control, associations of naval placement of 10.5 tons. It was fab- corrosion experts contributed to architects and aluminium manu- ricated by riveting according to the this achievement. They include E. facturers established codes of customary practices of the day H. Dix of Alcoa [20, 21], P. Brenner of practice [32] and guidance for (figure 5). Requisitioned by the VAW [22, 23] and A. Guilhaudis of usage [33, 34]. British Admiralty from 1939 to [24, 25]. 1945, the “Diana II” ended its The experience that has been career in the Nineteen Fifties still These studies succeeded in limit- accumulated since 1930 coupled in very good condition [18]. ing the amount of magnesium in with developments in the working in , three years later in wrought alloys to 5% and identify- of “marine” aluminium alloys and May 1934, came the patrol boat ing the ranges of sensitisation advances in assembly techniques “Interceptor” with a length of temperature (5) as a function of using arc welding which finally 21.50 metres. the magnesium content. The H116 replaced traditional riveting in temper was the result of this 1955, is such that since the work. Nineteen Sixties aluminium has been a real option in the construc- Corrosion tests in seawater and tion of ships and coastal installa- sea spray were used to verify the tions. high corrosion resistance of wrought alloys in aluminium-mag- In addition, given the advantages nesium (5000 series) and alu- which it offers to marine applica- minium-magnesium-silicon (6000 tions - light weight, corrosion series) in marine environments [26, resistance etc. (7) - aluminium has 27], even when unprotected (nei- become one of the materials of ther painted nor anodised) [28]. choice in the development of many marine applications. Numerous tests were carried out on welded assemblies and hybrid assemblies (with other usual met- als) to investigate the influence of methods of assembly, to measure the extent of galvanic corrosion

phenomena and to research ways (5) Preferential precipitation at the grain β of avoiding them. boundaries of the intermetallic Al3Mg2. (6) The “Alumette”, with a length of In the USA in 1936, a section of 4.30 m, a beam of 3.30 m and a draft of 1.65 metres, was tested in January 1936 boat fitted with a transmission by immersion in seawater at Newport.

Alcan Marine shaft, a propellor and other items (7) Cf. Chapter 2, Aluminium’s

14 (4) Equivalent to the 5754. of equipment was subjected to an Advantages. 1. ALUMINIUM, THE MARINE METAL

This type of boat must be as light 3. 3.1 as possible, and is the reason why MARINE High speed ships most of the high speed ships APPLICATIONS From 1960 onwards, a large num- (HSS) launched over the past 30 OF ALUMINIUM ber of conventional passenger years are made of aluminium transport vessels were con- (Table 11). Since 1960, aluminium has structed in aluminium. These were become firmly established in generally monohulls with lengths They have become a rapid mode many different sectors throughout that initially did not exceed 25 – 30 of transport and are used on the world [35]: metres. scheduled ferry services carrying high speed passenger ships not only passengers but vehicles boating and yachting, The first high speed ships – cata- as well (cars, coaches, trucks etc.). work boats and surveillance marans – were launched in vessels, Scandinavia in the early Nineteen The size and capacity of high fishing boats, Seventies. These passenger ships speed ships has continued to offshore, were 20 to 25 metres long and increase since 1980 and today, coastal installations including with seating capacities ranging catamarans and monohulls can marinas, from 100 to 200 depending on exceed 100 metres in length. the superstructures of ships of how then were fitted out. all kinds, etc.

ANNUAL LAUNCH OF HIGH SPEED SHIPS (*) Type of ship 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Total

Catamarans 17 29 38 25 26 32 28 46 44 39 46 52 36 39 33 33 46 609

Wave Piercers 135413324536 331 47

Hydrofoils/Hovercrafts 68 612121884 510116 11 5 104

Monohulls 14 12 16 7 13 8 7 12 10 13 22 11 15 17 5 5 9 196

Surface effect ships 5 757 3142 1 1 36

SWATH 21 1 4

Total 42 50 70 56 63 59 49 66 65 68 74 67 63 57 42 42 63 996

(*) Statistics from Fast Ferry International. Table 1

CAPACITY OF HSS - NUMBER OF SEATS (*) Number of seats 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 Total

