A Publication ofthe American Horticultural Society Volume 69, Number 7 • J uly 1990 $1.50 News Edition Nightmare on Elm Trees

Can we ever hope for a rebirth of this beloved native tree?

trees go, its flowers are insignificant, its fall color oflittle note, its bark pretty blah. It's susceptible to an endless list of iseases; insects can't get enough of it. ABut what an easily grown and shapely landscape tree it was! Planted in rows along so many American streets, its unique spreading vase shape turned them into veritable cathedrals. But the rows are largely gone now, victim to the Dutch elm disease that was first recognized in the 1930s. Can those of us who grew up under elms hope to go home again? While some scientists continue to look for a cure for Dutch elm disease, breeders are seeking a cultivar of Ulmus americana that's impervious to the disease, or an Asian counterpart that will serve as a substitute. There has been some progress, and some frustrations, on both fronts.

Fighting the Fungus John Hansel says he's like a lot of other people who grew up under elms and was incredulous at seeing them begin to die by the hundreds. In 1967, Hansel, the owner of a New Hampshire manufacturing firm, established the Elm Research Institute to raise money for research that might save the elm, and at first, a good deal of that money went toward finding a treatment that would stop or prevent the fungus, Ceratocystis ulmi, that causes Dutch elm disease. Because the fungus is spread by beetles, DDT served as an effective treatment until its use was halted for ecological reasons in the 1960s. Nothing as cheap or powerful has been found since, despite efforts in many directions. Says Hansel: ''We got into a lot of In This Issue biological experiments, including using predators such as wasps and using a Return of the Elm 1 Regional Notes ..... 12 pheromone for trapping beetles. But Members' Forum 5 Williamsburg Symposium 15 traps are totally impractical for insects so tiny that they're like a cloud of dust." Outdoor Lighting 6 AHS Bulletin Board 16 ERI-funded research led to the development of a procedure in which a Gardener's Q&A 8 Gardener's Bookshelf 18 fungicide, benzimidazole carbamate salt (sold as Lignasan BLP), was Making a Difference .10 Gardener's Dateline 20 injected into the tree just below No Immune American American ground level. A 1986 study reported that injecting elms with the fungicide Researchers who have tried to breed a Horticultural Society saved about 25 percent of all of those disease-resistant American elm have with Dutch elm symptoms, and that known the deck was stacked against The American Horticultural Society seeks thirty-three percent of those with only them from the start. The odds are to promote and recognize excellence minimal symptoms survived. Similar against just happening upon a in horticulture across America. results were obtained with injections naturally resistant selection, and the of Arbotect, a derivative ofbenomyl. American elm can't be crossed with OFFICERS 1990-1991 Encouraged by the results, the Elm more resistant Asian elms because Mr. George C. Ball Jr., West Chicago, IL Research Institute organized what it they have differing numbers of President called a "Conscientious Injector" chromosomes. Occasionally a selection Mrs. Helen FulcherWaiutes, MountVemon, VA program of volunteers whose goal was will look promising, but susceptibility First Vice President injecting 100,000 elms across the to Dutch elm disease is usually not Mr. Richard C. Angino, Harrisburg, PA country. Institute literature says the apparent until the tree is mature; also Second Vice President Mr. Elvin McDonald, Brooklyn, NY treatment can save 98 percent oftrees in doubt until maturity is whether the Secretary on which it was used. But Hensel says tree will have the sought-after vase Mrs. Jane N. Scarff, New Carlisle, OH this is true only when the trees are shape. Michael Dirr, in his Manual of Treasurer completely disease-free, and notes that Woody Landscape Plants, observes that Mrs. carolyn Marsh Lindsay, R6cMester, NY early signs may be impossible to there are actually three distinct shapes Immediate Past President detect. "It's like a cancer." among the American elm, including a Treatment may also be hampered by narrow form and an "oak form" in BOARD OF DIRECTORS a number of environmental factors. which the branches are widely Dr. William E. Barrick, Pine Mountain, GA The elm's own vascular system, which spreading and less arching. Barring Dr. Sherran Blair, Columbus, OH Mrs. Mary Katherine Blount, Hansel compares to a corkscrew, tends Montgomery, AL to slow uptake ofthe fungicide. Mrs. Sarah Boasberg, Washington, DC Discouraged by nature's apparent Dr. Henry Marc Cathey, Washington, DC efforts to thwart humans' best Where Did It Mr. Russell B. Clark, Boston, MA intentions, the institute is now putting Mrs. Ann Lyon Crammond, Atlanta, GA proportionately more of its resources Come From? Mrs. Beverley White Dunn, into breeding than in finding a cure. Birmingham, AL Meanwhile, in the late 1970s, a The Dutch got a bad rap when they Mr. K. Albert Ebinger, Boxford, MA Montana research group began pursuing Mr. Gerald T. Halpin, Alexandria, VA were stuck with the name for the the idea of finding a natural bacterium Mrs. Julia Hobart, Troy, OH devastating elm tree disease, since that would ;fight off the Dutch elm Dr. Joseph E. Howland, Reno, NV in fact, they have done some of the disease fungus. They, as well as R.J. Mr. David M. Lilly, Saint Paul, MN most useful research directed at Scheffer of Holland, discovered that a Mr. Everitt Miller, Kennett Square, PA finding a cure. Gary Strobel, bacterium called Pseudomonas syringae Mrs. Flavia Redelmeier, professor of plant pathology with Toronto, Ontario, Canada would kill the fungus. Mr. Andre Viette, Fishersville, VA While Scheffer carried out field tests Montana State University, writing with Richard Gray in a recent Mrs. Jean Verity Woodhull, Dayt0n, OH in Holland on some 7,000 European American Nurseryman, notes a elms; Americans Gary Strobel, Steve theory that the disease o~iginated EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Lam, and Brenda Lam became curious in ASia, and was brought to Europe Mr. Frank L. Robinson about how the bacterium killed the on the Trans-Siberian Railroad fungus. They created a mutant strain during World War I. The fact that AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST ofthe fungus that could be tracked as most Asian elms are immune to the it moved through an elm, and began a disease, while European and EDITOR: Kathleen Fisher field test to see ifit would work on ASSISTANT EDITOR: Mary Beth Wiesner American natives are susceptible, mature elms as well as seedlings. But EDITORIAL ASSISTANT: Martha Palermo "dovetails nicely with this theory," they made a procedural error. The MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR: they write. It was a Dutch botanist, Environmental Protection Agency Kathleen B. Amberger Marie Beatrice Schwarz, who requires review of all genetically ADVERTISING: American HorticuHural discovered the cause of the tree Society Advertising Department, 80 South altered micro-organisms released into loss; about half of Holland's elms Early Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22304. the environment. Strobel and his Phone (703) 823-6966. colleagues thought it wasn't necessary were destroyed. The disease is spread from tree in this case, since the same strain had Address all editorial correspondence to: The Editor, , to tree by elm bark beetles, who American Horticulturist, American Horticultural been released years earlier. But a Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, mate on the trees before the local newspaper drew attention to the Virginia 22308. AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, ISSN females bore into the tree to lay 0096-4417, is publishes by the American Horticultural work, the experiment received nega­ their eggs. The larvae and new Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Virginia tive publicity nationwide, and Strobel 22308, (703) 768-5700, and is issued six times a year as adults further enlarge the tunnels. a magazine and six times a year as a news edition. The cut down and burned his 14 inoculated The fungus produces toxins and American Horticultural Society is a nonprofit organization elms. It was a serious setback, he says, devoted to excellence in horticulture. Botanical nomen· deposits that clog the trees' but his group is continuing to study clature in AMERICAN HORTICULl'URIST is based on vascular system, cutting off the HORTUS THIRD. National membership dues are $35; the substances that the bacteria uses two years are $60. Foreign dues are $45. $12 of dues are flow of water and nutrients. The deSignated for AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. to fight the fungus; work similar to disease apparently was brought to Copyright © 1990 by the American Horticultural SOCiety. Scheffer's is being carried out by Chris the United States in elm logs Second·class postage paid at Alexandria, Virginia ans at Murdock of the University of Maine in additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Please send Form imported for use as veneer 3579 to AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST, 7931 East Oronco, Strobel reported in a recent because of their interesting burls. Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22308. issue of American Nurseryman.

2 + American Horticulturist • July 1990 the extremely slim possibility of a naturally occurring mutation, the most likely source of a Dutch-elm-immune American lies within the still young field of genetic engineering. For now, the most promising American elms available to the public are the American Liberty elms, developed by University of Wisconsin scientists with the backing of the Elm Research Institute. Researchers Eugene Smalley and Raymond Guries describe these elms as "genotypically diverse multiclones having similar phenotypes," which means they look almost identical but aren't quite the same genetically. They were produced through controlled pollination of Dutch­ elm-resistant American elm parents. The most distinctive has been patented with the cultivar name 'Independence'. Smalley and Guries say that the American Liberty elms aren't as resistant as Asian elms, but "their resistance represents the highest level thus far achieved by selection and breeding within the American elm." Individuals who join the Elm Research Institute get one of the trees and can buy up to three, but the institute's major thrust is getting cities to be sponsors of its "Johnny Elmseed" program. In conjunction with the Boy Scouts of America, a municipality can obtain up to 300 trees. The scouts care for the trees-­ which come with a 10-year guarantee­ until they reach planting size. At least one other new Ulmus americana cultivar may be just around the corner. Next year, the National Above: Gillet Avenue in Waukegan, Illinois, in summer 1962. Below: The same street Arboretum plans to release its first seven years later, after trees were wiped out by Dutch elm disease. American selection, still unnamed. Denny Townsend of the arboretum's tree-breeding program said the tree culture will make this tree a star of susceptible to the elm leaf beetle, and shows some symptoms of Dutch elm, tomorrow, they predict. has "a miserable habit and no but recovers well. "It shows the best Most breeders are somewhere in the redeeming ornamental characteristics," resistance of any tree we've looked at," middle. Townsend, who is experimenting says Michael Dirr. he says, "and we've tested thousands." with both American and Asian elms, Dirr, professor of horticulture at the says: ''There's still a place for the University of Georgia at Athens, is an Some Promising Asians American elm on a wide lawn or along unabashed champion of the Chinese v broad streets in the suburbs." elm, and predicts that it will become Some breeders ask, in essence, ''Why And breeders are eager to announce "the next great tree" for the American bother?" They believe that as an urban that a new Asian cultivar offers the landscape. In his manual, now in its tree, the American elm outlived its American's shape. In 1973, Smalley fourth edition, he notes that the usefulness. Its tall, spreading form just chose to release 'Sapporo Autumn Gold', American elm is subject to many doesn't fit in with small homesites and a cross between a Japanese elm (u. devastating pests and diseases besides telephone wires. They observe that the japonica ) and a Siberian elm Cu. Dutch elm. "I have often wondered why Chinese elm is naturally resistant to pumila), over similarly resistant can­ they are treated like royalty when they the Ceratocystis ulmi fungus, offers didates because it appeared to have are so fallible," he writes. more interesting bark- its tendency to horizontally spreading branches. ''We "It's hard for people to let go of the exfoliate has earned it the common were misled by this youthful charac­ past," he added in an interview. "The name of ''lacebark" elm- and an assort­ teristic," Smalley says; with age, the tree federal government spent millions of ment of attractive shapes, and can be tends to develop a strong central trunk. dollars to find a new elm and never got a held to a size well under most power All growers cautioned anyone tree they were comfortable with." Writing lines. The tree has suffered unfairly considering an elm for their landscape last year in American Nurseryman, Dirr from being confused with the unattrac­ to steer clear of the Siberian elm. described 10 promising Chinese elm cul­ tive Siberian elm, and from the fact Although it is frequently crossed with tivars, including two of his own: 'Emerald that its appearance varies considerably Asian elms to provide greater disease Isle' is globe-shaped, while 'Emerald if it is propagated from seed. Tissue resistance, the Siberian elm is Vase', as its name implies, is closer to the

