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Rajat Acharyya Sven W. Arndt Reader, Department of Economics, Jadavpur Charles M. Stone Professor of Money, Credit, University, Calcutta and Trade, Claremont McKenna College trade and wages (coauthor) fragmentation

Charles Adams Nancy Neiman Auerbach Visiting Professor, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Associate Professor of International Political Policy, National University of Singapore Economy, Scripps College carry trade financial liberalization; Latin American debt crisis; petrodollars, recycling of (coauthor) Joshua Aizenman Professor of Economics, University of California, Marc Bacchetta Santa Cruz Counselor, Economic Research and Statistics Division financial crisis; international reserves World Trade Organization tariff escalation; tariffs Mark Allen Director, Policy and Development Review Department, International Monetary Fund Christopher M. Bacon Lecturer, Departments of Latin American and Latino balance sheet approach/effects (coauthor) Studies, Sociology and Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz Kym Anderson George Gollin Professor of Economics, University fair trade of Adelaide Jennifer Bair distortions to agricultural incentives Assistant Professor of Sociology, Yale University Klaus Armingeon commodity chains Professor of Political Science and Director, Institute of Political Science, University of Berne King Banaian Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Professor of Economics, St. Cloud State University Development (OECD) currency substitution and dollarization

xxv for British to Partnerships University Center Logistics, Western deflation; Northern University and of and Economics, Tufts mercantilism of Fund surveillance of debt seigniorage accession Director, McGill (coauthor) Policy Fund and policies; Economics University University Monetary money; Economics, Operations, shipping of Professor pegging; model Science, College of of Policy inequality Braga Monetary Organizaton, International Policy, University School Burdekin Bank Lovelace Political Public Economics, theory Economics, Brown K. McKenna Boyer Boughton Boughton income Primo International International B. Trade Professor Button of of of Bourguignon Bourguignon of Paris standards Brawley K. C. S. Mason World A. M. Advisor, transportation; R. ois Bowles ¸ air World (coauthor) globalization labor commodity-price quantity International global beggar-thy-neighbor Mundell-Fleming Transportation George Carlos Senior Group, Mark Professor Drusilla Associate Richard Jonathan Claremont Kenneth Professor James Historian, Franc Director, Paul Professor Columbia Russell Professor Ontario Louis (GATT); Group St. markets the of Trade of persons Business, labor University University and Bank of Harvard Division, Facility and natural (coauthor) Tariffs Antonio of University Economics, Reserve Mechanism American College on Review effect Economics, San (coauthor) Support (coauthor) Tufts of at Economics, Government, Dublin investment Geneva Federal of Organization Review in Policies Boonekamp goods movement international Davis Texas Organization market School, Economics, International Economics, J. Beath Agreement Technical direct Blecker of College (G-15), Bandyopadhyay Bandyopadhyay Trade Professor F. of of of Policy Officer, School Trade L. Blackhurst A. Beladi Bhatnagar Barry Trade Bergin Candidate Fletcher steel Trade temporary General migration, nontraded Balassa-Samuelson World common foreign Fifteen California, Clemens Director, World Robert Professor of Richard Professor The of Pradip , Professor University Paul Associate Andrew PhD University Hamid Frank Lecturer, University Subhayu Research

Directory of Contributors xxvi Directory Fang Cai Christopher K. Clague Economist, Division of International Finance, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Federal Reserve University of Maryland of