50-99 7 13 18 5567514265 1611102

100-149 1046441214874528777100

150-199 115858461037161065516116

200-249 6 7 8 15 10 728769384215108

250-299 5 10 10 8 16 10 59961522 46108

300-349 5 1 12 10 13 7 11 18 10 12 14 11 82621143

350-399 1 4 4 12 3 7 11 8965255363 94

400-449 7544 23475 3459 62

450 et + 2 2 1 1 1 173479 11 40 Alcan Marine 15 (*) Statistics from Fast Ferry International. Table 2 Among the aluminium vessels and safety. It is common to find over 100 metres long launched in 3.2 aluminium boats over 40 metres the Nineteen Nineties, we can list: Boating and yachting long that are capable of carrying Aluminium occupies a privileged between 50 and 100 persons the 4 Stena HSS 1500 catama- place in this sector, offering as it and 200 tonnes and more of rans first used on the Irish Sea in does the chance to build one of a freight [44, 45]. 1996 [36]. These boats, 126.6 kind boats that are made to meas- metres long and with a 40 metre ure and customised to suit the pref- beam, were built in Finland by erences of the buyer who will often 3.4 Finnyards and weigh 1500 tonnes also choose his own naval architect Ship superstructures unladen. They can seat 1500 pas- and shipyard and personally moni- Fitting aluminium superstructures sengers and carry 375 cars, 120 tor the construction process. on civil or military ships is an idea coaches and 50 trucks at a maxi- that goes back to the Nineteen mum speed of 40 knots, The number of yachts that are over Thirties. Reducing the weight of 24 metres long is expanding rap- the “upper works” of a vessel has the catamarans 122.5 metres idly, both in terms of the number of the direct effect of lightening the long and 25.8 wide [37] built by the units and the size of the vessels. rest of the vessel and improving Canadian CFI yard for BC Ferries in 48 of the 282 yachts launched in its stability (9). 1999. These boats weigh 1281 1999 for example were over 46 tonnes. They can seat 1018 pas- metres long, while of the 482 Today, aluminium superstructures sengers and carry 250 cars, 242 yachts launched in 2003, 98 are a very common feature of high trucks (or 242 coaches) at a maxi- exceeded 46 metres (8). Over half speed ships over 120 metres long mum speed of 34 knots. of all yachts have aluminium hulls. and cruise ships etc., but it is not unusual to find trawlers of 20 to 30 the 11 TMV 115 Aquastrada built The masts and superstructure of metres with wheelhouses made by the Italian yard of Rodriquez, yachts are made from aluminium from aluminium. length 115.25 metres [38, 39], capac- alloys which can be anodised to ity 900 passengers, 200 cars, meet the very exacting aesthetic When monohull high speed ships speed 36 knots, criteria for this equipment. have a hull made of steel, their superstructures are always alu- the Fincantieri MDV, 100 minium - this is true of the metres in length [40], with a capac- 3.3 Fincantieri Pegasus, 95 metres ity of 782 passengers and 175 Work boats long [46], the Fincantieri Jupiter cars, and a speed of 40 knots, Although it is in competition with with a length of 145.6 metres [47], steel and above all with FRP (fibre- the Liamone (134 metres long) The Bazàn Alhambra which is reinforced plastic), aluminium nev- and the Aeolos Express (119 125 metres long [41, 42] , with a ertheless occupies a very impor- metres long) built by Alstom capacity of 1200 passengers and tant place – accounting for at least Leroux Naval [48]. 244 cars and a speed of 40 knots half of the units in service – in all types of work boat used for fish- Connecting structures made of the two Corsaire 11000, Aliso ing, marine cultures, coastal sur- steel to superstructures made of and Asco, built by Alstom Leroux veillance, customs and police, or aluminium was greatly simplified by Naval [43] and launched in 1996 and serving offshore oil installations. the introduction of aluminium–steel 1997, with a length of 102 metres, “transition joints” in the early can carry 500 passengers, 148 As well as its light weight and the Nineteen Seventies (10). cars and 112 coaches at a speed of ease with which one of a kind 37 knots. boats can be made (no moulds), aluminium offers safety (fire resist- ance, no release of smoke or fumes in a fire) and a long service life (with no alteration to the prop- erties of the material).

(8) Source: Order Book of ShowBoats Boats made from aluminium International.

Alcan Marine meet the needs of offshore oper- (9) By affecting the “r - a”.