American Horticulturist· July 1990 .. 3 The 'King's Choice' Chinese elm, from left, unpruned at 11 years; after pruning this winter; and leafing out this spring.

American elm in form. But it will be King tells of the day he was out wide crotches that make it tough in a about three years before they begin to roguing selections with his late wife windstorm, Smalley says. become available, he says. when they came upon a tree that was Townsend said that this summer, the Dirr's cultivars will be beat to easily twice as tall as any other that National Arboretum expects to offer two market by 'King's Choice', selected by had been planted at the same time. Inew introductions: a Chinese-European Hampstead, Maryland, nursery owner They immediately ran to get stakes to hybrid that like 'Dynasty' develops red Ben King. 'King's Choice" is "the only protect it. King describes its branches color in fall, reaching its 30 to 35 foot patented form we are aware of," Dirr as drooping to a canopy silhouette height faster than Chinese elms, but with writes in his article. Dirr has found the much like that of the American elm, a more upright shape than American tree to be outstandingly hardy, but he emphasizes that even the real elms; and a Chinese selection with surviving temperatures of minus 22' F. McCoy needed to be pruned to attain exfoliating bark and a vase-shaped crown It has dark green, glossy leaves, and is its famous shape. King, who is 80, that grows slowly to about 45 feet. an exceptionally fast grower. remembers helping his father plant A tree that has received a good deal elms in his hometown of Three Rivers, of publicity is 'Across Central Park', a Michigan. "Many now living have Chinese elm that has been growing in never seen a young elm pruned," he New York's Central Park for more than says. "For the first few years, the lower 100 years, thereby proving its Another Nemesis limbs must be cut back to the bole to durability in the face of urban condi­ create eventual headroom." His tions, although some breeders dismiss Some American elms thought to have cultivar is being reproduced by tissue it as unattractive. It is being been killed by Dutch elm disease may culture; he expects to release 40,000 propagated at Michigan Technological instead have succumbed to elm clones by spring 1991. University as part of a project started yellows, some scientists suspect. In 1985, the National Arboretum by the Arthur Ross Foundation. A tree with elm yellows shows no introduced 'Dynasty', a cross between Ben King cautions that many of the sign of the disease until the tree is two Chinese elms that is nevertheless promised new elms may prove to be past saving. But microbiologists "distinctly vase shaped," writes Dirr. It only that. In 1984, an article in the with the Agricultural Research grew to 30 feet in 16 years, and is un­ American Horticulturist News Edition Service have now produced a usual for having a red fall color, at listed 20 elm cultivars as being resis­ genetic "probe" that may serve as least in cool climates. Like 'King's tant and said they "may soon be avail­ a diagnostic tool. Choice', it has the exfoliating bark that able to the public." Yet only two of Elm yellows is caused by a type makes the Chinese elms outstanding. them are relatively obtainable today. of mycoplasmalike organism, or Among other elms currently available Perhaps the trees were not worthy; MLO, which cause more than 200 in the trade is 'Regal', released by the perhaps only the most patient can plant diseases. The probe, made Wisconsin breeding program in 1983. A succeed in getting new trees to market. from a DNA fragment of the elm columnar, resistant, and vigorous tree It will be up to America's gardeners to yellows MLO, could detect whether selected from seed obtained from demand and proclaim the next "king" elm seedlings are infected with the Holland, it's not a contender in the among elms. disease before they are planted, American look-alike sweepstakes, but its and might show whether that MLO uniform, upright habit makes it a good plays a role in other plant diseases, candidate for planting near buildings. For more information on the Elm according to Ing-Ming Lee of the This year, the Wisconsin program Research Institute, write Harrisville, Microbiology and Plant Pathology released 'New Horizon', described as NH 03450, or call (800) FOR-ELMS. Lab in Beltsville, Maryland. their most disease-resistant yet, and 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' and 'Regal' are Researchers have been unsure growers are anxious to evaluate its available from McKay Nursery, 254 how many MLOs are causing these performance. A relatively slow grower, Jefferson, Waterloo, WI 53594. diseases, because the same MLO with large, dark green leaves typical of For more information on 'King's can cause different symptoms in the Japanese elm and the upright Choice', write 4600 Millers Station different plants. shape of the Siberian, it has strong Road, Hampstead, MD 21074, or call wood, fairly short side branches and (301) 239-8525.

4 + American Horticulturist • July 1990 Members' Forum

Proud of Their Product greenhouse, but decided I would let they survived and, along with others them suffer as part of the experiment. I that germinated later, are thriving. Although your March expose on the removed the plastic covers and set the William Rowley shortcomings of porous landscape fabrics seedlings in their little containers into Rexdale, Ontario, Canad'a undoubtedly upset the manufacturers, a flat, which was covered with a clear we agree that most fall far short of the plastic dome to give them light and We think our members make excellent lofty weed-prevention claims made for also to protect them from the pelting "researchers" ofhorticultural products them. However, our fabric, WEED-X, has rain. Amazingly, although the weather and procedures! Thanks for sharing been specifically developed to solve the did turn colder and below freezing, with your cold-climate compatriots. very problems your article discussed and has undergone extensive scrutiny in university tests. WEED-X offers a five­ year money-back guarantee against weed penetration. We have attached a recent report from Dr. Bonnie Lee Appleton, cited as an authority on fabrics in your article. David N. Caldwell Dalen Products, Inc.

Appleton's study compared weed growth in one-gallon containers covered with eight different landscape fabrics plus mulch, brown polyethylene film plus mulch, mulch alone, and no covering. This study found the fewest shoots and roots in WEED-X, although "no treatment controlled bermudagrass since root growth occurred in the mulch layer above the fabric." Fewer bermuda roots penetrated the WEED-X and the brown polyethylene. Appleton emphasized that this study, Lilypons Water Gardens which has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Environrnental !BEgin !J0U~ watE~ gauiEn toda:J with a ,jJl!Jponi catafO;)UE Horticulture, was limited to containers. fEatu~in;) pa;}E aftE~ pa;)E of bwutiful watn liliE-i, lotUi, bo;)

planti' fi~, itatua'l!j, and thE EiiEntiafi fo~ kEEpin;) it afl wo~in;) Overwintering Seeds to;)EthE~. Because I live in a cold climate, to get a good start on planting I usually start flo pool? {!(!WOiE a fibE~laH o~ gxV{! f:wol Aom thE mat2:J iiUi my seeds indoors under lights, but too ~Jwwn in thE _ijl!Jpom catafO;)UE. often the seeds are weak and many die. Two winters ago, I began planting a ------, large variety of seeds-annual, bien­ nial, and perennial-in little con­ o Please send the new Lilypons catalogue plus informative tainers, enclosing them in sandwich newsletters with seasonal sales. Enclosed is $5.00. California (30,,). Maryland (25,,) and Texas (3S,,) residents please add tax. bags, and leaving them all winter in a relatively sheltered spot outdoors. The o Please rush my catalogue by first class mail. Enclosed is 86.75. idea was to see which ones would survive the winter and germinate, and o 1500 Amhort Road 0 1500 Lilypons Road o 1500 LilypOIlS Way when they were big enough, to plant P.O. Box 10 1'.0. Box 188 P.O. Box 1130 them directly into the ground, instead Lilypons, MD 21717 Brookshire, TX 77423-0188 Thermal, CA 92274 of first into "six packs" to harden off as (301) 874-5133 (713) 934-8525 they were moved outside. As a result of this year's wild weather fluctuations, many varieties I'\ame Address germinated and left me with a problem: I knew it would soon turn cold again. What was I to do with the City State Zip seedlings that had germinated too -~------~------~ soon? I thought of putting them in the