home country bias democracy and development Contributors

Rui Castro Jennifer Clapp Associate Professor of Economics, CIGI Chair in International Governance and Professor, Universite´ de Montre´al Faculty of Environmental Studies, growth in open economies, neoclassical models University of Waterloo Basel Convention Tony Cavoli Lecturer, School of Commerce, University of Kimberly A. Clausing South Australia Professor of Economics, Reed College capital mobility (coauthor); inflation targeting; intrafirm trade monetary policy rules Paul Collier Avik Chakrabarti Professor of Economics and Director, Center for the Associate Professor of Economics, Study of African Economies, University of Oxford University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee aid, military (coauthor) nontraded goods (coauthor) Brian R. Copeland Maggie Xiaoyang Chen Professor of Economics, University of British Assistant Professor of Economics and International Columbia Affairs, George Washington University pollution haven hypothesis fixed costs and foreign direct investment; market access Germa´n Creamer Center for Computational Learning Systems, Yin-Wong Cheung Columbia University Professor of Economics, University of California, Santa Cruz Andean Community exchange rate forecasting; purchasing power Edward Crenshaw parity Associate Professor of Sociology, Menzie D. Chinn Ohio State University Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Robert M. digital divide La Follette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin Michael R. Curtis effective exchange rate; forward premium Adjunct Professor of Public Policy, puzzle; interest parity conditions petroleum Eric M. P. Chiu Assistant Professor, Institute of National Policy and Lewis S. Davis Public Affairs, National Chung Hsing University Assistant Professor of Economics, Union College currency crisis (coauthor) development

xxvii ics for and nom Fellow, of University Eco l Division, World School (APEC) Institute School Endowed National ona (NGOs) Director, ati Dartmouth Aspects Research Development Finance (TRIPS); and ern Economics, Research Network, Villanova Int Rammrath Rammrath Associate, Cooperation Governance, and for Faculty Global Macroeconomics G. Rights Organization e Organization Labor Economics, Management Management University organizations Business, for Leeds tut Research Economic of of ti (IZA); Policy Trade-Related of International Leadership, Leadership, Research Child of Ins Labor Herbert Board Elliott on Economic Dominguez Property Property Economy Center on Doh and Scholar Labor E. International Public Villanova ers Global P. Economic Ann of Professor Professor of of Bureau Dutfield M. Elek labor International International Open Director, University Pacific Pet Reserve of Edmonds for Fellow, Economist, Doyle in G. V. Operations, Operations, Study International Agreement child Asia nongovernmental sterilization New Intellectual Intellectual (coauthor) er Law, Business, Michigan, Pet Graham Professor of Eric Associate College; the National Andrew Independent Kimberly Senior Jonathan Associate and Chair Center of Kathryn Professor of Bureau Brian Senior Federal money Policy, Sciences, Southern Florida University of of Public of Schumpeterian International Michigan of privilege; Claremont of Department of Economics of University University Management, Management, School Washington Organizational University Department Department economies, Professor and exorbitant of Professor, Economics, University Professor in University Western open Professor, Union (coauthor) quotas model Economics, Economics, crisis Policy, in and Dinan Dean Dechsakulthorn Gorter University Professor, of of Professor waste Sweetland rate Deardorff Economics Economics Debebe Dekle Mason Washington University W. de V. Dinopoulos W. Monnet Distinguished Candidate Public European growth models discipline banking supply Ricardian brain tariff Eurocurrencies; Economics, Elias Professor Desmond Jean George Robert Professor California Sirathorn PhD Graduate and Gelaye Assistant George Alan John Economics Cornell James Ross of Harry Associate Applied

Directory of Contributors xxviii Directory Korkut A. Erturk Michael Ferrantino Professor of Economics, University of Utah International Economist, U.S. International bubbles; speculation Trade Commission of

