The Calontir Army Songbook
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The Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings The Battle of Hastings is one of the most famous battles in English history. What Caused the Battle? In 1066, three men were fighting to be King of England: William of Normandy, Harold Godwinson and Harald Hardrada. Harold Godwinson was crowned king on 6th January 1066. William and Harald were not happy. They both prepared to invade England in order to kill King Harold and become king themselves. Harald Hardrada attacked from the north of England on 25th September. However, he was killed in battle and his army was defeated by King Harold’s army. King Harold was then told that William of Normandy had landed in the south and was attacking the surrounding countryside. King Harold was furious and marched his tired troops 300 kilometres to meet them. Eight days later, Harold and his men reached London. William sent a messenger to London. The message tried to get Harold to accept William as the true King of England. Harold refused and was angered by William’s request. Harold was advised to wait before attacking William and his army. His troops were very tired and they needed time to prepare for the battle. However, Harold ignored this advice and on 13th October, his troops arrived in Hastings ready to fight. They captured a hill (now known as Battle Hill) and set up a fortress surrounded with sharp stakes stuck in a deep ditch. Harold ordered his forces to stay in their positions no matter what happened. The Battle of Hastings On 14th October, the battle began. -
The Nordic Cross Flag: Crusade and Conquest April 22, 2020 Show Transcript
Season 1, Episode 5: The Nordic Cross Flag: Crusade and Conquest April 22, 2020 Show Transcript Welcome back to another episode of Why the Flag?, the show that explores the stories behind the flags, and how these symbols impact our world, our histories, and ourselves. I’m Simon Mullin. On the last episode, we discussed the Y Ddraig Goch – the red dragon flag of Wales – and the deep historical and mythological origins of the red dragon on a green and white ground. We traveled back nearly 2,000 years to the Roman conquest of Britannia and the introduction of the dragon standard to the British Isles by the Iranian-Eastern European Sarmatian cavalry stationed at Hadrian’s Wall. We explored how the dragon was adopted by the Roman army as a standard, and after their withdrawal from Britannia, its mythological rise as the symbol of Uther Pendragon and King Arthur, and then its resurrection by Henry VII – whose 15th Century battle standard closely resembles the flag of Wales we see today. National mythology plays a significant role in shaping our identities and how we see ourselves as a community and as a people. And, as we found in episode 4, these mythologies are instrumental in shaping how we design and emotionally connect to our national flags. We’re going to continue this theme about the cross-section of history, mythology, and national identity on the episode today as we discuss the rise of the Nordic Cross, a symbol that shapes the flags of all eight Nordic and Scandinavian countries today, and rules over nearly 28 million citizens speaking 15 distinct languages. -
Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering -
OLAF CUARAN and ST EDITH: a VIEW of TENTH CENTURY TIES BETWEEN NORTHUMBERLAND,YORK and DUBLIN by Michael Anne Guido1
PAGAN SON OF A SAINT:OLAF CUARAN AND ST.EDITH -455- PAGAN SON OF A SAINT:OLAF CUARAN AND ST EDITH: A VIEW OF TENTH CENTURY TIES BETWEEN NORTHUMBERLAND,YORK AND DUBLIN by Michael Anne Guido1 ABSTRACT Though much has been written about Olaf Cuaran little is still known of his origins and his exact place in tenth century history. He has often been confused with his cousin Olaf Guthfrithsson in the early annals and chroniclers. Even his nickname of ‘Cuaran’ is debated as to its exact meaning. He became a legendary figure when he was incorporated into the twelfth century chanson of Havelok the Dane. The focus of this paper is to examine the life and ancestry of Olaf as it is presented in the Northumbrian Chronicle, Irish Annals and several pre-fourteenth century English histories with particular attention upon the dating and origins of each source, as well as debunking myths that have grown around Olaf and his mother. Foundations (2008) 2 (6): 455-476 © Copyright FMG and the author 1. Introduction The period between the late eighth and mid tenth centuries saw one of the largest changes in medieval British history. In this 150 year span England became one nation not a series of kingdoms. Scotland unified southern regions into the kingdom of Alba to protect themselves from the vast northern provinces inhabited by invaders. Ireland became more trade oriented2 (Hudson, 2005) and nationalism flared in Eire for the first time. All these changes occurred in response to the coming of the Northmen, the fierce raiders who came to plunder, kill and enslave the natives of these lands. -