American Horticulturist· July 1990 • 5 Highlight Your Garden at Night

uring the day gardens are flooded with natural light. The play oflight and shadow makes the beauty ofD the garden change from season to season, hour to hour, moment to moment. The ever-changing scene in the garden is an essential part of the fascination we have with gardens. But at night most of our gardens are swallowed in darkness. Moonlight creates its magic, but this is lost when the moon is not full or is hidden by clouds. Night is when we can touch the garden with the magic of light. A plant that blends in with all of the others may be emphasized with light. Unusual shapes lost in the background can be illuminated to add architectural drama in the garden. Undesirable views can be forgotten. Light is a tool that can enhance any garden. But there are many other reasons to illuminate your landscape. Light enhances security. Safety may be a factor. Well-lighted stairs, walks, and pools ensure that a visitor does not stumble blindly into injury. Lights also Path lighting is probably the most common type of garden lighting. In addition to adding guide visitors where you want them to beauty to the night landscape, it helps guide visitors and prevents accidents. go: to the driveway or front door, to a patio, or on the walk rather than the lawn. Lighting can extend your time in The place to start is to draw your On the first tracing paper overlay the landscape and permit recreational property on paper as if you were draw in areas to be illuminated. Most uses at night. Outdoor lighting can looking down onto it from an airplane. areas should be drawn as circles. Label even help to enhance your indoor space Draw this plot plan to scale including each area according to the function of the by filling the dark windows with views your house, garage, and other lighting: to light tennis court, to light that give the room a feeling of greater permanent structures and features like statue, to light path or drive, etc. After spaciousness. driveway, sidewalk, walls, pools, you have indicated these areas you Sources of light can be gas lights, ponds, utility lines, and easements. should decide on your primary focal kerosene torches, candles, wood, and This is your base drawing. After point: what area of light is most electricity. But this article will focus on completing it, you will not draw important considering how you want it to the use of electric lamps (what most of anything more on this sheet of paper. function? You can then decide secondary us refer to as light bulbs) in the Now you will tape tracing paper over it focal points. You now know where you landscape. It will address only the and draw on the tracing paper. will place your brightest or most design aspects of garden lighting; for Spend time in the landscape at night dramatic lighting and the next brightest technical information on installation, as it is presently lighted. Determine areas. To avoid having splotches of light you can refer to do-it-yourself books on why you want to illuminate the isolated in a background of darkness, you the topic or obtain the services of a landscape. Is it to beautify the should connect the primary and licensed electrician. landscape? Are you concerned about secondary areas with dimly lighted areas security? Will lighting make the that will add continuity and depth to the Plan arrival of guests safer? Do you want to landscape. be able to play volleyball at night? By Landscape lighting, to be effective, is determining the function of the Experiment more than flooding the yard with light lighting project, you will have a better or lining a walk with six path lights idea what areas need to be illuminated With the information you have put from the standard 12-volt system kit. and the relative amount of light needed together, you can now look at the The project must be designed to do to do the job. Generally, smaller areas different lighting techniques commonly what you need and want. The design or that are being lighted for mood can be used and try them out in your planning process requires thought, handled adequately with 12-volt landscape. work, and experimentation. Let's begin systems. Large areas that need intense Up-lighting for Directional Viewing with what most of us have, a dark light or highly dramatic effects will When the lighted object can be viewed blank page or one that is lighted by the most likely require the installation of a from only one direction, accent lights fixture beside the door or on the porch. 120-volt system. are a good choice.

6. American Horticulturist • July 1990 Up-lighting for Multi-angle Viewing If the lighted object may be viewed from any direction, multiple lights placed evenly beneath the object Above left: Backlighting or spotlighting provide attractive results. can highlight trees or manmade garden Moonlighting features and create shadows that add The effect of moonlight filtering dimension. through trees is not only pleasant, but provides security lighting for an area. Above right: Moonlighting not only creates Down-lighting a pleasant, romantic sense of moonlight For outdoor activity areas, light filtering through trees, but provides sources well above eye-level with additional security to an area. overlapping areas of illumination provide uniform light for recreation, Right: Up-lighting can be done from one safety, and security. direction, as it is here, or several, Silhouette Lighting depending on the number of angles from Plants with interesting form and struc­ which it will typically be viewed. ture are highly dramatic when Photos Courtesy of Nightscaping silhouetted against a wall. Spotlighting Statues, fountains, and specimen plants can be a focal point in the garden. Unequal lighting from two qualifIed lighting system specialist for lighting or standard volltage alone. directions gives the effect of added the best selection of fIxtures and Do-it-yourselfers may be able to install depth and dimension. equipment. It is important that the low-voltage systems, but unless you are Spread Lighting fIxtures are compatible with both your very experienced with electricity, you Spread lights produce circular budget and the style of your garden. should hire a licensed electrician to patterns of light that illuminate low­ install a standard-voltage system. growing plants. This type of lighting can Final Lighting Plan Before you do any work with either fill in areas between the focal points. system, check local building codes for Path Lighting Your fInal plan will indicate the the need for permits. Path lights provide good illumination for location of power sources, fIxtures, and paths and steps while avoiding glare. connecting lines. Consult with an Tips from the Experts Duplicate these effects with lights in electrician or the appropriate books to clamp-on shield fixtures connected with determine the acceptable loads and Hide the source of light and never aim weatherproof extension cords. Be very equipment to do the installation "to the lights so they shine into anyone's careful when experimenting. Don't code." The fInal plan should be checked eyes or the neighbors' property. Place overload circuits. Work only when by an electrician. fIxtures out of the way, but remember everything is dry and wrap all plug The extent of your lighting will that you will have to change bulbs and connections with electrical friction tape. determine whether you should go with a maintain fIxtures, so keep them Set up all lamps and cords and then plug standard- or low-voltage system. With accessible. Keep your system flexible so into the power. Be creative, try all quality systems, the smaller landscape that it can change as the landscape possibilities, and don't be tied by rules. can be very effectively illuminated with a evolves. Decide what has worked best and low-voltage system. However, a more When floodlighting an area, place then purchase fIxtures that will best complex lighting plan will likely require the lights high enough (15 to 20 feet is achieve the desired effects. Consult a a mixture of standard- and low-voltage usually best) to avoid long, distorted

American Horticulturist· July 1990 • 7 Gardener's Q&A

shadows. Use two flood-lights on . I live in an apartment and . My French hydrangea has opposite sides of the area for best results. Q • have to do all my gardening Q • beautitUl foliage, but no The source of strong lights should be on a small patio, which has about flowers. What is wrong? well away from activity areas because all the container plants it can A. G., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of the insects the lights will attract. handle. But I would like to try to Yellow lights correct this to a certain attract hummingbirds. Is there . French hydrangeas are often extent, but colored light is difficult to anything I can put in a hanging A• killed to the ground in winter, use in the landscape as it causes basket that might work? so that gardeners have to be content to unnatural and undesirable effects on D. T., Annandale, Virginia enjoy them for their foliage. Their buds plant foliage. are very susceptible to late frosts. That Provide perspective with your lighting. .. Hummingbirds are attracted to is especially likely this year because of A single source of light on an object A flowers that are tubular and the unusual mild winter-cold spring usually makes the object appear either bright red, orange, or yellow. Fuchsias temperature pattern. Next year, once one-dimensional or overly contrasted. would be a good choice for a hanging your bush starts leafIng out, you may Two light sources of unequal strength basket if you can give them protection want to cover it when low tempera­ will provide nicely contrasted shadow from direct sun. You might try hanging tures are predicted. Another possibility areas that provide depth. When lighting a a feeder next to some brightly colored is that, if you prune in the spring, you rough or patterned surface, place a single blooms, such as geraniums, impatiens, are pruning away the buds. Hydrangea direction light source close to the wall so nasturtiums, nicotiana hybrids, macrophylla flowers from buds on the that the texture ofthe surface casts petunias, red salvi as, or snapdragons. previous season's growth; be careful to shadows. prune away only winter-damaged Lighting a flower bed can be very growth and spent flower heads. tricky. A mixed bed should not usually . I have been growing Q • rhubarb for several years -Cathy Gau be evenly illuminated. Focus on a Horticultural Intern single plant or group of plants; and recently was alarmed to hear illuminated mono culture beds- for that it becomes toxic after it instance, a bed of red salvia---can make flowers. Is this true? a major statement and can become the M. B., Hyattsville, Maryland primary focal point in the garden. The Only Good Flowers that illuminate best are those I .. By the time the plant has that hold their blooms high above the A flowered, harvesting should have Quackgrass... foliage, like delphiniums, lupines, and ceased, to allow the crown to rejuvenate tulips. Cannas, with their attractive for the next year's crop. Harvesting of the There's new hope for a biological form, also make good subjects for petiole or stalk of the rhubarb---one of weapon in the battle against slugs. lighting. the few perennial vegetables-should be Roger D. Hagin, a weed scientist Trees that have a light, airy foliage done in spring. While the rest of the with the U.S. Department of provide better effects when lighted plant contains deadly oxalic acid, the Agriculture's Plant Protection Unit than those with dense foliage. Dense petiole is safe to eat. in Ithaca, New York, has isolated conifers stand out when the tips of and synthesized an antislug their foliage is illuminated. Use shrubs compound released by quackgrass to camouflage fIxtures in the landscape. . I have received two conflict­ when it is killed. Most of all, experiment and discover Q • ing pieces of advice from The find is something of a double herb books. In order to develop the what works best in your landscape. A blessing because quackgrass is a little romance and magic can make most flavor, should herbs be persistent weed that competes with planted in poor rocky soil or your garden special. If you have been crops for fertilizer and water. The to New York City's Central Park and nutrient-rich soil? substance isn't found in living L. B., Washington, D.C. have seen the trees around the Tavern quackgrass. Commercial production on the Green fIlled with the small of the substance as a slug bait white lights, or if you have been to .. Advice that says herbs should seems likely; studies have shown Disney World, you know what I mean. A be planted in poor rocky soil is that it doesn't harm freshwater snails -Jack Kerrigan persistent but inaccurate, according to or mammals. Mary Ober, corresponding secretary at In the meantime, some gardeners the Herb Society of America. Like most report success in shielding plants This article was reprinted with plants, herbs need a good, friable, from slugs by surrounding them permission from the October 1989 issue nutrient-sufficient soil. The only bit of with gum balls-those nasty seed of The Garden Center Bulletin, truth in advice to the contrary is that pods dropped by the hundreds by published by the Garden Center of too much nitrogen in the soil can cause sweet gum trees. Greater Cleveland. Jack Kerrigan, an overabundance of leafy growth, Both examples seem to illustrate former editor of the Bulletin, is now a which in turn decreases the flavor of that in horticulture, it's a rare plant horticulturist with the Cuyahoga (Ohio) the herbs, so try to avoid fertilizers that grows no good. County Cooperative Extension Service. that are high in nitrogen.