appropriate technology and foreign Contributors Wilfred J. Ethier direct investment Professor of Economics, University of Pennsylvania Francisco Ferreira economies of scale Development Research Group, World Bank Simon J. Evenett global income inequality (coauthor) Professor of International Trade and Economic Development, Swiss Institute for International Ben Ferrett Economics and Applied Economic Research, Research Fellow, Leverhulme Center for Research University of St. Gallen; Research Fellow, Center on Globalization and Economic Policy, School of for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Economics, University of Nottingham competition policy; government procurement; foreign direct investment under oligopoly World Trade Organization, accession to Christopher Findlay (coauthor) Professor of Economics, University of Adelaide David Favre Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Professor of Law, Michigan State University College (coauthor) of Law Lionel Fontagne´ Convention on International Trade In Professor of Economics, Paris School of Economics, Endangered Species (CITES) Universite´ de Paris 1 Panthe´on-Sorbonne South-South trade Robert C. Feenstra C. Bryan Cameron Distinguished Chair in Joseph F. Francois International Economics and Director, Center for Professor of Economics, Johannes Kepler International Data, University of California, Davis; Universita¨t Linz Director, International Trade and Investment Program, National Bureau of Economic Research partial equilibrium models (coauthor) outsourcing/offshoring (coauthor) Michele Fratianni Professor of Business Economics and Public Policy Richard Feinberg Emeritus, Indiana University, and Professor of Professor of International Political Economy and Economics, Universita` Politecnica delle Marche, Director, APEC Study Center, University of California, Ancona San Diego Bank for International Settlements (BIS); Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) dominant currency; Feldstein-Horioka puzzle; gold standard, international Susan Feinberg Associate Professor of International Business, Rutgers Francis Fukuyama Business School Bernard L. Schwartz Professor of International location theory Political Economy and Director, International

xxix firms; Denver and rate of local Economics, diagram and money Institute of of (coauthor) Communities Graduate School, India hot development University Lausanne Swan exit exchange of of Regional University Rural School Political Gandhi and GB of for Century forward dual Mumbai, College, Economics, hedging; Indira international Reader, Studies, 21st and (coauthor); University evolution Oxfam (coauthor) (coauthor) Forum Institute Balliol and for Graz investment premium; IMF-Singapore Research, stops Martin problem; Commission Studies, Nottingham migration, backward International Economics, Fellow, direct rg of International Economic ¨ Professor of of tax Professor, market James Green Institute Research Goyal Greene Go Director, sudden international; of Advisor, Grabel of Griffith Goldin aid, thinking; anti-globalization Tobin World anti-globalization black foreign linkages, assignment and Oxford Development London Ian Director, Professorial of Holger in Ilene Professor School Jean-Christophe Assistant International Duncan Head Joshua Deputy Training Matt Senior Associate University Ashima Professor of of foreign Science, Statistical Trento National and Hopkins horizontal School of Economics, and innovation, Business, Texas Indian Political of Johns (coauthor) of Nitze of versus and transfer York Department H. University infrastructure New School Facility foreign Studies, Paul problem Economics, vertical Austin Economics, of Research Department of Professor, at and of pass-through Department investment investment University institutional Bank Gilbert (coauthor) Delhi Glass McCombs Program, rates rate L. Texas Arizona (coauthor); Econometrics, Gerlak direct direct International International Environment Economic of of Bank Professor of investment investment; Professor, Professor Associate Goldberg New K. inconsistency Ghate Professor, Reserve of Wesleyan S. Ghosh Jocelyn Gillespie University exchange direct smuggling foreign time exchange World imitation direct foreign international Global Marketing, Linda Federal Bureau University Amy Associate A&M Professor Kate Research of Amit Assistant Illinois Christopher Chetan Assistant Institute, Andrea Visiting University Development Development Advanced University

Directory of Contributors xxx Directory Stephany Griffith-Jones Hawler; Research Fellow, Techno-Economics, Executive Director of the Initiative for Policy Management and Policy Program, Seoul National Dialogue, Columbia University University of