16 ators with their capacity, speed (10) Cf Chapter 7. 1. ALUMINIUM, THE MARINE METAL

A number of underwater research 3.5 vessels and very many marker 4. Offshore buoys are made from aluminium, INNOVATION The uses of aluminium in the oil and there is one American oceano- industry were limited so long as graphic research submarine that The growth in the marine uses of the petroleum industry remained has been constructed in alu- aluminium, including shipbuilding ignorant about the fire resistant minium alloy [57]. since 1950, has been due primarily properties of aluminium. to aluminium’s properties: its light- ness and resistance to corrosion in Numerous experiments in the 3.6 maritime environments. Nineteen Fifties with drill stems Coastal installations and various items of equipment The growth in private leisure Since the early Nineteen including heat exchangers etc. boating and yachting was soon Seventies, aluminium has been highlighted the full potential of alu- followed by the construction of key to the development of high minium in this area, with its light- numerous marinas to provide speed ships because innovations ness of weight, good resistance to berthing for these craft. In in terms of alloys and semis have environments charged with sul- France and throughout Europe, met the expectations of naval phur dioxide SO2, marine environ- all of these installations have architects and shipbuilders, allow- ments etc. [49, 50, 51]. been made from aluminium alloy ing them to create vessels that are since 1970. There are, for exam- larger and offering higher all-round The first known applications in ple, over 300 kilometres of jet- nautical performance. the offshore industries came in ties on France’s Atlantic and the Venezuelan oilfield in Lake Mediterranean coasts, providing This claim is borne out by the fact Maracaibo in 1957 [52]. In this berths (“rings”) for over 500,000 that most of the major projects in aquatic environment rendered craft. The oldest aluminium mari- the development of rapid passen- highly aggressive by the pres- nas in France were built more than ger and cargo transport, with new ence of brackish water (generally 30 years ago. concepts of naval architecture, are more aggressive than natural based on the use of aluminium [58, seawater), the aluminium struc- This type of application illustrates 59, 60]. Cases in point include the tures of the oil platforms dis- the potential of aluminium in Japanese TSL very long ship proj- played very good resistance to marine environments, with the ini- ect (11) and the BGV project (12) of corrosion [53]. tial extra cost of aluminium com- the naval architect Gilles Vaton. pared with other materials (steel Since then, aluminium has made or concrete) being very largely off- The metallurgy of aluminium is inroads into offshore applications, set by the lack of maintenance being enriched with new alloys first in the construction of landing that is needed. that perform better in terms of pads for helicopters (“Helidecks”) mechanical properties [61]. and then as living quarters [54, 55, 56]. Aluminium is used very widely in the manufacture of signs for roads Methods of assembly by arc weld- Given the trend of offshore oil and towns, and in street furniture ing, laser or friction are evolving exploration to ever greater depths, for coastal towns and cities. Its towards an optimisation of energy aluminium is set to become pleasing appearance and freedom input with a view to reducing widely used in platforms in order from maintenance (due to its out- strain and enhancing the quality of to reduce their weight, increase standing corrosion resistance) welded joints which in turn deter- their payload, improve their stabil- accounts for the choice of urban mines the fatigue strength of ity and facilitate their mobility and planners. welded structures in the zones installation (requiring less power- subject to greatest stress. ful lifting equipment).