8 + American Horticulturist • July 1990 Splotch 'n' Soda

Common household baking soda may help prevent the fungal diseases that leave ugly discoloration on roses. Cornell University researchers led by Kenneth Horst, a professor of plant pathology, tested baking soda sprays on roses over three growing seasons. 'Pascale' and 'Mr. Lincoln'---chosen for their susceptibility to fungal infections -were sprayed every three or four days from mid-April through October with various solutions of sodium bicarbonate. A solution of one tablespoon per gallon of water was found most effective in preventing damage from blacks pot. Insecticidal soap was added to help the solution spread across the leaves. The study, funded by a manufacturer of sodium bicarbonate-based products, was undertaken in an effort to find an environmentally safe and inexpensive Greenhouse worker Bill Makepeace sprays a solution of sodium bicarbonate and treatment for fungal diseases, said detergent in water on roses at Cornell University. The solution is believed harmless to Horst. "It is not uncommon for fungal humans, but protective gear must be worn at the university during pesticide applications. diseases to develop a tolerance to chemical fungicides," he observed. The team is not recommending used on vegetable crops. They can unrestricted use of baking soda by Shake It! Shorten It! stress plants by withholding water or home gardeners because the studies nutrients- primarily phosphorus- but are not complete. High concentrations Although most of us would like to see it's difficult to judge when the plant is ofthe bicarbonate solution will burn our plants grow as high as possible, becoming so stressed that its life is in rose leaves, and different varieties of professional growers need to keep them danger. Cooler temperatures will work roses vary in their sensitivity. from becoming too tall and gangly for some plants, but not others. Horst said the soda may work by before they reach the marketplace. To Another method is DIF: control ofthe changing the acidity of the leaf surface do this, they use a number of methods, difference between day and night to provide a buffering effect, or it may all of which have some drawbacks. temperature. Plants stay shorter if day change the topography of the leaf and They can use chemicals, but the and night temperatures are about the "confuse" the invading fungal spores. principle one, Alar, can no longer be same, or if day temperatures are cooler than night temperatures. But this is a complicated approach. The Root of the Problem Will Carlson, a professor of horticulture at Michigan State J-hooked. Kinked. Girdling. These are .. Before purchasing container­ University, writing in Greenhouse not skateboard maneuvers or wrestling grown trees inspect them carefully. Grower, describes another approach holds, but common root defects of Check the soil surface for kinked roots. that he admits sounds a bit far out, but container-grown trees. If you bought a Make sure the tree is centered in the could become the method of heigJ;tt container-grown tree last spring, it container; off-center planting often control. Being shaken, it appears, is may be on its way to sickness or death causes j-hooked roots. Then pull the also effective at curbing plant growth. if you did not re-route its roots. plant from the container and examine In one study, Easter lilies that were Jennifer Schuster, VIrginia Department the root ball. The roots should be small­ gently shaken by merely having fingers of Horticulture extension specialist writing to medium-sized and supple. White brushed over them once a day grew two in the Virginia Gardener, explains that root tips indicate healthy roots; black inches shorter than lilies that didn't roots of container-grown trees must tips indicate a dying system and rot. get such a treatment. A New Zealand scrunch together in limited space and often .. When you plant the trees, grower is putting this observation into bend sharply to one side (i-hooked roots), straighten the roots. Circling roots practice by attaching plastic fingers to twist at abnormal angles (kinked roots), or along the edge and bottom ofthe root a boom watering system so that the coil around other roots or the trunk ball should be pulled away from the leaves of his entire crop are disturbed (circling or girdling roots). If such trees are ball, pruned slightly to encourage new each time he waters. "While we have carelessly planted in the ground, they will growth, and spread out when planted. no scientific data on how this system be poorly anchored and have difficulty Tightly girdled roots need to be split. works," writes Carlson, "the grower absorbing water and nutrients. Thrust a shovel through the bottom was pleased with the results." How can these problems be avoided? half of the root mass to create two Perhaps it's just a case of bad .. Choose balled or burlapped trees. flaps, then use a knife to make several vibrations? In any case, gardeners who They normally have a compact and vertical cuts through the circling roots want their plants to grow tall might fibrous root system that is easily on the top. When planting, spread the keep the effect in mind and put the transplanted into the ground. bottom flaps into a horizontal position. brakes on shakes.

American Horticulturist · July 1990 • 9 "I was tremendously impressed, thinking that would be a wonderful idea to carry back to the Housing Authority of Elgin [RAE]," recalls Hill. ''I didn't quite Making a Difference know how to approach it, but a few years later, the mayor of Elgin asked me to be an RAE commissioner. I accepted eager­ ly, knowing now rd have my chance to implement the garden program." Her appointment was part of a larger effort to revamp and reform the housing authority. All but one of the commissioners were replaced; a new executive director, Sandra Freeman, was hired, and a new staff put in place. Hill proposed an urban gardening program for Elgin's public housing to the other commissioners and Freeman, and invited Lewis to Elgin to present his slides and program to the staff and tenants. The idea was greeted with enthusiasm, and one ofthe tenants, Sue Malone, volunteered to coordinate the program, which became known as Project Beautification. _ Says Hill: "Sue's enthusiasm and ~ hard work were contagious and :g everyone pitched in to make it ~ happen." Merchants and RAE vendors .8 donated plants, seeds, and garden s equipment, as well as money and ~ merchandise that would be awarded as prizes at the end ofthe gardening An HAE resident shows how she feels about her patio garden. season. Rototilling was made available to any tenants who wanted to start a garden, and by mid-May, 28 tenants A Beauty of a Project in Elgin, Illinois had plants in the ground. In August, community leaders Once, weeds grew between the drive Lewis, now research fellow in selected the best garden at each family and fence that leads to the apartment horticulture at Morton Arboretum, who court and senior citizen high-rise, and complex. The grounds were littered described his long experience in urban the best overall family court. Prizes with broken glass and the walls were horticulture and showed slides of were awarded at a family picnic covered with graffiti. extraordinary gardens planted by sponsored by the housing authority. Today, visitors to this low-rise tenants of public housing in Chicago, Hill calls Project Beautification an housing project in Elgin, Illinois, find New York City, and Philadelphia. unqualified success. "It gave tenants a that same ground colorful with sense of pride in themselves and where vegetables and flowers. They are likely they live, and fostered a sense of to be greeted by dozens of excited community and neighborliness," she residents, eager to show off their says. ''Vandalism and graffiti were gardens, where marigolds, petunias, reduced in the courts where gardens zinnias, tomatoes, peppers, corn, were planted. This year, we had even zucchini, cucumbers, greens, and much greater participation. Some of the more are planted in neat rows and families are even talking about renting even intricate geometric patterns. a city garden plot and planting Bright flower baskets are hanging over pumpkins so all the children can have patios surrounded by colorful flowers; a pumpkin for Halloween. vines cover chain-link fences. Almost "Project Beautification benefitted not every square foot of ground has flowers only everyone who participated, but or vegetables planted on it. There's not the entire community." a weed to be seen. It's hard to believe that this is the same public housing project that was Our thanks to Patricia Hill for con­ such an eyesore only two years ago. How tributing this report and the wonderful did the transformation come about? photographs of the Project Beautifica­ In September 1985, Elgin resident tion gardens and gardeners. We would Patricia Hill attended the American love to hear from other members about Horticultural Society Annual Meeting, programs and individuals who have which was held in Chicago that year. Zinnias and other bright-colored annuals used horticulture to "make a difference" One ofthe speakers was Charles make a young gardener smile. in their own communities.

10 • American Horticulturist • July 1990 Rogers said about half ofthe lilacs Through selling the idea of helping Introducing Lilacs distributed by the commission have something to grow-plants in a garden been sold in an annual promotion by and money in an account-the bank gets to the Next the Fleet chain of banks, which has new depositors, and New Hampshire branches throughout the state. This year residents get a beautiful bargain. Says Generation the bank paid the commission $6 for each Rogers: "The lilacs are usually gone by of 5,000 shrubs and sold them for $5 each. 10 o'clock the first day." Since it was established in New Hampshire six years ago, the Governor's,Lilac Commission has distributed between 40,000 and 50,000 lilacs. Some have been planted along the state's highways, both to beautify them and introduce visitors to the state flower. About half have been sold at a nominal price in a popular annual promotion for a bank chain. But probably the most important use of the lilacs, according to Dr. Owen Rogers, professor of horticulture at the University of New Hampshire, has been to introduce young children to plants and gardening and older students to a potential career. Representatives of the commission visit elementary schools, at the schools' request, to talk about lilacs and their care, and help children plant some lilacs on the school grounds. This spring alone, they visited a dozen elementaries, leaving behind a bit of instant beauty and, Rogers hopes, the beginning of a lifetime of plant appreciation. At the high school level, the commission's involvement is even more intensive. Students attending horticul­ tural classes at vocational high schools are presented with small, tissue-cultured lilacs and taught how to care for them over the winter, until they are big enough to be planted in the spring. At that point, the lilacs may become a civics project, if the students choose to plant them around the school or on other public property, or a lesson in economics, if the students decide to sell them. Cub Scouts in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, planted lilacs at a fire station, church, and The students get a valuable lesson in other public buildings on Earth Day. horticulture, their town gets some beautiful plants, and the commission gains something as well, Rogers said. Live Oaks for Texas "They're helping us to produce more lilacs. Before tissue culture, it used to A Texas communications company intended to ensure that Texas had at be enormously difficult to propagate paved the way for some 750 live oaks to least 600 potential Treaty Oaks in the some cultivars. Tissue culture allows be planted by more than 2,000 school future. "Because the Treaty Oak's us to have many different kinds much children in 22 communities throughout poisoning seemed so senseless, we more quickly. And of course, we've the state last spring, wanted to make environmental introduced lilacs, and the idea of a "Project Live Oak" was a promotional awareness a key part of Project Live career in horticulture, to another year effort by ATC/Claydesta. Claydesta Oak. We hope the trees planted all of young people." Communications, founded in Midland, across Texas will make people stop and The commission receives most of its Texas, had been acquired by the ATC think about the environment and financial support from the state. These company in Atlanta, Georgia, and become wiser, more sensitive state funds have allowed the officials were afraid oflosing their caretakers of the world around us." commission to plant lilacs along the image as a Texas organization. Their The Texas Association of Nurserymen highways where they create a colorful publicists suggested the tree-planting served as advisors to the project and welcome for visitors in spring. The project following the much publicized helped prepare educational material on commission receives additional funds poisoning of the historic Treaty Oak in the value oftrees, the history ofthe from private businesses and industries Austin last year. Treaty Oak and the live oak species, and whose leaders want to help the Mike Grimley, ATC/Claydesta senior the care and planting of trees. environment or beautify their state. vice president, said the project was