capital flows to developing countries information and communications technology Contributors (coauthor) Nigel Grimwade Principal Lecturer of Economics and Finance, Jack High Department of Business, Computing, and Professor, School of Public Policy, George Mason Information Management, London South Bank University University balance of payments competitive advantage Anke Hoeffler Alfred V. Guender Research Officer, Center for the Study of African Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Economics, Department of Economics, St. Antony’s University of Canterbury College, University of Oxford monetary conditions index aid, military (coauthor) Bernard Hoekman Morley Gunderson Senior Advisor, Development Research Group, World Professor, Center for Industrial Relations and Bank and Researcher, Center for Economic Policy Human Resources and Department of Economics, Research (CEPR) University of Toronto; CIBC Chair in Youth Employment Doha Round; Uruguay Round social policy in open economies Henrik Horn Markus Haacker Senior Research Fellow, Research Institute of Economist, African Department, International Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, and Research Monetary Fund Fellow, Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) health and globalization; HIV/AIDS; Millennium nondiscrimination (coauthor) Development Goals Brett House David M. Hart Economist, Policy and Development Review Associate Professor, School of Public Policy, Department, International Monetary Fund George Mason University balance sheet approach/effects (coauthor) brain gain Andrew Hughes Hallett C. Randall Henning Professor, School of Public Policy, George Mason Professor, School of International Service University at American University and Visiting Fellow, Peter G. Bonn Summit; international policy coordination; Peterson Institute for International Economics Smithsonian Agreement exchange rate weapon Michael Hutchison Almas Heshmati Professor of Economics, University of California, Professor of Economics and Head of Department of Santa Cruz Economics and Finance, University of Kurdistan Bank of Japan; exchange rate regimes

xxxi trade Law and University College of and for International London investment Vassar economies College School (IMF); Department, Development agricultural Banking University, University, Science, Institute Economics, in direct open of College, Fund (G7/G8) in Eberhard-Karls-University Wellesley Spogli Fund Nations University Economics, Political Stanford foreign Hemisphere of of conditionality Program Agriculture; Imperial Professor goods Monetary United and on Boston Freeman Fund Monetary Studies, Seven/Eight (coauthor) Kilby Toronto Boulder and Economics, Economics, services Kaempfer Western size Joyce Key accumulation of public Of Professor Professor Law, of Klyuev of Graduate H. J. P. Professor, Advisor, bilateral Fellow, Kirton Kaul Kleinert Provost Josling capital global financial aid, Group market Agreement negotiations International Monetary sanctions Colorado, bingen rn ¨ ¨ Economist, International Special Program Sydney Lecturer, Financial Christopher Associate John Associate University Jo Professor Tu Vladimir Tim Senior International Visiting Joseph Professor William Vice of Inge y the rsit G. Irvine ive Merage trap, at Rochester Un Adjunct Economic Mason Markets Peter of of Maryland ate Paul International and at St Fund of Economics, Agricultural Economics; money reforms liquidity The George centers; and Capital nia of California of Business, reform (coauthor) Fund, Bureau expenditure Fellow lva of University of and sector (coauthor) nsy Policy, Monetary and centers; University Finance, policy financial Senior Pen repression; Economics School , of National of International Monetary Public Department Department ics of University at model Monetary financial Economics, environment for Johnson of financial changing of of nom offshore University G. Economics, financial the International University; Professor Jensen E. Eco economy Jones Union funds School Business, Professor Professor, Ickes Jorion Director, Associate Associate, McDonough of Institute State and Johnston W. r International of W. Professor Ito sso Islam Resource specific-factors hedge African international laundering; sequencing expenditure switching; outsourcing/offshoring political trade Barry Bradford ofe Philippe Chancellor’s School Ronald Xerox University R. Assistant Department, Research Omotunde Retiree, Professor, J. Associate Business, Georgetown Peterson Research Hiro Associate Portland Asif Research and Barry Pr

Directory of Contributors xxxii Directory Ulrich Koester Minkyu Lee Professor of Agricultural Economics, University PhD Candidate, Technology Management of Kiel, Germany Economics and Policy Program, Seoul National University of

