Cloud Computing for the Architecture, Engineering & Construction Sector
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Beach et al. Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications 2013, 2:8 http://www.journalofcloudcomputing.com/content/2/1/8 RESEARCH Open Access Cloud computing for the architecture, engineering & construction sector: requirements, prototype & experience Thomas H Beach1*,OmerFRana2, Yacine Rezgui1 and Manish Parashar3 Abstract The Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) sector is a highly fragmented, data intensive, project based industry, involving a number of very different professions and organisations. Projects carried out within this sector involve collaboration between various people, using a variety of different systems. This, along with the industry’s strong data sharing and processing requirements, means that the management of building data is complex and challenging. This paper presents a solution to data sharing requirements of the AEC sector by utilising Cloud Computing. Our solution presents two key contributions, first a governance model for building data, based on extensive research and industry consultation. Second, a prototype implementation of this governance model, utilising the CometCloud autonomic Cloud Computing engine based on the Master/Worker paradigm. We have integrated our prototype with the 3D modelling software Google Sketchup. The approach and prototype presented has applicability in a number of other eScience related applications involving multi-disciplinary, collaborative working using Cloud Computing infrastructure. Keywords: Cloud computing, Construction, Building information modelling, Governance Introduction connectivity, persistence and availability; (ii) indepen- The Architecture, Engineering & Construction (AEC) sec- dently managed, single company-owned archives – where tor is a highly fragmented, data intensive, project-based accessisdictatedbyacompanyspecificpolicyorbya industry depending on a large number of very differ- charging model; (iii) ad-hoc document archives, or (iv) ent professions and firms, with strong data sharing and Web-based document management systems in the con- processing requirements across the lifecycle of its prod- text of a particular building project – based on an access ucts (primarily buildings). The process of designing, re- policy associated with the project. Sharing data and sup- purposing, constructing and operating a building involves porting coordination between people involved is therefore not only the traditional disciplines (Architecture, Struc- often difficult – relying on the use of third party tools ture, Mechanical & Electrical) but also many new profes- to support such capability. We believe that Cloud Com- sions in areas such as energy, environment and waste. All puting platforms provide a more efficient and robust of these professions have large data sharing requirements. mechanism for individuals within the AEC industry to In this context, data management within the industry collaborate and share data. Work is already underway in can often be fragmented with a lack of an overall data the AEC sector for developing data and process models management policy. Additionally, data sets relating to a to enable greater interoperable working between project particular project can often be stored in: (i) local comput- participants and, in recent years, this research has led to ers of designers/architects - often with limited network the development of the concept of Building Information Models (BIM). Currently, the UK AEC sector is work- ing towards widespread BIM adoption, spurred on by the *Correspondence: [email protected] UK Government’s requirement for BIM usage on certain 1School of Engineering, Cardiff University, 5 The Parade, Roath, Cardiff, UK publicly funded projects [1] by 2016. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2013 Beach et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Beach et al. Journal of Cloud Computing: Advances, Systems and Applications 2013, 2:8 Page 2 of 16 http://www.journalofcloudcomputing.com/content/2/1/8 A key objective of our work has been to explore the (accessible to all team members over the WAN) or local potential of Cloud Computing in the AEC sector (with (accessible to team members over the LAN) connectivity. a particular focus on data management and collaborative However, recently many companies including software working). We undertook various industry consultations vendors such as Bentley Systems and Autodesk, have with the assistance of the MBEKTN (Modern Build Envi- begun offering hosted solutions for building data. Addi- ronment Knowledge Transfer Network in the UK) [2] tionally 4Projects (4Projects.com) offer a specific project within two workshops (which attracted 72 industry repre- collaboration service for the AEC sector including docu- sentatives) and 4 focus group meetings (with a total of 20 ment and drawing management, contract management, participants) incorporating qualitative methods of inquiry and procurement management. Another issue with many over a duration of 5 months. It became clear that while of these products, is that they make use of their own pro- Cloud Computing was clearly applicable in this sector, any prietary file formats (especially in relation to 3D building data storage solutions supported using BIM must have models). While import/export functionality to standard- appropriate governance in-place. Our consultation then ised formats such as the Industry Foundation Classes moved onto a process of requirement elicitation to deter- (IFCs) [6] is possible, there are still issues with data mine exactly what governance was necessary to allow the interoperation surrounding this, i.e. complete mapping use of Cloud storage for BIM data and to enhance stake- between different formats is not possible due to the use holders’ experience in adopting BIM across the lifecycle of of proprietary extensions. There is however, currently, a a building. drive to overcome these constraints and move towards a In this paper we describe our experiences of utilising standardised format. Cloud Computing and outline a governance model that Data processing is also an important concern for could be supported for the storage and management of the industry. During construction a large proportion of BIM. We first describe BIM and then show the data model work takes place on construction sites where computing that has been developed to enable the management of resources are limited. This is a use case of particular com- data in a BIM. We will then describe in detail our Cloud mercial importance, as ensuring the delivery and use of Computing prototype that has been developed in consul- up to date and correct plans of construction sites is often tation with a number of industry partners, in particular a major challenge. Allowing users to make changes on the Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the UK. a portable device on site - that can then be processed Our prototype makes use of the CometCloud platform [3] remotely leading to the plans on site being updated is for supporting both data sharing and process execution extremely desirable. (such as energy simulation). Building information modelling Cloud computing in AEC Our efforts in engaging with the industry have shown A Building Information Model(BIM) may be viewed as that Cloud Computing is still an emergent technology the complete collection of information about a build- within the AEC sector. Technologies such as Google Drive ing, offering a “phaseless" workflow [7]. In short this and DropBox are often used informally and in an ad- means a BIM should be a complete 4D virtual reposi- hoc way between individuals - but concerns over security tory of all the data about the building from its concep- and the protection of intellectual property often dissuade tion through to its demolition. This includes not just 3D major companies from adopting such services. There models of the building structure but also: (i) manage- has, however, been moves towards adoption of virtual ment information including work plans and schedules; organisations for tasks such as E-procurement [4] and (ii) product information (or links to product informa- collaboration [5]. tion data) about all items within the building - right One of the key issues within the industry is the stor- down to the level of internal furnishings; (iii) build- age of building data during design/construction and ing performance data collected by sensors within an over the entire life of the building. Several compa- operational building (i.e. heat, CO2 emissions, lighting nies have developed servers for the storage of building levels). data (represented using the Building Information Current research into BIM has also theorised that BIM Model) including the Onuma system (www.onuma. data should be accessed and manipulated by utilising com), Revit Server (www.autodesk.com), ProjectWise certain “tools of enquiry”, such as “lenses” and “filters”; and AssetWise (www.bentley.com), Graphisoft BIM lenses highlight certain objects that meet a particular cri- Server (www.graphisoft.com) and EDMmodelServer teria whilst filters remove objects that do not meet the (www.jotne.com). However, these servers often require criteria [7]. local infrastructure and maintenance within the organisa- The UK Government have defined