American Horticulturist • July 1990 • 11 Regional Notes

Rare Orchid Propagated

The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens in Sarasota, Florida, has had success with another rare Ecuadorian orchid (see American Horticulturist November ~989). Epidendrum ilense was propagated at Selby Gardens by tissue culture; resulting samples were sent to ~ other botanical institutions. French ~ orchid breeder Maurice Lecoufle ~ received one of the tissue samples and ] obtained seed by self-crossing the ~ mother plant. .§ As a result the pumpkin-scented ~ orchid is now available to collectors ~ although it has disappeared from its ~ natural habitat-near the top of the ~ rain forest canopy where the white ~ fringed flowers grew on the trunks and 8 branches of trees. Selby Gardens botanist Calaway H. Dodson The Missouri Botanical Garden's Climatron brings the tropics to St. Louis. discovered four specimens in 1976; when he returned to Ecuador six months later the original patch of Climatron Reopens After Two Years forest was a com field. Dodson wrote in the American Orchid Society Bulletin, The Missouri Botanical Garden's Australia; the Brookings Interpretive "I found no more plants that time, or Climatron reopened March 30 after being Center on the Tropics links the the succeeding trip, or ever again... closed for over two years for renovation. Climatron and the Temperate House Epidendrum ilense apparently became The Clirnatron is a unique geodesic dome and includes a large diorama explain­ extinct in the wild without even the greenhouse that recreates a tropical rain ing the consequences of deforestation. courtesy of being listed as an orest. Signs throughout the Climatron The Missouri Botanical Garden and the endangered species." teach visitors about fragile ecosystems Clirnatron Complex are located at 4344 Efforts to reintroduce the orchid to and diminishing rainforests. Shaw Boulevard. Hours are 9 am. to 5 the wild have produced indeterminate The St. Louis garden also opened two p.rn. daily; between Memorial Day and results. "The way to save the plant in new facilities on March 30. The Labor Day hours are 9 am. to 8 p.m. For the wild is to save the forest," John Schoenberg Temperate House houses more information write or call Missouri Atwood, current director of orchid temperate plants from southern Europe, Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, identification at Selby Gardens told the North Africa, southern California, and MO 63166, (314) 577-5100. New York Times Magazine. "Unless you save the habitat, there's no point." The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Wings for Norfolk has sponsored nearly 100 plant collecting expeditions to tropical The Norfolk Botanical Garden has received and entice female butterflies into the rain forests in the past 15 years. The $10,000 dollars to endow a butterfly­ garden to lay eggs. gardens are internationally known for hummingbird garden in memory of an Norfolk Botanical Garden Foundation their outstanding orchid collections; of anonymous donor's parents. The donor has President Bill Stifller said the gift is "just the 6,000 plants in the collection, 4,500 a long-held fascination with these winged the first step in many new and wonderful are species plants. Bromeliads, aroids, creatures and hopes the garden will things that will enhance the botanical ferns, and gesneriads are also well become a peaceful spot within the 175-acre garden." The garden will be incorporated represented. Virginia garden. into Norfolk's master plan to be The gardens are located on Features will include many butterfly developed later this year. Sarasota's downtown waterfront on favorites, including flat rocks for The Norfolk Botanical Gardens are South Palm Avenue off U.S. 41. Hours "sunning" and shallow puddles for located on Airport Road off Azalea are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily except drinking. Nectar-producing flowers will Garden Road. Hours are 8:30 a.m. to Christmas. For more information write lure butterflies and hummingbirds to sunset daily. For more information write or call the Marie Selby Botanical the gardens while host plants will or call the gardens at Airport Road, Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, provide food for hungry caterpillars Norfolk, VA 23518, (804) 441-5385. Sarasota, FL 33777, (813) 366-5730.

12 + American Horticulturist· July 1990 The gardens of Toronto's Cas a Lorna opened this spring after a four-year renovation. Casa Lorna Opens in Toronto

The newly renovated gardens of Casa fountain, a major ornamental grass Lorna, a Toronto castle with a six-acre planting, a rhododendron and azalea garden originally designed by horticul­ dell, a hillside garden, and a garden of turist Sir Henry Pellatt, opened to the water-loving plants. public this spring. The renovation of the Casa Lorna is operated and gardens, including research, design, maintained by the Kiwanis Club of fundraising, and construction, have been West Toronto. Additional planting will overseen by volunteer members of the continue for two years. The gardens Garden Club of Toronto. are open from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. seven Special features of the garden, which days a week. For more information, was created by Pellatt 70 years ago, write the Garden Club of Toronto, 777 include a secret garden with a dragon Lawrence Avenue East, Don Mills, tree sculpture, a computerized dancing Ontario M3C 1P2.

o Please send me a free catalog. AARS Gardens Desert Tree Book o Please send me 100 Mammoth Darwin Hybrid Tulips for $19.95. The Tucson Chapter of the Arizona o Payment enclosed: ____ Gardens in Ohio and Washington Native Plant Society is offering a book o Charge to: 0 Master Card 0 VISA State have been added to tbe 140 on Desert Trees as part of its series accredited by All-America Rose promoting indigenous and arid­ Acct. No.: ______Selections, Inc. Fellows Riverside adapted trees for desert cities. The Exp. Date: ______Gardens in Youngstown, Ohio, and 32-page booklet, which contains Point Defiance Rose Garden in Name: information on choosing and caring for Mailing Address: ______Tacoma, Washington, were 54 trees suitable for desert conditions, selected for accreditation based on replaces a poster that has been offered the professional quality of the by the society. The group has Shipping Address: ______garden, geographic location, size, previously published a book on Desert number of viSitors, public service, Shrubs. A new publication, Desert City: ______and commitment to rose growing, Vines and Groundcovers, will be according to Omer Schneider, available this fall, and will be followed State: _____ Zip: _____ AARS president. AARS is a by Desert Accents and Wildflowers. Phone Number: ______nonprofit organization of U.S. rose To obtain the booklet, send $2 to the growers who test new rose Arizona Native Plant Society, P.O. Box varieties and determine which can 41206, Tucson, AZ 85717. Va", €"'s~l~", l",c. be recommended as exceptional. Stillbrook Farm 313 Maple Street, Litchfield, CT 06759 (203) 567-8734

American Horticulturist • July 1990 • 13 Mter three months Crank compared Wildflower Grows the height and weight of the plants in each group. The Indian paintbrushes Better With a Friend grown with the Texas bluebonnets grew to an average of eight inches tall The brilliant scarlet Indian paintbrush while the lone plants only reached roams throughout the West with other three inches. Likewise, the first group wildflowers and grasses, and thanks to ... weighed in at eight grams per stem research at the National Wildflower i while those grown without the Texas Research Center, this striking native may ~ bluebonnets averaged less than a gram. become a beloved garden plant as well. ~ Similar studies have been conducted Current knowledge of the best J with several perennial species of propagation methods and seed harvesting :;; Indian paintbrush with corresponding techniques is nrinimal so that Indian ~ results, but the wildflower center is paintbrush seed sources are limited and ~ one of the first to study this annual their prices high (about $500 per pound of ~ species. If the preliminary findings are seed). The center's research on an annual .§ accurate, Indian paintbrush seed will variety, Castilleja indivisa, shows that the ~ become more readily available and plant is a parasite. Since it draws water Jl affordable and easier to grow. and possibly nutrients from plants around 'c; This is part of a two-year study that it, seed sown with that of another plant ~ also will look at the plant's seed produces larger and healthier plants, g germination requirements and include which in turn yield more seed. U field work on seed production per plant Research was conducted by Elinor Indian paintbrush growing alone, front, per acre. The research is funded by the Crank, a research horticulturist with the and with Texas bluebonnet. Agricultural Diversification Program wildflower center, who first planted 100 of the Texas Department of Agriculture. Indian paintbrush s~edlings with 100 . Write or call the National Wildflower Texas bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis) pots were also used to grow 100 Indian Research Center at 2600 FM 973 N., seedlings in four-inch pots. The same size paintbrush seedlings planted alone. Austin, Texas 78725, (512) 929-3600. Flora of North America Goes to Press

One of the most ambitious botanical under­ Morin, "but the potential usefulness of plan to include information on horticul­ takings in the history of North America the project, particularly in view of the tural potential, sources of seeds, known has crossed a major hurdle. F10ra of North use of computers, is almost unlimited." diseases, and growth characteristics. America (FNA), a project to publish a Since the computer database will be The current flora project began in synoptic flora of all species of vascular continually updated, FNA should be an 1982 and has received funding from plants native to North America north of ever-expanding source of information the Pew Charitable Trust and the Mexico, has sent its first volume (Ferns for research being done on North National Science Foundation. and Gymnosperms) to Oxford University American plants. For more information write to: Flora Press. It will be published in 1991. The editors are designing the flora to of North America, Missouri Botanical When the FNA team has completed the appeal to a wide range of interests Garden, P.O. Box 299, Saint Louis, entire project in 2002, it will have compiled beside botany. For horticulturists, they MO 63166. 12 volumes and a computerized database of detailed information on the vascular plants ofthe continental United States, Canada, Greenland, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon Islands. Flora of Wildflower Chosen Perennial ofthe Year North America will include identification keys, summaries of habitat and geographic A native American wildflower, runners that root as they grow. Six-to­ ranges, pertinent synonymies (a list of the creeping phlox (Ph/ox st%nifera), has eight-inch flower stalks are covered scientific names that have been applied to been chosen perennial plant of the with flat panicles of starlike flowers. a species and its subdivisions), descrip­ year by the Perelllnial Plant P. st%nifera is available in a variety tions, chromosome numbers, phenological Association. The landscape plant is of pastel colors and a number of information, other biological observations, Flative from Georgia to Pennsylvania ct:.lltivars including: 'Bruce's White' and a comprehensive bibliography; 17,000 and hardy in all but the most extreme (also called 'Alba' or 'Ariane'), 'Blue to 20,000 species will be covered. climates of the United States. Ridge' (pale lavender), 'Sherwood Nancy R. Morin of the Missouri Creeping phlox is tolerant of Purple' (pale purple), 'Homes Fires' Botanical Garden is the convening editor. shade and acidic soil and works well (rose pink), 'Pink Ridge' (may be listed The Missouri Botanical Garden (the as a ground cover, as an uFlderplant­ as 'Home Fires' or 'Melrose'), organizational center), the Hunt Institute ing with azaleas and rhododendrons, 'Osborne White' (white tinged with for Botanical DQGumentation (the or under spring bulbs. The pia FIts pale lavender), 'Iridescence' (lavender bibliographical center), and twenty other dislike limey soil or heavy clay, but blue), and 'Daybreak' (light lilac). institutions have representatives on the are relatively trOUble-free, even For more information on the editorial committee. More than 200 resisting the powdery mildew that Perennial Plant Association write authors will contribute articles. plagues many phlox species. 3383 Schirtzinger Road, Columbus, ''The amount of effort that will be The plant forms a rosette of shiny Ohio 43206, or call (614) 771-8431. required collectively is enormous," says oval leaves then quickly sets out

