Mind the Gaps: Reducing the Inequalities & Research Implementation Gaps in the English National Health Service
Dr Rosalind Raine
Professor & Head of Department of Applied Health Research University College London, UK The NHS is free for everyone regardless of ability to pay
But - widespread socio-economic gradients in use of and outcomes from care eg National Bowel Cancer Screening Programme: overall uptake 54% but varies 61-35% (affluent-> deprived)
We aimed to reduce the: - gradient (rather than the gap) in inequality - research-> implementation gap Colorectal cancer
New bowel Bowel cancer Survive for Preventable cancer cases deaths (2012) 10 or more bowel cancer (2012) years (2010) cases
In the UK:
• 2nd leading cause of cancer death (16 000 people die p.a.) &
• 4th most common cancer (41 000 cases p.a.)
• Accounts for 12% of all cancer cases NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme
• If diagnosed early, more than 90% of bowel cancer cases can be treated successfully
• NHS Screening Programme rolled out 2008
• Aged 60-74
• Biennial Faecal Occult Blood Testing - Small sample of faeces onto test card - 3 times over two weeks - 16% relative risk reduction (population level) Identifying source of inequality Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) uptake
54% uptake overall
61% in least deprived
35% in most deprived
von Wagner et al., IJE 2011
Subsequent Colonoscopy:
Overall uptake 88.4% Variation by deprivation (86.4% to 89.5%)
Morris et al. BJC 2012 GP endorsed letter development
Practice names only appeared on letters sent to patients randomly allocated to the ‘GP endorsement’ group Enhanced Reminder letter Interventions
Usual Practice ASCEND Study Interventions
Bowel Cancer Screening System RCT 1 RCT 2 RCT 3 5 - 16 November 2012 4 - 15 March 2013 3 - 28 June 2013
Week 0 Invitation Letter (S1) GIST leaflet NARRATIVE GP endorsed leaflet invitation
Week 1 Kit letter (S9)
RCT 4 1 July - 2 August 2013
Week 5 Reminder Letter Enhanced (S10) Reminder Gold Standard Methods…in routine practice
- Large, national, cluster RCTs of each intervention
- RCTs didn't disrupt usual delivery of NHS service
- consent from 80% of primary care practitioners (GPs) nationally
- Included everyone (60–74 years) eligible for screening in England
- Blinding of individuals not possible, but minimal possibility of bias due to no direct contact with participants
- Effect of interventions analysed by logistic regression, taking account of cluster randomisation
- Applied published data on screening positivity rates, uptake of further investigations, and investigation outcomes to predict impact of GP endorsement and enhanced reminders on bowel cancer/ polyp detection in NHS BCSP Gold Standard Methods…in routine practice
- The primary outcome was the proportion of people adequately screened and its variation by quintile of Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
- We also calculated average marginal effects of GP endorsement and the enhanced reminder from the RCTs and used these to predict their impact on the detection of colorectal adenomas and cancer by the BCSP GP endorsement RCT
N=265 434
Increased odds of overall uptake by 7% (adjusted OR: 1·07, 95% CI 1·04–1·10, p<0·0001) but no effect on the socio-economic gradient
If GP endorsement were implemented nationally, 39,766 extra people would be screened per annum.
detect up to 165 more people with high / intermediate risk polyps and 61 people with a colorectal cancer each year. Enhanced Reminder RCT
N=168 480
Significant interaction with socio-economic status gradient (p=0·005), with a stronger effect in the most deprived quintile (adj OR 1·11, 95% CI 1·04–1·20, p=0·003) than in the least deprived (adj 1·00, 0·94–1·06, p=0·98).
3.6% relative increase in overall uptake (adj OR 1·07, 1·03–1·11, p=0·001).
If enhanced reminder were implemented nationally, 19,298 extra people would be screened per annum.
detect up to 80 more people with high / intermediate risk polyps and 30 people with a colorectal cancer each year. Costs and Impact
GP endorsement and enhanced reminder incurred a one-off cost to modify the standard invitation and reminder letters = £78,000.
This would not need to be incurred again on national implementation.
No additional costs were incurred per person invited to screening.
Hence the average marginal cost per GPE screening invitation and enhanced reminder = £0. Up to 59000 more people might take a bowel cancer test p.a ….leading to an additional 91 people who have bowel cancer being identified & 245 high or medium-risk polyps p.a. Implementation {no title: give entire slide over to screen shots of newspaper articles eg in the Mail} Research implementation:
Spring 2016
The BCSP nationally have agreed to implement the enhanced reminder
and
BCSP London Hub are preparing to implement GP endorsement Monitoring over time
Measures
Invited: count of people invited to participate of FOBt screening by the BCSP
Adequate: count of people reaching a definitive gFOBt outcome (normal or abnormal)
Abnormal: count of people reaching a definitive gFOBt outcome of abnormal
Specialist Screening Practitioner (SSP) Invites: Count of people who have been invited for a SSP appointment
SSP Attendance: Count of people who attended SSP appointment
Diagnostic Test Invited: Count of people who have been invited for a diagnostic test (colonoscopy OR CT colonography)
Diagnostic Test Attendance: Count of people who have attended their diagnostic test
All by: socioeconomic deprivation, age, sex, geographical region, screening round (first prevalent (first invite), prevalent (previous non-responders) and incident (at least one round of previous screening)) DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF PROFESSOR JANE WARDLE PhD, FBA, FMedSci
OCTOBER 30TH 1950 – OCTOBER 20TH 2015 ASCEND Study Team
UCL Professor Rosalind Raine Queen Mary, University of London Professor Jane Wardle Wendy Atkin Dr Christian von Wagner Rosemary Howe Dr Sam Smith Ines Kralj-Hans Dr Cecily Palmer Dr Leslie McGregor NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Dr Nick Counsell Programme Professor Allan Hackshaw Stephen Halloran Dr Gemma Vart Helen Seaman Professor Steve Morris Steve Smith Dr Francesca Solmi Richard Logan Julia Snowball Imperial College London Graham Handley Professor Stephen Duffy Sandra Rainbow Professor Sue Moss [email protected]