The excellent corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys in marine envi- ronments greatly reduces mainte- nance costs (no painting for exam- (11) TSL = Techno Super Liner of MES (Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding). ple). Finally, the residual value of (12) B.G.V. meaning Bateau de Grande these installations is enhanced as Vitesse (High Speed Boat) and also Alcan Marine a result. Bureau Gilles Vaton. 17 Developments in structural bond- Bibliography [13] “Mobilier et marine”, J. DUMONTET, Revue de l’Aluminium, No. 111, 1939, [1] “Notes on the yacht Defender and ing with adhesives specially pp. 1695-1699. the use of aluminum in marine adapted to the marine environ- construction”, RICHMOND PEARSON HOBSON, [14] “Notes on the development of ment make it possible to achieve Assistant Naval Constructor, US Naval certain materials used in ships of the hybrid assemblies and eliminate Institute, Proceeding 1897, pp. 523-562. U.S. Navy”, Rear Admiral GEORGE H. ROCK (CC) U. S. Navy, Vice President, [2] “Aluminum: its alloys and their use in the loss of mechanical characteris- Transactions of Society of Naval ship construction”, The Aluminum World, Architects Marine Engineers, 1931, tics in the heat affected zone. Volume 2, No. 3, December 1895, pp. 215-249. pp. 49-56. [15] “L’aluminium et les alliages légers Methods of calculation should [3] “Le métal de l’Ange”, CORINE RENIÉ AND dans les moyens de transport”, M. DANIEL CHARLES, Voiles et Voiliers, No. evolve towards the ULS (13) and PUBELIER, Revue de l’Aluminium, No. 77, 229, March 1990, pp. 70-75. LFRD (14) concepts which are 1936, p. 32. [4] “La possibilité d’application de [16] “Aluminium and its alloys”, G. O. already being used in aeronautics l’aluminium et de ses alliages dans la TAYLOR, The Metal Industry, April 1943. to optimise structure dimensions Marine”, R. GUÉRIN, Revue de l’aluminium while combining lightness and , No. 12, April 1926, pp. 204-209. [17] “Le paquebot France, 1 600 tonnes d’aluminium”, Revue de l’Aluminium, No. [5] “Fastest in the World”, The Aluminum safety. 297 and 299, 1962. World, Volume 2, No. 1, October 1895, p. 9. [18] “The applications of aluminium alloys to marine uses”, The Aluminium Finally, and contrary to a received [6] “The History of aluminum as a Development Association, London 1948. idea, there is nothing to indicate deckhouse material”, ROBERT A SIELSKI, [19] “Sur les alliages d’aluminium et de that there is a limit to the length of Naval engineering Journal, May 1987, pp. 165-172. magnésium”, Note de M. BOUDOUARD, “all aluminium” boats - both hulls Compte Rendu Académie des Sciences, [7] “The Aluminum yacht won”, The Volume 132, 1901, p. 325. and superstructures. Aluminum World, Volume 2, No. 1, October 1895, pp. 1-2. [20] “Equilibrium relations in aluminum- magnesium alloys of high purety”, E. H. In 1970 the first catamarans [8] “100 years of the use of aluminium DIX, F. KELLER, Transactions A.I.M.E., Vol in shipbuilding”, DJ HOWARTH, JC HUSKINS, launched by Scandinavian ship- 83, 1929, pp. 351-372. Lloyd’s Register of Shipbuilding, yards were 25 – 30 metres long. Conference Ausmarine 1994, pp. 114- [21] “Development of wrought By the end of the Nineties, alu- 126. aluminum-magnesium Alloys”, E. H. DIX, JR. W. A. ANDERSON AND M. BYRON minium catamarans and mono- [9] The Journal of the Society of SHUMAKER, Technical Paper No. 14, Chemical Industry, page 487/489, May hulls were achieving lengths of Aluminum Company of America, 1958. 31, 1895 120 metres and more, and their [22] “Korrosionsversuche mit [10] “Aluminum for boat building”, The Hydrolanium”, Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, carrying capacity continues to Aluminum World, Volume 1, No. 11, Vol 25, 1933, pp. 252-258. grow (Table 2). August 1895, pp. 201-202. [23] “Recent developments in corrosion [11] “L’aluminium et ses alliages dans les resistant aluminium-magnesium alloys”, constructions navales”, A DE BIRAN, Revue P. B RENNER, W. ROTH, Journal Institute of de l’Aluminium, No. 42, 1931, pp. 1371- Metals, Vol 74, 1948, pp. 159 -190. 1396. [24] “Traitements thermiques de [12] “L’évolution des applications des stabilisation des alliages d’aluminium- alliages légers et notamment de l’Alpax magnésium à 5%, contre les effets de (13) ULS = Ultimate Limit State Design. dans les marines de guerre”, R. DE chauffage à basses températures”, Revue (14) LFRD Load Resistance Factor FLEURY, Revue de l’Aluminium, No. 19, de l’aluminium, 1955, Nos. 223, pp. 717- Design. 1927, pp. 464-465. 725 and 224, pp. 795-801. Alcan Marine