14 • American Horticulturist· July 1990 Williamsburg Symposium Blends Best of Old and New

WIUlAMSBURG, VA-The day of the long as 5,000 years ago. After festering shade and pretty blossoms; the cardboard tomato is over, according to a gar­ in obscurity (Cortez outlawed the 'Red spire' pear (Pyrus calleryana den columnist for the Los Angeles Times. Aztecs from using it for their rituals of 'Redspire') resists auto fumes; and the "In the next century, we're going to be human sacrifice 500 years ago), this 'Cardinal' crab apple (Malus eatirig better than we ever have before," highly nutritious foodstuff is now hupehensis 'Cardinal'), a brand-new said Rosalind Creasy, a featured speaker enjoying a comeback. cultivar that Flemer developed, resists at the 44th Williamsburg Garden Sym­ Creasy's research led to her apple scab disease. posium. Americans' palates are maturing, discovery of the pleasures of edible Elsa Bakalar, returning for her she said; we are no longer satisfied with flowers. Some fine restaurants, such as second year at the conference, showed "a chunk of iceberg lettuce and a tomato San Francisco's Chez Panisse, have harmonious ways to blend old­ that can withstand velocities of 14 miles begun to grow gardens filled with fashioned and contemporary flowers. per hour." Quality and variety are the exotic vegetables and edible flowers Connecticut perennial expert Fred bywords, and using the rich plant right next door to their establishments. McGourty detailed his "modern old­ heritage at our disposal, chef, gardener, fashioned" garden design for Carter's and consumer alike can now enjoy such Grove plantation. The garden is old­ exotic treats as red, white, and blue fashioned in having the blowsy, warm, potato salad and rose petal sorbet. Gertrude Jekyll-influenced style of the At the early April symposium, 1930s, but it uses hardy, contemporary co-sponsored by Colonial Williamsburg cultivars to replace vintage plants and and the American Horticultural requires minimal maintenance, Society, gardeners, garden writers, .. McGourty explained. designers, and horticulturists heard E Donna Matthews, staff horticulturist many such fresh, modern approaches ~ for the American Horticultural Society, to vintage plants and traditional a together with Wesley Greene and Rollin landscape design. ~ Woolery of Colonial Willi~burg, Creasy observed that Americans, .g described and exhibited examples of the increasingly sophisticated in their 8 many boxwood cultivars available to the tastes, are exploring unusual foods, ~ gardener and discussed their uses in the including those once common in their ~ home landscape. ancestors' diets. "Heritage" vegetables, 8 Some experts focused on new ways to with their unusual shapes, colors, and .8 modernize landscapes and gardens. tastes, are becoming more widely ~ Virginia horticulturist Bonnie known due to the efforts of seed Appleton detailed her designs for conservation groups. Creasy Boxwood, which can be seen throughout revitalizing old gardens; landscape collaborated with one of these groups, Colonial Williamsburg, was among the many designer James van Sweden described the Iowa nonprofit grower Seed Savers topics on the program of this spring's his "user-friendly garden" for public Exchange, to grow vintage vegetables symposium there. spaces. Lecturers at a house plant in a variety of climates. To prepare for clinic displayed species of tropical her latest book, Cooking From the One can dine on such blooms as lilies, plants that have only recently been Garden, Creasy planted organically anise hyssops, and candied belinda made available to the American public. grown "theme gardens" filled with roses in salads, soups, and butters. Other events included a demonstration endangered species imported by But, before adding flowers to your of flower arranging in the "Birmingham" European and Asian immigrants menu, Creasy warned, be sure to have style, bird walks and wildflower walks, generations ago. Her themes ranged a reliable guide to discerning poisonous and landscape and greenhouse tours with from ethnic groupings (Mexican, from non-toxic varieties. Keep away Colonial Williamsburg designers and Italian) to gardens containing many from delphiniums and watch out for horticulturists. John Austin, senior varieties of the same vegetable. For petunias, she said, which can induce a curator and curator of glass and ceramics one garden, Creasy planted 12 species feeling of flight. at Colonial Williamsburg's collections of eggplants up her driveway: they Also exploring new uses for old department, shared his expertise in were oblong and melon-shaped, species was William Flemer, president 18th century flowerpots. Dr. H. Marc yellow, white, and purple, with tastes of Princeton Nurseries in Princeton, Cathey, director ofthe U.S. National ranging from mild to creamy, but none New Jersey. Flemer, agreeing with Arboretum, explained the U.S. Agricul­ looked, or tasted, like a typical President Bush's recent statement that ture Department's revised hardiness zone supermarket eggplant. tree planting is the most cost-efficient map, the changes it reflects in the Another theme garden contained way to clean polluted air, said there American climate, and the implications of Native American Indian foods. It are many old and neglected tree those changes for the garden. included the three "sisters oflife"­ species that thrive amid urban -Beth Slatkin squash, corn, and beans-which pollution and street glare. The low­ Creasy predicted will be grown in spreading Yoshino cherry (Prunus increasingly greater varieties; and yedoensis), for example, is small enough Beth Slatkin is a free -lance writer amaranth, a grain that was grown as to avoid overhead wires, while it offers living in Williamsburg, Virginia.

American Horticulturist • July 1990 + 15 AIlS Bulletin Board Recycling at AHS AHSand Cleve1and Garden Center The staff at River Farm recently inaugurated a recycling program for Co-Sponsor Flower Arranging Symposium paper, glass, and aluminum. All white office paper is collected in special Cleveland will be blooming this October during a Flower Arranger's containers and taken to the office of Symposium co-sponsored by the American Horticultural Society and the Gerry Hyland, a Fairfax County Garden Center of Greater Cleveland. The symposium, which will be held supervisor for the Mount Vernon October 9 at the garden center, will feature speakers, slide presentations, and District. It is then picked up by the a fresh flower arranging demonstration. county as a part of its comprehensive Topics and presenters for the one-day event are: recycling initiative. Glass bottles and • "Unusual Perennials and Annuals Excellent for Cutting," presented by aluminum cans are carried to local Allen Armitage, professor of horticulture at the University of Georgia. recycling centers by AHS staffers. Armitage is a sought-after speaker who has lectured to the trade on topics "Everyone is participating with ranging from growing flowers for the fresh-cut market to procedures for enthusiasm," says recycling coordinator keeping them in prime condition. Tom Barrett. "It's such an easy way to • "Grasses-The Under Utilized Element," a lecture by John Greenlee. reduce the amount of trash we send to Owner and manager of a Pomona, California, nursery specializing in unusual the landfill and to help clean up the grasses, Greenlee will describe varieties adaptable to the perennial garden environment." Building supervisor Jane as well as easily found wayside varieties suitable for floral designs. Glass estimates that trash production • "Variegated and Colored Foliages," a talk by Janet Oberliesen, director has been halved as a result of the new of development of Chadwick Arboretum of the Ohio State University in program. Columbus, Ohio. Oberliesen is an accredited flower show judge and has Since only white paper is recyclable served on the decorations committee of the Columbus Museum of Art. locally, anyone corresponding with • "Inspiration and Techniques for the Flower Arranger," a demonstration by AHS,is urged not to send off-white or Pauline Runkle, owner and manager of a floral design and landscaping colored paper. If you are interested in business in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts. Runkle was production starting a recycling program in your assistant for the WGBH television series "A Small City Garden," and is a regular office or neighborhood, check with your participant in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts' "Art-in-Bloom" festival. Her work local public works department for the has appeared in Better Homes and Gardens and Town and Country magazines. address of the closest collection center, The charge for the symposium, which includes a box lunch, is $78 for AHS or call the Environmental Defense members and members of the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland; $88 for Fund's toll-free recycling hotline ([800] non-members. Lectures begin at 9:30 a.m. followed by lunch and the design 225-5333) for information on recycling demonstration, which finishes at 3:00 p.m. centers nationwide. To register, fill in the form below and mail it, along with a check payable to the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland, to the Garden Center at 11030 East Boulevard, Cleveland, OH 44106, Attn: Flower Arranging Symposium. Registrations must be received by October 1 as seating is limited. For more Environmental information or directions to the Garden Center call Marilyn Sommer at Outreach (216) 721-1600.

Three AHS staffers recently participated in an all-day gardening workshop in the Please register me for the Flower Arranger's Symposium to be held District of Columbia. "All You Need to o October 9,9:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. at the Garden Center of Greater Cleveland. Know About Gardening" was sponsored I have enclosed a check for: by Urban Earth, a local environmental organization, and the D.C. Department of $78 (AHS or Garden Center member) $88 (non-member) Recreation and Parks Youth and Urban o o Gardens Program. Donna Matthews, Name ______AHS horticulturist, gave a presentation on companion planting; Joe Keyser, director of programs, spoke on urban tree Address planting; and Tom Barrett, editor of the City State Zip second edition of North American Horticulture, discussed "Gardening, ______(evening) Greening, and the Environmental Phone (day) Movement." Other speakers included Holly Shimizu ofthe U.S. Botanic Garden and John Short, soil scientist with the Registrations must be received by October 1, 1990. Center for Urban Ecology.

