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Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan

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Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan Zechariah Jeremaiho Othong Loung B.Sc. (Honor) in Agricultural Science (Agricultural Engineering) Faculty of Agriculture University of Khartoum September, 2013 A Dissertation Submitted to the University of Gezira in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Master of Science in Agricultural Engineering (Irrigation Engineering) Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Sciences August, 2016 1 Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan Zechariah Jeremaiho Othong Loung Supervision Committee Signature Main Supervisor: Dr. Muna Mohamed Elhag Musa ….…………............. Co- Supervisor: Dr. Elsadig Ahmed Elfaki Abdalla ……………………… Date: August, 2016 2 Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan Zechariah Jeremaiho Othong Loung Examination Committee: Name Position Signature Dr. Muna Mohamed Elhag Musa Chairperson………................... Dr. Bashir Mohammed Ahmed External Examiner.……………... Dr. Sami Ibrahim M. N. Gabir Internal Examiner ………………. Date of Examination: 15, August, 2016 3 Dedication To: Soul of my father who taught me the Meaning of life. My mother, brothers and sisters. My friends and all who encouraged me to Carry out this research work, May God bless them… 4 Acknowledgment Praise is to God who gave me health; I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to my main supervisor Dr.Muna Mohamed Elhag for her guidance, and encouragement and help to carry out this work. Greater thanks are due to Dr. Elsadig Ahmed Elfaki my co- supervisor of his guidance. Sincere thanks are due to Mr. Hisham Musa and Mr. Khidir Suliman for their highly appreciated help and advice. My sincere thanks are also due to Mohamed El-sheik for his kindly permission to carry out evaluation of a center pivot irrigation system in his farm, west Omdurman area, Sudan. My sincere thanks are also due to Mashair Ibrahim, ministry of Agriculture, Khartoum State -Sudan, for her kindly permission to carry out this work. 5 Hydraulic and Economic Evaluation of a Center Pivot Irrigation System in West Omdurman District, Sudan Zechariah Jeremaiho Othong Loung Abstract Sprinkler irrigation is one of the modern techniques of irrigation and now has been introduced to limited areas in the Sudan. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic and economic performance of a center pivot irrigation system. This study was carried out in Wad El-sheik Agricultural Scheme which produces alfalfa and potatoes in west Omdurman. The performance of the system was evaluated at a rotational speed of 20 hours per day, to measure the water depth and nozzle discharge. Samples were taken using 48 catch cans, measuring cylinders (100 ml and 500 ml). Measurement was conducted on coefficient uniformity (퐶푢%) which was found to be 71.8% and was considered low when compared to the recommended value of 85%. The distribution uniformity (퐷푢%) gave the value of 63.5%, application efficiency (퐸푎%) gave the value of 77.1%, irrigation efficiency (E %) was found to be 48.6% and scheduling coefficient (푆푐%) gave the value of 1.5%. These values are satisfactory compared with international standards. The rate of water loss was 38.1%. The economic evaluation of a center pivot irrigation system covering 38 ha showed that ownership and operating costs were 331 110 US$ per year; and, yearly depreciation was 19 664 US$. The yearly income of the system was 385 848 US$. The study indicated that the yearly net present value was 54 738 US$. To obtain high hydraulic efficiencies and low water losses, it is recommended that the system must change the sprayers and operate them at the recommended pressure. Also, taxes and labors costs must be included in the economic evaluation. 6 التقييم الهيدروليكي واﻻقتصادي لنظام الري المحوري،حالة دراسة في غرب أمدرمان ,السودان زكريا جرمايوأوضونق لونق مخلص الدراسة الري بالرش هو أحد التقنيات الحديثة في الري، ويستخدم في مناطق محدودة في السودان. الهدف اﻷساسي من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم اﻷداء الهيدروليكي واﻹقتصادي لنظام الري المحوري، بمشروع ود الشيخ الزراعي ﻹنتاج أعﻻف البرسيم و تقاوي البطاطس. تم تقييم اﻷداء الهيدروليكي للنظام الذي يعمل بمعدل سرعة تدويرية 20 ساعة في اليوم، بقياس عمق المياه وتدفق الرشاش. تم استخدم 48 علبة للتجميع المياه, إسطوانة قياس )100 مل و 500 مل( باﻻضافة الي بيانات المحصول. أوضحت النتائج أن قيمة معامل التوزيع )%퐶푢( يساوي 71.8% والتي تعتبر منخفضة إذا قورنت بالقيمة الموصي بها عالميا 85%, إتساقالتوزيع (%퐷푢) أعطي هذا النظام قيمة 63.5% وكفاءة التطبيق (%퐸푎) كانت قيمتها 77.1% وبينما كانت كفاءة الري )E( تساوي 48.6% و معامل الجدولة (%푆푐) أعطي قيمة 1.5% وتعتبر هذه القيم مناسبه. ونسبة الفاقد في كمية المياه كانت 38.1%.