Common Agricultural Policy Contributors information and communications technology Michel Kostecki (coauthor) Professor of Marketing, Enterprise Institute, University of Neuchaˆtel James Lehman Professor of Economics, Pitzer College trade-related capacity building Federal Reserve Board Jan Kregel Distinguished Research Professor in the Center for Priscilla Liang Full Employment and Price Stability, University of Assistant Professor of Business and Economics, Missouri, Kansas City; Senior Scholar, Levy Economics California State University, Channel Islands Institute, Bard College contagion (coauthor) Bretton Woods system; Triffin dilemma Ramo´nLo´pez Professor of Economics, Department of Agriculture Kala Krishna and Resource Economics, University of Maryland Professor of Economics, Pennsylvania State University trade and the environment (coauthor) free trade area; rules of origin Eduardo Lora Principal Advisor, Research Department, Pravin Krishna Inter-American Development Bank Chung Ju Yung Distinguished Professor of Washington consensus International Economics and Business, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, and Mary E. Lovely Professor of Economics, Johns Hopkins University Associate Professor of Economics, Syracuse University multilateralism; regionalism agglomeration and foreign direct investment

Maurice Kugler Anton D. Lowenberg Center for International Governance Innovation Professor of Economics, California State University, Chair in International Public Policy and Professor of Northridge Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Visiting sanctions (coauthor) Professor of Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Rodney Ludema factor endowments and foreign direct Associate Professor of Economics, Georgetown investment University multilateral trade negotiations Philip R. Lane Professor of Economics, and Director, Institute for Ronald MacDonald International Integration Studies, Trinity College, Adam Smith Chair of Political Economy Dublin and Director of PhD Programs, Department of transfer problem Economics, University of Glasgow

xxxiii (GATS); Trade Michigan Tufts Group, settlement Center Services World Columbia University in School, on Research University dispute International Economics, Economics, Law, standard of of Trade of Law, Center University Fletcher on Governance, of (coauthor) Economics, dollar University The of Geneva humanitarian Professor Professor Development Organization Professor Advisory Theory virtue; governance Law, aid, Economics, Professor Corporate services Stanford Agreement Eberle McCahery Matraves Mavroidis McKinnon tel Professor, Trade of Professor Barker in ˆ Mattoo Trade and Meagher D. I. A. Assistant Maxwell C. food; Counsel, Matschke B. Bank University P. Economist, School; Law trade World (coauthor) nondiscrimination aid, corporate conflicted pharmaceuticals New General Neucha Amsterdam Connecticut Law of Daniel Associate University Joseph Professor for of Ronald William Economics, Niall Senior Organization Catherine Catherine Visiting State Xenia Assistant of Aaditya Lead World Petros Edwin of Davis rate Research and trade of Economics market University Graduate Vanderbilt Surrey currencies Professor, from California, Bank of College of exchange (FDI); India Resource gains Director, Immigration Development Sciences, exchange of multiple Reserve rate; Economics, and Pomona and and University Development, University Bank (coauthor) Social in theory Federal systems; investment Trade formulas advantage; information exchange Comparative Bank wages governance Reserve competition; International Agricultural Economics, Economics Economic Program, Economics, Economics, direct UC Studies Markusen of of of of Marks in Martin and warning in and Maneschi Marjit World R. for Economist, Martin Economist, Mandilaras Mandilaras York Martin Chair, migration tariff-cutting foreign internalization currency comparative trade asymmetric equilibrium volatility early pressure Will Lead Group, Philip Professor and Integration Antoine Senior New James Professor Colorado Center Calcutta Stephen Professor Program University Sugata Director Lecturer Andrea Professor Alex

Directory of Contributors xxxiv ietr o Contributors of Directory Jose Mendez Devashish Mitra Professor of Economics, W. P. Carey School of Professor of Economics and Gerald B. and Daphna Business, Arizona State University Cramer Professor of Global Affairs, Maxwell School, Central American Common Market (CACM); Syracuse University Central American–Domincan Republic Free trade and economic development, Trade Area (CAFTA-DR) international