18 1. ALUMINIUM, THE MARINE METAL

[25] “Addition de chrome et de [35] “L’aluminium et la mer”, C. VARGEL, [50] “New uses for aluminium”, B. J. manganèse dans les alliages légers à 3 Matériaux et Techniques, May 1986, FLETCHER, Petroleum Processing, Vol 4, et 5% de magnésium”, A GUILHAUDIS AND pp. 233-245. 1949, pp. 1105-1108. R. DEVELAY, Revue de Métallurgie, No. 4, [36] “First Stena HSS 1500 delivered by [51] “Les tiges de forage en aluminium”, 1957, pp. 288-298. Finnyards”, Fast Ferry International, April M. FROSSARD ET J. P. LAMOTTE, Revue de [26] “La tenue des alliages légers à la 1996, pp. 15-24. l’aluminium, No. 320, 1964, pp. 554-558. corrosion à la corrosion marine”, A. [37] “CFI delivers second PacifiCat to BC [52] “Tentative recommended Pratice for GUILHAUDIS, Revue de l’Aluminium, No. Ferries”, Fast Ferry International, Use of aluminum in Lake Maracaibo”, H. 186, March 1952, pp. 85-91, No. 187, November 1999, pp. 15-28. P. G ODARD, W. L. PERKINS, Materials April 1952, pp. 127-133, and No. 188, Protection, October 1963, p. 105. May 1952, pp. 192-198. [38] “Rodriquez delivers TMV 115 Aquastrada to Spanish operator”, Fast [53] “Engouement pour l’aluminium sur [27] “Corrosion behaviour of aluminium Ferry International, July 2001, pp. 19-22. la lagune de Maracaïbo”, J. J. BERREBY, alloys in seawater”, H. P. GODARD AND F. F. [39] “New Aquastrada and R&D Revue de l’aluminium , No. 264, 1959, BOOTH, Conférence Centre Recherches pp. 445-447. Etudes Océanographiques, Vol 6, 1965, contracts for Rodriquez”, Fast Ferry pp. 37-52. International, November 2000, pp. 15-17. [54] “Development of an offshore aluminium living quarter”, I. SAETRE, S.T. [28] “Etat d’un radeau en alliages [40] “Fincantieri delivers three MDV 1200 STRANDLIE, STATOIL, Conference Offshore d’aluminium en mer depuis 25 ans”, A. Monohulls”, Fast Ferry International, June 1997, pp. 19-23. Mechanics and Artic Engineering, GUILHAUDIS Revue de l’Aluminium, No Stavanger, Norway, June 1991, vol. III-A, 433, 1974, pp. 565-574. [41] “First Bazàn Alhambra completes pp. 247-253. [29] “Resistance of Aluminum-Base trials programme”, Fast Ferry International, December 1996, pp. 15-19. [55] “A light weight giant”, Aluglobe, vol. alloys to Marine exposure”, R. B. MEARS, 2, 1999, pp. 10-11. R. H. BROWN, Transactions of Society of [42] SILVIA ANA, TONY WILSON, Speed at Naval Architects Marine Engineers,1930, Sea, Vol 3, Issue 1, 1997, pp. 8-13. [56] “Application of aluminium to offshore pp. 27-42. topside structures”, M. J. BAYLEY, First [43] “SNCM Feryterranée introduces International Offshore and Polar [30] “Performance of aluminum alloys in Corsaire 11000”, Fast Ferry International, Engineering Conference, Edinburgh UK, marine environments”, C. J. WALTON, E. T. July 1996, pp. 19-25. August 1991, pp. 11-16. ENGLEHART, Alcoa, Meeting of The Society [44] “New generation crew/supply vessel [57] “Aluminum alloys for pressure hulls”, of Naval Architects and Marine for the Gulf of Mexico”, Work Boat World, Engineers, Nov. 1949. C. L. Brooks, Metals Engineering Dec. 1994. Quarterly, ASM, Vol 5, 1965, pp. 19-23. [31] “Uses of aluminum in shipbuilding”, [45] “Magic Tide, 135’ Aluminium [58] “Study confirms fast freight PAUL V. FARAGHER, Transactions of Society Crew/Supply boat”, Work Boat World, potential”, Speed at Sea, February 1998. of Naval Architects Marine Engineers, July 1995. Vol. 52, 1944, pp. 91-113. [59] “Companies join forces to promote [46] “First Fincantieri Pegasus monohull [32] “The Use of Aluminum Alloys in SES concept”, Fast Ferry International, leased to Stena Line”, Fast Ferry November 1998, pp. 23-26. Vessels of the United States Navy”, S. N. International, June 1996, pp. 17-22. PYNE, P. W. SNYDER, H. D. MCKINNON, [60] “Mitsubishi releases details of [47] “Fincantieri Jupiter monohulls Technical Bulletin No. 1, 1940. surface effect ship range”, Fast Ferry complete first season”, Fast Ferry International, October 1996, pp. 24-25. [33] “Practical Problems Relative to the International, October 1998, pp. 15-20. Use of Aluminum Alloys in Ship [61] “New alloy development at Pechiney, [48] “ALN monohulls enter service in Construction”, C. V. BOYKIN, M. L. SELLERS, a new generation of 5383”, ALEXANDRE France and Greece”, Fast Ferry Transactions of Society of Naval DURAN, ROMAN DIF, FAST 2001: Sixth International, June 2000, pp. 22-28. Architects Marine Engineers, 1953, International Conference on Fast Sea pp. 358-409. [49] “L’aluminium dans l’industrie du Transportation, Southampton, UK, pétrole”, Revue de l’aluminium, No. 243, [34] “L’utilisation de l’aluminium et de September 2001, Volume 3, pp. 223-230. 1957 pp. 531-534. ses allaiges en construction navale”, L’aluminium Français, brochure 1962, p. 60. Alcan Marine

19 THE PRINCESS Alcan Marine

20