التقييم اﻹقتصادي لنظام الري المحوري والذي يغطي مساحة 38 هكتار أوضح أن تكاليف الملكية والتشغيل بقيمة 331110 دوﻻر أمريكي في السنة. كذلك وجدت إن قيمة اﻹهﻻ ك السنوي للنظام عبارة عن 19664 دوﻻر أمريكي.الدخل السنوي للنظام يساوي 385848 دوﻻر أمريكي، كذلك أشارت الدراسة إلي أن صافي الفائدة الكلية السنوية عبارة عن 54738 دوﻻر أمريكي؛ أوضحت من خﻻل هذه الدراسة بأن التقييم اﻹقتصادي للنظام مربح تحت ظروف هذه المنطقة بالرغم من تدني كفاءة التشغيل و هدر كميات كبيرة من المياه. للحصول علي كفاءات هيدروليكية عالية وفواقد مائية منخفضة، يوصي بتغيير الرشاشات وتشغيليها تحت الضغط الموصي به. كذلك ﻻبد من إدخال تكاليف الضرائب والعمالة اﻷخري في التقييم اﻹقتصادي. 7 List of Contents Page Dedication …………………………………………………………….. I Acknowledgement …………………………………………………….. II English Abstract ………………………………………………………. III Arabic Abstract ………………………………………………………… IV List of Contents ………………………………………………………… V List of Tables …………………………………………………………… X List of Plates ……………………………………………………………. XI List of Appendices ……………………………………………………… XII List of Abbreviations and Notations …………………………………… XIII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Objectives ………………………………………………………… 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Irrigation ………………………………………………………… 4 2.2 Factors Bearing on Irrigation System Selection ………………… 4 2.2.1 Distribution Uniformity ……………………………………….. 4 2.2.2 Wind Speed ……………………………………………………. 4 2.2.3 Robust of Irrigation System ……………………………………. 4 2.2.4 Easy of Operation and Maintenance …………………………… 4 2.2.5 Climate ………………………………………………………….. 5 2.2.6 Soil ……………………………………………………………… 5 2.2.7 Topography ……………………………………………………… 5 2.2.8 Water ……………………………………………………………. 5 2.2.9 Cultivated Crops ………………………………………………… 5 5 8 2.2.10 Labor……………………………………………………………. 5 2.3 Surface Irrigation …………………………………………………… 6 2.3.1 The Principle of Surface Irrigation Methods: ……………………… 6 1. Basin Irrigation ……………………………………………………… 6 2. Border Irrigation ……………………………………………………. 6 3. Furrow Irrigation …………………………………………………… 6 2.4 Sub-surface Irrigation ………………………………………………. 6 2.5 Drip Irrigation ……………………………………………………… 6 2.6 Sprinkler Irrigation …………………………………………………. 6 2.6.1 Basic Components of Sprinkler System ………………………….. 7 1. Water Source ……………………………………………………. 7 2. Pumping System ………………………………………………… 7 3. Main Line ……………………………………………………….. 7 4. Lateral Pipe Line ………………………………………………... 7 5. Sprinkler Head …………………………………………………... 7 6. Rotating Head …………………………………………………… 7 7. Risers ……………………………………………………………. 7 8. Pipe or Tubing …………………………………………………. 8 9. Pumping and Power System …………………………………… 8 2.6.2 Types of Sprinkler Systems ……………………………………… 8 1. Hand-Move or (Portable) System ………………………………. 8 2. Linear Move System ……………………………………………. 8 3. Side-Roll System ………………………………………………... 8 4. Low Energy Precision Application ……………………………… 8 5. Solid-Set System ……………………………………………….. 9 6. Permanent System ……………………………………………… 9 7. High Pressure Large Volume Sprinkler System ………………… 9 8. Stationary or Fixed Sprinkler system …………………………… 9 9. Perforated Sprinkler system …………………………………… 9 10. Center Pivot Irrigation System ………………………………… 9 2.6.3 Center Pivot System Components……………………………….. 9 9 1. Water Source …………………………………………………… 9 2. Water Supply System ………………………………………….. 9 3. Towers ………………………………………………………… 10 4. Wheels ………………………………………………………….. 10 5. Lateral Pipe Line ……………………………………………….. 10 6. Sprinklers ……………………………………………………….. 10 7. Riser Pipes ………………………………………………………. 10 8. Drive Units ……………………………………………………… 10 9. Pumping and Power System …………………………………….. 10 10. Filtration Method ……………………………………………….. 10 11. Fertilizer and Pesticides Storage (Fertigation Unit) ……………. 10 2.6.4 Advantages of Center- Pivot Irrigation System…………………... 10 2.6.5Disadvantages of Center Pivot Irrigation System ……………….. 11 2.7Hydraulics principles of Center Pivot Irrigation System: ………… 11 2.7.1 Total Area Irrigated ………………………………………………. 11 2.7.2 Number of Nozzles ……………………………………………….. 12 2.7.3 Area Covered by the First Nozzles ……………………………… 12 2.7.4 Required Discharge of Each Nozzle …………………………….. 12 2.7.5 Discharge of lateral pipe line …………………………………….. 13 2.7.6 Diameter of pipe line …………………………………………….. 13 2.7.7 Diameter of pipe line in (inch) …………………………………… 13 2.7.8 Length of the pipe ………………………………………………... 13 2.7.9 Pressure Head of the last Nozzle………………………………… 14 2.7.10 Total Dynamic Head of the Pump ……………………………… 14 2.7.11 Required Hydro Power of the Pump............................................. CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 3.1 Study site ……………………………………………………………… 15 3.2 Soil …………………………………………………………………….. 15 3.3 Climate …………………………………………………………………. 15 3.4 Features of the Center Pivot System …………………………………... 15 3.4.1 Water Source ………………………………………............................ 15 10 3.4.2 Power and Pumping Unit …………………………………………….
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