Mokhtar M. Metwally Pradeep K. Mitra Professor of Economics, University of Wollongong Chief Economist, Europe and Central Asia Region, Gulf Cooperation Council World Bank transition economies Klaus Meyer Professor of Strategy and International Business, Jose´ G. Montalvo School of Management, University of Bath Professor, Department of Economics, Universitat foreign market entry Pompeu Fabra aid, international, and political economy Constantine Michalopoulos Independent Consultant Michael O. Moore special and differential treatment Professor of Economics and International Affairs and Director, Institute for Economic Policy, Branko Milanovic Elliott School of International Affairs, George Economist, Development Research Group, World Washington University Bank anti-dumping global income inequality (coauthor) C. W. Morgan Chris Milner Associate Professor and Research Fellow, Center for Professor, School of Economics and Economic Development and International Trade Leverhulme Center for Research in Globalization and (CREDIT), School of Economics, University of Economic Policy (GEP), University of Nottingham Nottingham effective protection; export promotion African Caribbean Pacific–European Union (ACP-EU) partnership agreements Eugenio J. Miravete Associate Professor of Economics, University of Texas Arijit Mukherjee infant industry argument Associate Professor and Reader in Economics, University of Nottingham Ajit Mishra technology licensing Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics and International Development, University of Bath Jacob Wanjala Musila corruption Associate Professor of Economics, Athabasca University Andrew Mitchell Common Market for Eastern and Southern Senior Lecturer, Melbourne Law School Africa (COMESA); Economic Community of West electronic commerce African States (ECOWAS)

xxxv rights of of (HCCI), and and area K.U. Glasgow settlement School Adelaide Bologna drawing Bhagwati money of of University Studies, (coauthor) currency hot Economics, dispute Co-operation special Criminology, LLP, of Jagdish Economy, of banks Affairs, University University Office and Belgium optimum Economics, Austin model Development of (coauthor); Political Geography Law, Public Institute (coauthor); Ottaviano Ottaviano International spillovers trade Organization for Department Sidley of Perrin P. Minister’s on adjustment and DC currency; Economics, Economics Indian Economics, Economics, I. development stops Davis controls Peri University Leuven Trade Professor drugs theory of of of of Center Pomfret Paloni Economic Panagariya Paoli Faculty Prime Palmeter Counsel, Lecturer, Council (OCA) common Heckscher-Ohlin illegal techonology regional capital sudden New World (coauthor) structural Professor Arvind Professor Professor International Columbia Letizia Professor, Leuven Giovanni Associate California, Emile-Robert High French Richard Gianmarco Gianmarco Professor David Senior Washington, Alberto Senior Director, University of and of of Research Thought Bank Reading Institute framework and of Oxford Undergraduate Policy Massachusetts Massachusetts Social Economic Regulation, World OLI of University University of of and Trade (coauthor) (OECD) for University policy Georgia the agreements hypothesis Group, University Economic Business trade s Facility Tulane University ˚ for University Economics, Economics, of Economics Department Department of of of Economics, International Norda Organisation Development Amherst investment: enterprises Prospects investment Center of clothing Economics, at and Economy, and of Economics, International Economics, Kyvik economy direct and flight Environment Narula Advisor, Professor Professor Associate, Professor of of of Myers Nelson Fellow, School Newfarmer Neary Manoa Ndikumana Economist, C. Nair-Reichert Noy Political textiles foreign political international multinational capital Global proximity-concentration once Peter ´ Co-operation Ilan Associate Hawai’i, Department Hildegunn Senior Douglas Professor Richard Economic J. Professor Research (CEPR) Le Associate Massachusetts Rajneesh Professor Department Usha Associate Director, Technology Ethan Teaching and

Directory of Contributors xxxvi Directory Helen Popper Kenneth A. Reinert Associate Professor of Economics, Santa Clara Professor, School of Public Policy, George Mason University University of

foreign exchange intervention; real exchange applied general equilibrium models; gravity Contributors rate models; migration, international (coauthor); partial equilibrium models (coauthor) Susan Pozo Professor of Economics, Western Michigan Nola Reinhardt University Professor of Economics, Smith College remittances primary products trade