Family Group Sheet for Cnut the Great
Family Group Sheet for Cnut the Great Husband: Cnut the Great Birth: Bet. 985 AD–995 AD in Denmark Death: 12 Nov 1035 in England (Shaftesbury, Dorset) Burial: Old Minster, Winchester. Bones now in Winchester Cathedral Father: King Sweyn I Forkbeard Mother: Wife: Emma of Normandy Birth: 985 AD Death: 06 Mar 1052 in Winchester, Hampshire Father: Richard I Duke of Normandy Mother: Gunnor de Crepon Children: 1 Name: Gunhilda of Denmark F Birth: 1020 Death: 18 Jul 1038 Spouse: Henry III 2 Name: Knud III Hardeknud M Birth: 1020 in England Death: 08 Jun 1042 in England Burial: Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, England Notes Cnut the Great Cnut the Great From Wikipedia, (Redirected from Canute the Great) Cnut the Great King of all the English, and of Denmark, of the Norwegians, and part of the Swedes King of Denmark Reign1018-1035 PredecessorHarald II SuccessorHarthacnut King of all England Reign1016-1035 PredecessorEdmund Ironside SuccessorHarold Harefoot King of Norway Reign1028-1035 PredecessorOlaf Haraldsson SuccessorMagnus Olafsson SpouseÆlfgifu of Northampton Emma of Normandy Issue Sweyn Knutsson Harold Harefoot Harthacnut Gunhilda of Denmark FatherSweyn Forkbeard MotherSigrid the Haughty also known as Gunnhilda Bornc. 985 - c. 995 Denmark Died12 November 1035 England (Shaftesbury, Dorset) BurialOld Minster, Winchester. Bones now in Winchester Cathedral Cnut the Great, also known as Canute or Knut (Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki[1] (c. 985 or 995 - 12 November 1035) was a Viking king of England and Denmark, Norway, and parts of Sweden, whose successes as a statesman, politically and militarily, prove him to be one of the greatest figures of medieval Europe and yet at the end of the historically foggy Dark Ages, with an era of chivalry and romance on the horizon in feudal Europe and the events of 1066 in England, these were largely 'lost to history'. -
Saxon Shield Wall Home Learners Pack
Suitable for ages 7-11 KS2 History KS2 English KS2 Art & Design Saxon Shield Wall The Saxons lived in Britain from around 450AD to 1066 when they were over taken by the Normans. The Saxons were fierce warriors and fought in many ferocious battles, against both Vikings and Normans. Their warriors had lots of weapons, such as axes, swords, spears and knives. But they also had protection in the form of helmets, armour and shields. They were in fact famous for using their shields very well, by creating a shield wall. Read on to learn more about Saxon battle tactics. Additional resources Watch a video all about Saxon shield walls on our YouTube channel. Saxon Shield Wall / © Royal Armouries / April 2020 / 1/4 Fascinating Facts How do you make a shield wall? A shield wall is a military tactic. Soldiers line up, shoulder to shoulder and hold their shields in front of them. They stand so close together that their shields overlap. This means that they are protected by their own shield, and by the shields held by the soldiers on either side of them. Image courtesy of Bayeux Museum Types of shield Can you see? The Saxons used 2 different If you look closely at the image you can styles of shield. see that part of the shield wall is The most common type was round. together but there are also a few gaps. They were called ‘trelborg’ shields. What do you think the enemy might do The other type was kite-shaped like the if they saw a gap in the shield wall? ones in the image. -
Hints and Tips
Hints and Tips - Colour Guide – Vikings By Michael Farnworth August 2009 Crusader figures (left) and Artizan figures (right) painted by Mick Farnworth Artizan and Crusader figures are fully compatible and can be mixed in the same unit. Item Colour Vallejo Model Colour Helmet Bronze GW Shining Gold 61.63 Helmet Silver Natural Steel 70.863 or GW Chainmail 61.56 Chainmail Silver Natural Steel 70.863 or GW Chainmail 61.56 Armour edges Brown Mahogany Brown 70.846 or GW Bestial Brown 61.13 Clothing Various (see notes) Leather Belt Brown Mahogany Brown 70.846, Flat Brown 70.984 Shoes Brown Mahogany Brown 70.846, Flat Brown 70.984 Sword and Spear Silver Natural Steel 70.863 or GW Chainmail 61.56 Javelin Shaft Sand Vallejo Iraqi Sand 70.819 or GW Bleached Bone 61.17 Spear Shaft Brown Mahogany Brown 70.846 or