16 + American Horticulturist· July 1990 Companion Plants McDonald's Garden Center Athens, Ohio Hampton, Virginia Thank You! Colvos Creek Nursery Molbak's, Inc. Seattle, VVashington VVoodinville, VVashington We wish to acknowledge the cooperation of The Cummins Garden Claude Moore Colonial Farm the following special friends of the Marlboro, New Jersey McLean, Virginia American Horticultural Society. These The Daffodil Mart Oak Paddock Farm individuals, nurseries, and businesses Gloucester, Virginia Gettysburg, Pennsylvania have supported the goals and continued Daleview Greenhouses The Plant Center growth ofAHS by distributing Society McLean, Virginia Alexandria, Virginia information and membership materials to Mrs. Beverley White Dunn Powell Propagators their customers. The staff and Board of Birmingham, Alabama Columbus, Georgia Directors wish to send very special thanks Mr. K. Albert Ebinger Rice Creek Gardens to these participants in the 1990 AHS Boxford, Massachusetts Minneapolis, Minnesota Membership Program! Frying Pan Park Rocknoll Nursery Fairfax, Virginia Hillsboro, Ohio Adamgrove Forestfarm Roslyn Nursery California, Missouri VVilliams, Oregon Dix Hills, New York Appalachian Gardens Greenlee Nursery Scarff Nursery VVaynesboro,Pennsylvania Pomona, California New Carlisle, Ohio Archias' Seed Store Greer Gardens Springvale Farm Nursery, Inc. Sedalia, Missouri Eugene, Oregon Hamburg, Illinois Atlanta Botanical Garden Gunston Hall Thompson & Morgan Atlanta, Georgia Alexandria, Virginia Jackson, New Jersey Bailey Nursery Heard Gardens United States National Arboretum Saint Paul, Minnesota Johnston, Iowa VVashington, D.C. Bear Creek Nursery Hillside Gardens Unusual Plants Northport, VVashington Norfolk, Connecticut Rancho Cordova, California Behnke Nurseries Company Holbrook Farm Andre Viette Farm & Nursery Beltsville, Maryland Fletcher, North Carolina Fisherville, Virginia Mrs. Beall's Outdoor Market Home Harvest Garden Supply Wayside Gardens McLean, Virginia VVoodbridge, Virginia Hodges, South Carolina Dr. Sherran Blair Charles Klehm & Sons Nursery We-Du Nurseries Columbus, Ohio Champaign, Illinois Marion, North Carolina Bloom, Bloom & Bloom Mrs. Carolyn Marsh Lindsay Woodlanders, Inc. Shohomish, VV ashington Rochester, New York Aiken, South Carolina Kurt Bluemel, Inc. McClure & Zimmerman Woodlawn Plantation Baldwin, Maryland Friesland, VVisconsin Mount Vernon, Virginia Bluemont Nursery Monkton, Maryland Bluestone Perennials Madison, Ohio AHS Membership Services Brookside Gardens Your satisfaction with our member service is very important to us. If you have a VVheaton, Maryland question or problem concerning your membership, please contact the Membership Brown's Lawn & Garden Department for assistance. Hot Springs, Arkansas You can help by giving complete information when you call or write. Please refer to John Brudy Exotics the five-digit number that is on the ma.i.l.iRg label on your magazine or News Edition. Brandon, Florida The number helps us to quickly identify your membership record for corrections. v The Bovees Nursery Portland, Oregon Changing Your Address? Brookside Gardens VVheaton, Maryland Please allow 6-8 weeks advance notice. Attach a current mailing label in the space Bundles of Bulbs provided (or write in your old address) then fill in your new address on the lines below. Owings Mills, Maryland Burke Nursery & Garden Center Burke, Virginia Old Address: Member # Busse Gardens Name Cokato, Minnesota Address Calloway Gardens City ~ ____~ ______~ State _~ __ Zip Pine Mountain, Georgia Campbell & Ferrara Alexandria, Virginia New Address: Caprice Farm Name Sherwood, Oregon Address Carroll Gardens ______State VVestminster, Maryland City Zip Crownsville Nursery Crownsville, Maryland Mail to: Membership Services, American Horticultural Society, 7931 East Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308.

American Horticulturist · July 1990 + 17 Gardener's Bookshelf

Parsnips in the Snow because my goal is to save money. That's why I don't fertilize, and that's Fix yourself a tall glass of iced tea or why I don't irrigate, either. That's • ... •. • ~ ;...... • i' .. <;; settle back in your hammock with an ice­ something that costs. Ifit dies, it dies." T:BRQUGH TIlE cold beer for a down-home conversation But my favorites are perhaps Ann GARDEN GATE with a few of the Midwest's most and Eric Weir who, like my husband passionate vegetable gardeners. Jane and I, rarely seem to agree on a Anne Staw and Mary Swander have gardening philosophy: "Eric's real fussy written a wonderful book for a lazy hot about the garden. He likes the rows to swnmer day. It's subtitled, ''Talks with be cut down with razor-sharp edges Midwestern Gardeners," and their and everything to be picked on backgrounds are as varied as their schedule. I think that streak is experiences and the vegetables they grow. inherited from his grandfather. And he There's Dixie Peterson who gardens really tends to get carried away with organically because she has a chemically this weeding. . .! can't garden that way. induced illness, and who cans her garden I like to have dill just growing up in bounty "as much for beauty as for the middle of everything. And cosmos function ...! would can green beans with all over the place." two perfect rows on top of each other, all I found many friends in the pages of the way around. And with pickles, I Parsnips in the Snow. I'm sure you will too. would get them exactly the same size, By Jane Anne Staw and Mary and layer them in two rows around the Swander. University ofIowa Press, pint jar," she says. "I love looking at my Iowa City, Iowa. 1990.205 pages. canning on the shelves. It's really an art. Black-and-white photographs. Lawrence also finds room for passages And it heals me to see my own work Publisher's price: hardcover, $24.95; from the works of Shakespeare, around because I think we've lost softcover, $12.50. AHS member price: Tennyson, and Wordsworth. Her something important when other people hardcover, $21.25; softcover, $10.50. gardening successes, failures, and do everything for us." - Mary Beth Wiesner discoveries are as fresh today as they Or Bill Hatke who left academia to were 20 and 30 years ago. garden for a living: "I don't plow my In one of her last essays Lawrence garden and I don't till. I work the Through the Garden Gate wrote: "Gardens are so perishable; they ground by hand. People say, 'What do live on only in books and letters; but you mean, you work the garden by Before she died in 1985, Elizabeth what has gone before is not lost; the hand? Do you really go out there and Lawrence wrote 720 Sunday columns future is the past entered by another get on your hands and knees?' No, I use for the Charlotte, North Carolina, door." Happily Lawrence's gardens and a hoe and a rake and a shovel, for Observer. I envy those who knew writing will live on in the pages of crying out loud! I just don't use any Lawrence and were able to read her Through the Garden Gate. motorized mechanisms. But not at all columns when they appeared, but By Elizabeth Lawrence. Edited by because I romanticize rural life. Only luckily for me and the others who Bill Neal. University of North Carolina didn't find her on the pages of the Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Observer, Bill Neal has gathered 144 of 1990.256 pages. Publisher's price: these columns (written between 1957 hardcover, $19.95. AHS member price:

~w~~'i*,~Jdr;tfll!fm~l-q~;HrWh.N and 1971) in Through the Garden Gate. $16.95. - M. B. W. t'II~.W1~jc" Lawrence was the first woman to receive a degree in landscape architecture from the North Carolina State College School of Design and her Ooops! own gardens in Raleigh and Charlotte were legendary. Many may know Due to an unexpected high demand Lawrence from her garden books, for our magazine, our April press which include A Southern Garden, The run exceeded the number of Spring Little Bulbs, and Gardening for Love. Garden Book Catalogs we had The Observer columns cover a available to insert in that issue, as fascinating array of subjects-plant indicated on the magazine's cover. history and folklore, garden books, If you haven't received your landscape design, and plant culture are catalog-with over 700 titles, all well represented. Lawrence quotes a discounted 15 to 50 percent­ myriad of sources-fellow gardeners please call us at (800) 777-7931 (in are plentiful (Vita Sackville-West, Virginia call [703] 768-5700) or write Gertrude Jekyll, and friend and to AHS Book Service, 7931 East neighbor Elizabeth Clarkson each Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA Jaue Anue llaw &Mary ~waRller make several appearances) but 22308.