Thitima Puttitanun Kara M. Reynolds Assistant Professor of Economics, San Diego Assistant Professor of Economics, American State University University intellectual property rights and foreign direct countervailing duties investment Francisco Rivera-Batiz Horst Raff Professor of Economics and Education, Teachers Professor of Economics, Christian-Albrechts College, Columbia University University of Kiel economic development joint ventures; mergers and acquisitions Donna Roberts Ramkishen S. Rajan Senior Economist, Economic Research Service, U.S. Associate Professor, School of Public Policy, George Department of Agriculture Mason University sanitary and phytosanitary measures capital controls (coauthor); capital mobility (coauthor); exchange rate pass-through G. Chris Rodrigo (coauthor); fear of floating (coauthor); hot Independent Consultant money and sudden stops (coauthor); sovereign wealth funds (coauthor) revealed comparative advantage

Carlos D. Ramirez Riordan Roett Associate Professor of Economics, George Mason Sarita and Don Johnston Professor of Political University Science and Director of Western Hemisphere convertibility; original sin Studies, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins Priya Ranjan University Associate Professor of Economics, University of Mercosur California, Irvine trade costs and foreign direct investment Christoph Rosenberg Senior Regional Representative for Central Europe Martin Ravallion and the Baltics, European Department, International Director, Development Research Group, World Bank Monetary Fund global income inequality (coauthor) balance sheet approach/effects (coauthor)

xxxvii Ifo (NAFTA) for Holyoke Treaty College Harvard Monetary Studies, University; Foreign Viessmann economies financial Laurier Bank on Union Mount Munich Institute Emeritus, Agreement Fraser open Maastricht risk Director, European Economic Wilfrid in Government, Government, Reserve Council Policy Trade rights of for Simon and Peterson Research, Economics, trinity; Economics, Bank; international G. Free of Center, of Public sovereign Federal progress Center School Schneider of property Peter Central Economics medicines Scherer Economics Economics, Economic bailouts; imports Geoeconomics, impossible to Schott Research Professor of of American Siklos Professor Fellow, M. Sener problem; for Higino Schmitt Kennedy J. for L. Economist, Fellow, Professor Sill Setser F. Fuat peso North technological bail-ins; architecture European Union; access parallel intellectual (coauthor) Philadelphia Senior of Senior International M. Associate Brad Fellow Relations Pierre Professor European University Keith Frederic Aetna John University Nicolas Professor Research Institute Patricia Assistant College Jeffrey for of of PhD liquidity; University Center Department Institute the investment of Fordham College Policy, University innovation, Professor University, transfer Professor American (coauthor) Director, direct Adviser, Nansen agreements oligopoly (DFID), and Diversity currency international and Director banks Economics, foreign Jadavpur Methodist University Fridtjof Law and Finance Agricultural Collegiate Texas-Pan Economics, of zones Management, technology vehicle of of and of Biological and investment competition; Development Public Fellow, imbalances; on environmental Southern Professor McKnight Food Houston (coauthor); trade Economics, and development currency; direct Salvatore Rosendal processing of Professor Department of of Professor University Sarkar Distinguished global Runge Economics international Saggi Santiso Kingdom Ruffin Research Sargent J. International reserve export terms euro; regional multilateral foreign imitation and Convention monopolistic Kristin Ford Economics, Minnesota Prabirjit Professor Calcutta United John Assistant Business, Carlos Governance for Dominick Distinguished Program, University Kamal Dedman of C. Distinguished Applied International of Roy Anderson University G. Senior

Directory of Contributors xxxviii Directory Slavi Slavov Vito Tanzi Assistant Professor of Economics, Former Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department, Pomona College International Monetary Fund of

currency board arrangement (CBA); fear of subsidies and financial incentives to foreign Contributors floating (coauthor) direct investment