GW Bestial Brown 61.13 Hints & Tips - Vikings 1 Copyright Mick Farnworth - [email protected] July 2009 Introduction This guide will help you to quickly paint units of Vikings to look good on a war games table. Historical notes, paint references and painting tips are included. Historical Notes Vikings were warriors originating from Scandinavia. The word Viking has many interpretations ranging from voyager to explorer to pirate. Vikings travelled far and wide reaching Greenland and America in the West and Russia and Byzantium in the East. The Viking Age is regarded as starting with raids on Lindisfarne in 789 and ending with the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066. Throughout the 9 th and 10 th Centuries Vikings raided England, Ireland, France and Spain. -
The Arms and Armour of 1066
Suitable for ages 11-16 KS3 & KS4 History KS3 & KS4 English The Arms and Armour of 1066 The year 1066 is famous for changing the course of English history. The death of Edward I, also known as Edward the Confessor, caused a succession crisis. Three contenders would fight for the English crown and the right to rule the country. ° Harold Godwinson of Saxon England ° Harald Hardrada of Norway ° William the Duke of Normandy All three believed they had a right to the English throne. In order to fight for the crown they needed armies with weapons, armour and battle tactics. The ensuing epic battles of Fulford, Stamford Bridge and Hastings have earned their place in the history books, and led to William Duke of Normandy becoming King of England. Let’s focus on the Battle of Hastings and have a look at the weapons and armour the warriors used nearly 1,000 years ago. Additional resources Watch a video all about the arms and armour of 1066 on our YouTube channel. Arms & Armour of 1066 / © Royal Armouries / April 2020 / 1/5 The Saxons Axes Types of Saxon warriors Axes were a very common weapon in Europe at that time. Saxon Housecarls are often depicted armed with axes on the Bayeux Tapestry, and the Viking warriors of Hardrada’s army would certainly have wielded them too. This axe head, from our collection, is possibly of Viking origin. These weapons caused a huge amount of damage and injury. The axe head would be mounted on a long handle, between 1.5 and 2 metres in length. -
Historical Evolution of Roman Infantry Arms And
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF ROMAN INFANTRY ARMS AND ARMOR 753 BC - 476 AD An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment to the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By Evan Bossio Robert Chase Justin Dyer Stephanie Huang Marmik Patel Nathan Siegel Date: March 2, 2018 Submitted to: Professor Diana A. Lados Professor Luca Capogna Abstract During its time, the Roman Empire gained a formidable reputation as a result of its discipline and organization. The Roman Empire has made a lasting impact on the world due to its culture, political structure, and military might. The purpose of this project was to examine how the materials and processes used to create the weapons and armour helped to contribute to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. This was done by analyzing how the Empire was able to successfully integrate new technologies and strategies from the regions the Empire conquered. The focus of this project is on the Empire's military, including the organization of the army, and the tactics and weapons used. To better understand the technology and innovations during this time the Roman long sword, spatha, was replicated and analyzed. 1 Acknowledgments The team would like to thank Professor Diana A. Lados and Professor Luca Capogna for this unique experience. The team would also like to thank Anthony Spangenberger for his guidance and time throughout the microstructure analysis. Lastly, this project could not have been done without Joshua Swalec, who offered his workshop, tools, and expertise throughout the manufacturing process 2 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Acknowledgments 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Figures 6 List of Tables 11 Authorship 12 1. -
The Battle of Hastings One of the Most Legendary Battles in English History Was Fought Between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans and Is Called the Battle of Hastings