James L. Smith David G. Tarr Cary M. Maguire Chair in Oil and Gas Consultant and former Lead Economist, Management, Department of Finance, Development Research Group, World Bank Edwin L. Cox School of Business, customs unions Southern Methodist University Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Jonathan R. W. Temple Countries (OPEC) Professor of Economics, international income convergence Pamela J. Smith Associate Professor, Department of Applied Willem Thorbecke Economics, University of Minnesota Associate Professor of Economics, George Mason trade-related investment measures (TRIMs) University; Senior Fellow, Research Institute of Economy, Trade, and Industry, Tokyo Servaas Storm Louvre Accord; Plaza Accord; twin deficits Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Department of Economics, Delft University of Jose L. Tongzon Technology Associate Professor of Economics, National University import substitution industrialization of Singapore Association of Southeast Asian Nations Deborah L. Swenson (ASEAN) Associate Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis Farid Toubal domestic content requirements; Assistant Professor, Paris School of Economics, transfer pricing University of Paris I, Panthe´on-Sorbonne, CNRS, France Alan O. Sykes intangible assets Professor of Law, Stanford Law School safeguards John Toye Visiting Professor of Economics, St. Antony’s College, Wendy Takacs University of Oxford Professor of Economics, University of Maryland, United Nations Conference on Trade and Baltimore County Development nontariff measures; quotas Dieter M. Urban Evan Tanner Professor, Department of Business and Economics, Senior Economist, Western Hemisphere Division, Johannes Gutenberg-Universita¨t International Monetary Fund knowledge-capital model of the multinational monetary versus fiscal dominance enterprise

xxxix of of Chapman University for (coauthor); Group, (coauthor) recycling Economic Economics, facilitation resort Business, Claremont and Institute crisis for condition and funds Studies, last Economics, Institute and trade Economics, Research of of (BBC) Federal Bank and Institute Politics currency wealth petrodollars, trade; of International Peterson lender Comparative Comparative crawl Swiss to University University in World G. Professor Development for (coauthor) (coauthor) Marshall-Lerner Business and Development of School Claremont of sovereign Chair Peter (coauthor); Economics Trade, Studies, (coauthor); barriers Scholar crisis crisis Zurich Horton global Willett Center insurance; the Graduate Graduate effect; Walton College basket, Walter White D. of Wilson Jones C. School and Institute Fellow, Wilson Williamson S. Economist, Wihlborg Candidate, J-curve deposit contagion band, technical currency currency poverty, discipline (coauthor); Sussex Peter Independent Argyros University Thomas Director Studies Claremont McKenna John Senior International John Lead International Stefanie Researcher, International Technology, Joshua PhD Claremont Howard Fellow, of Clas Fletcher Utah ´ World of Institute and Hague; Advisor, revenues trade Group, The Universite Oxford Ethics, University monopolistic Finance tax of University University of Trade University Development under and Studies, Economics Christian Louis Radboud Economics, intraindustry St. University Oxford Erasmus University and Social Feminist Economics, of (coauthor) of Department Department of of Regional International restrictions State investment investment Research, theory Bank (coauthor) Louvain and production Marrewijk market advantage; Economics, Economics, International Economics, Venables Economics Institute Texas Wall de equity direct direct Staveren Bank Professor J. Vacaflores Vacaflores of of of of of Professor Professor, J. van Reserve Vernengo E. Vines Economist, Vandenbussche Walkenhorst van President Management foreign common foreign competition dependency World absolute gender foreign footloose Howard Vice Federal Professor Peter Senior Bank Matias Assistant David Anthony Professor Irene Associate Economics, Professor for Nijmegen Charles Professor Rotterdam Hylke Professor Catholique Diego Assistant Economics,

Directory of Contributors xl Directory L. Alan Winters Jon Wongswan Professor of Economics, University of Sussex; Emerging Markets Researcher, International Active Research Fellow and former Program Director of Equities Group, Barclays Global Investors, the Center for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) San Francisco of Contributors North-South trade spillovers

Paul Winters Kevin Honglin Zhang Associate Professor of Economics, American Associate Professor of Economics, Illinois State University University agriculture foreign direct investment and export performance Kar-yiu Wong Professor of Economics and Director, Research Center Laixun Zhao for International Economics, University Professor, Research Institute for Economics and of Washington Business, Kobe University brain drain unions and foreign direct investment

xli