The Battle of Hastings One of the most legendary battles in English history was fought between the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans and is called the Battle of Hastings. It took place in Hastings on the south-east of England over 950 years ago and changed the course of English history and culture forever. In January 1066, Edward the Confessor (the English king) was dying. Three men now laid claim to the throne of England: William of Normandy from France; Harold Godwinson from England and Harald Hardrada from Norway. On 6th January, one day after Edward’s death, Harold Godwinson was crowned King of England. As news spread of Harold’s coronation, William and prepared to invade England. They both planned to kill King Harold and claim the throne for themselves. Harald Hardrada invaded first from the north of England on 25th September. However, his army were easily defeated by the Saxons and he himself was killed in battle. King Harold was then informed that William of Normandy had landed in the south of England and was attacking the surrounding countryside. King Harold was furious and marched his exhausted troops 300 kilometres back towards the south to meet him. Eight days later, Harold and his men reached London where they were finally allowed to rest. William sent an envoy to King Harold with a message asking him to hand over the throne and accept William as the true King of England. Harold refused and was angered by William’s treacherous demand. Harold was advised to wait before attacking the Normans. -
Following the Raven Banner: an Inclusive, Multi-Disciplinary Look at the Scandinavian Mercenary in the Viking Age a Creative
FOLLOWING THE RAVEN BANNER: AN INCLUSIVE, MULTI-DISCIPLINARY LOOK AT THE SCANDINAVIAN MERCENARY IN THE VIKING AGE A CREATIVE PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS BY HAYDEN SHAW DR. DOUGLAS SEEFELDT – CO-CHAIR DR. FREDERICK SUPPE – CO-CHAIR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNICE, INDIANA DECEMBER 2017 Shaw 2 Process Paper The building of my CRPR698 website was a long process that took me the better part of the last two years. While I have only begun to construct the project in the last school year, I have known about my topic for quite some time, and therefore used my first-year classes to begin my research. This paper is intended to provide a guide through the construction of my thesis project, starting with early research and concluding with the final touches made in the last few days. In this short essay, I will discuss what research methods I used, how I applied this information, how the website and maps were designed and summarize important details about the editing and creation process. As with almost all works of history, the research was the first and most time-consuming part of my project. In truth, the research never really stopped. Right until the final deadline I continued to look at new primary and secondary sources that helped refine and sharpen my arguments further. As mentioned above, however, the research for this project began well before this year. If I were to place a beginning, it would have to be in the fall semester of 2015 in Dr. -
The Geographic Origins of the Norman Conquerors of England
The Geographic Origins of the Norman Conquerors of England Christopher Macdonald Hewitt escended from Vikings, the Norman armies of the eleventh and twelfth centuries spread out from their home in Northern France on a quest to conquer and explore new lands beyond their duchy.1 The Dmost famous of these quests was the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. After many months of planning and preparation, this quest climaxed on Saturday, October 14, 1066 at the Battle of Hastings. Here, the Normans crushed the Anglo-Saxon rulers of England with the power and might of their knights. While much has been written about this epic battle, few studies have focused squarely on the importance of some of the more fundamental char- acteristics of the primary combatants themselves—the Norman knights. In an attempt to partially address this deficiency, this study focuses on one particular aspect of this armed cohort: its geographic origins. Following a discussion of Duke William’s leadership role and the Norman Army’s or- ganization at Hastings, the study moves to focus squarely on the as yet un- examined geographical allegiances of the Norman knights and how this might shed light on both the motivation of the combatants and their ulti- mate success in mobilizing the resources required to win at Hastings. Literature review There is no shortage of scholarly work chronicling key aspects of the Battle of Hastings. Temporally, these accounts range from the time of the battle itself until the modern era. One of the oldest and best-known sources is the Bayeux Tapestry. This account depicts the Conquest graphically from the Norman perspective,2 in the form of pictures or diagrams.3 It is be- lieved to have been funded by Bishop Odo of Bayeux, Duke William’s half brother.