18 • American Horticulturist· July 1990 A Weaver's Garden 20 feet square should do the trick) and how much dyer's broom (Genu;ta tinctoria) is In easy-to-read and highly entertaining needed to dye four ounces of wool yellow text Rita Buchanan has provided (about one gallon of chopped stems). detailed information for gardeners who The plant list is impressive, and weave and weavers who garden, but although Buchanan readily admits that gardeners interested in growing most of the plants aren't usually available interesting and historic plants will also at local garden centers and nurseries, she find much of interest here. does provide a list of mail-order seed and Chapters cover Plant Fibers for plant suppliers and a list of seed Spinning and Stuffing, Dyes from exchanges that will assist those trying to Plants, Soap Plants for Cleaning track down sources. Textiles, Fragrant Plants to Scent and Experienced gardeners can skip the Protect Textiles, and Plant Materials Creating a Garden section, but Used to Make Textile Tools. Each Buchanan does provide four helpful chapter is packed with information, garden plans for different size gardens. from historical background, folklore, She also lists public gardens, in 12 and the uses of plants and textiles to states, that display examples of fiber, growing tips, harvesting techniques, dye, soap, scent, and tool plants. The preparing plants for weaving, and glossary, pronunciation guide, and methods of dying textiles and making index also are helpful. soap with plant materials. Detailed By Rita Buchanan. Interweave reading lists follow each chapter. Press, Inc., Loveland, Colorado. 1987. Buchanan also provides some practical 230 pages. Line drawings and color information such as how much space is photographs. Publisher's price: needed to grow enough cotton plants to hardcover, $16.95. AHS member price: weave cloth for a blouse (a patch about $14.40. -M. B. W. Book Order Form Save Our Planet: 750 Ever~day Wa~s You Can Help Clean Up ~AVEOUR Please send me the following the Earth books at the special AHS PLANET member prices. In this year ofthe environment, 750 EVH,Y[;AY Wf\Y5 YOU CAN D PARSNIPS IN THE SNOW conservation how-to guides are popping HELP CLEAr I UP THE EAHTH D Hardcover ...... $21.25 up like summer daisies. One of the most i IOW634 attractive and useful ofthese handbooks D Softcover ...... $10.50 is Diane MacEachern's Save Our Planet. t_tl - , , IOW635 D THROUGH THE GARDEN '"~ ~~ 6 After an introduction describing the GATE ...... $16.95 major environmental problems plaguing UNC412 the Earth, the book is divided into nine D A WEAVER'S GARDEN $14.40 chapters, each representing a different WEA552 D SAVE OUR PLANET ... $8.45 sphere of life (home, garden, garage, DELOOI supermarket, school, office, community, apartment, and vacations). MacEachern I would like to order books. stuffs these chapters full of information Please add $2.50 per book for on how individuals can stem postage and handling. Virginia environmental pollution by modifYing residents add 4lr2% sales tax. Ph~ase their lifestyles. There is also an allow six weeks for delivery. Prices appendix listing publications, organic the lawn, and sources for supplies and are subject to change without notice. gardening companies, and additional information. My favorite Environmental Protection Agency gardening tip: throwaway your D Enclosed is my check for $ _ _ _ regional offices, and a checklist of sprinklers. They waste water through D Charge to: environmental organizations. evaporation and should be substituted o Visa 0 MasterCard Exp. Date ___ Although few of MacEachern's tips with rubber soaker hoses. are strikingly original, it is handy to This section serves as a competent Acct. # ______have them gathered into one volume. introduction to environmentally conscious Signature ______She also does a good job of explaining the gardening, but there is one important omission. Although MacEachern devotes reasons for each suggestion. We should Ship 10 ______eat less meat, for example, not just for several pages to sensible lawn care, she personal health: a low-meat diet neglects to critique the American Street ______conserves natural resources like soil, raw attachment to turfgrass, which consumes City ______materials, fossil fuel, and water. more than its share of water, fertilizers, State______Zip __ The gardening chapter touches on and herbicides. Daytime phone number ______several topics: organic gardening, By Diane MacEachern. Bantam composting, water conservation, Doubleday Dell Publishers, N ew York, landscaping, insect control, and New York. 1990.210 pages. Publisher's MAIL TO: AHS Books, 7931 East gardening tools. Sidebars highlight price: softcover, $9.95. AHS member Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA beneficial insect-attracting plants, safe price: $8.45. 22308. pesticides, organic insect controls for -Thomas M. Barrett

American Horticulturist· July 1990 • 19 Gardener's Dateline

Northeast • July 26-28. Landscaping with North Central Native Plants Conference. Western • Through September 15. The Carolina University, Cullowhee, North • Aug. 4-8. 1990 American and Healing Past-Medicinal Plants Carolina. Information: Sue DeBord, Canadian Phytopathological from the Late Biblical Period Office of Continuing Education and Sum­ Societies Joint Meeting. Grand Exhibit. Rodef Shalom Biblical mer School, Western Carolina University, Convention Center and Amway Grand Botanical Garden, 4905 Fifth Ave., Cullowhee, NC 28723, (704) 227-7397. Plaza Hotel, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Information: Information: Joan M. Schimml, Meetings Irene Jacob (412) 621-6566. • July 29-31. International Lawn, Coordinator, American Phytopathologi­ Garden and Power Equipment cal Society, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., Saint • July 12-14. American HemerocaIlis EXPO 90. Louisville, Kentucky. Paul, MN 55121, (612) 454-7250. Society National ConventiolL Delaware Information: EXPO 90, P.O. Box 70465, Valley Daylily Society, Sheraton Valley Louisville, KY 40270 or call (800) Southwest Forge, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. 558-8767. In Kentucky or outside t~ Information: Carol McConomy (215) continental U.S. call (502) 582-1672. • July 19, 21, 22. Wildflower 642-7620 or Joan Clark (215) 644-1659. Photography Lecture and • Aug. 1. Fern Propagation Workshop. Led by John D. Smithers. • July 19. The 43rd Annual Open Workshop. Celia Rutt, horticulturist, Denver Botanic Gardens. Information: House and Garden Day. St. Thomas State Arboretum of Virginia. Slide (303) 331-4000. Church, Chestnut St., Camden, Maine. LecturelDemonstration. Administra­ Sponsored by the Camden Garden tion Building Classroom, U.S. National • Aug. 5-7. American Club. Information: Margaret McLeod Arboretum, 3501 New York Ave., N.E., Horticultural Therapy Association (207) 236-4725. Washington, DC. Information: Mary Annual Conference. "Protecting Ann Jarvis (202) 475-4857. Health and Habitat in the 90s." • July 24-26. Penn Allied Nursery Holiday Inn Midtown, 2020 Menaul Trade Show. Valley Forge Convention • Aug. 22. Slide Lecture on Exotic Blvd. N.E., Albuquerque, New Mexico. and Exhibit Center, King of Prussia, Thailand Gloria Houser, landscape Information: American Horticultural Pennsylvania. Sponsored by Pennsylvania design critic, flower show judge. Therapy Association, 9220 Wightman Nurserymen's Association, Inc. Administration Building Classroom, U.S. Rd., Suite 300, Gaithersburg, MD Information: (717) 238-1673. National Arboretum, 3501 New York 20879, (800) 634-1603. Ave., N.E., Washington, DC 20002. Infor­ • Aug. 3-5. The 16th Annual Natural mation: Mary Ann Jarvis (202) 475-4857. Organic Farmers Association Summer Conference and Celebration of Rural Life. "Organic Agriculture: Sowing the Seeds for a New Decade," Orlando Hosts Water Lily Society presented by the Natural Organic Farmer's Association. Hampshire International Water Lily Society members will get a chance to enjoy the College, Amherst, Massachusetts. pleasures of Orlando, Florida, during the society's annual meeting August Information: Jack Kittredge and Julie 21-26. The meeting begins with a presymposium overnight tour to the Univer­ Rawson, 1990 NOFA Summer sity of Florida and a boat tour on the famous Suwannee River, and Conference, RFD #2, Sheldon Rd., includes two days of educational sessions and two additional local tours. Barre, MA 01005, (508) 355-2853. Educational programs include "New Introductions for 1991," "Swimming Pools Make Great Garden Pools," "Hot Sex and Water Lilies," "Water Gardening-A • Aug. 4-5. Sturbridge Village Garden South American Perspective," and Weekend Sturbridge, Massachusetts. "Growing Water Lilies under Featuring a lecture on "Early Artificial Lighting." The meeting also American Plants and Gardens" by Fred includes tours to Leu Gardens, McGourty. Information: (508) hybridizer Bill Frase's private aquatic 347-3362, TDD (508) 347-5383. garden; Slocum Water Gardens; and Cypress Gardens. Southeast The meeting will be held at the Howard Johnson Florida Center • July 12-16. American Association of Hotel, adjacent to the new Universal Nurserymen!rennessee Nurserymen's Studios, and convenient to both Walt Association Annual Convention and Disney World and Sea World. for Nursery Industry ExpositiOIL Opryland more information contact: Jack Hotel, Nashville, Tennessee. Keynote Siebenthaler, Chairman, International address by U.S. Assistant Secretary of Water Lily Society Annual Meeting, Agriculture Charles E. Hess. P.O. Box 6524, Clearwater, FL 34618, Information: Joel Albizo (202) 789-2900. Tropical lily (813) 446-3356.

20. American Horticulturist· July 1990 ground covers. Infonnation: (818) ... a treasury of cold-hardy 405-2141. Events at AHS hard-to-find perennials for +- Aug. 18-19. Fifth Annual Inter­ your pleasure ...... Members of the Old Dominion City Cactus and Succulent Show Chrysanthemum Society will and Plant Sale. The Los Angeles present a chrysanthemum teach-in State and County Arboretum, 301 N. at River Farm on August 19. The Baldwin Ave., Arcadia, California. event begins at 2 p.m. and includes Sponsored by the Los Angeles, Long demonstrations on disbudding Beach, and San Gabriel Valley Cactus along with hints for shading young and Succulent Societies. Infonnation: plants and other techniques for Larry Grammer (213) 599-0856, Woody growing show-stopping blooms. Minnich (805) 944-2784, or Fred The event is open to the public; no Hutflesz (213) 934-3597. registration is required. In case of rain the demonstration will be held +- Aug. 18-26. Southland Home at 2 p.m. August 26. and Garden Show. Anaheim During the month of September Convention Center, Anaheim, HOSTA River Farm will play host to a one­ California. Infonnation: (714) 635-8330. Over 100 woman art show. Isabel Spann will ex­ to choose from . hibit her floral and landscape paintings +- Aug. 25-26. Seattle Flower throughout the ballroom and parlor. Show, "A Blooming Festival." Spann, a resident of the Mount Vernon Seattle Center Exhibition Hall. area of Virginia, paints in contrasting Sponsored by the Puget Sound Bank styles using watercolors and oils and and the Puget Sound Dahlia Busse Gardens acrylics. Association. Infonnation: (206) "The Minneso ta Perennial People" River Farm is open Monday 863-0542. through Friday from 8:30 a.m. to 5 Rt . 2 - Box 238-1 p.m. The art exhibit can also be +- Sept. 6. Talk on Ornamental Cokato, MN 5532 I viewed on Saturdays in September Gingers. The Huntington, 1151 (612) 286-2654 from 12 noon to 4 p.m. For more Oxford Rd., San Marino, California. Catalog 52.00 - Deduct on first order information call River Farm at (703) Slide lecture by Ron Harris, curator of 768-5700 or (800) 777-7931. the Huntington's Palm and Jungle Gardens. Infonnation: (818) 405-2141. +- Aug. 12-15. CONSERV 90 Conference and Exposition. International Phoenix, Arizona. Sponsored by the American Water Works Association, +- Through Aug. 12. Museum of FLOWER BULBS, American Society of Civil Engineers, London exhibition "London's American Water Resources Pride: The History of the Capital's THE WORLD'S Association, and the National Water Gardens." Infonnation: Museum of Well Association. Infonnation: Sharron London, London Wall, London EC2Y FINEST SINCE 1870. Travis, 6375 Riverside Dr., Dublin, OH 5HN, 01 600 3699, FAX 01600 1058. 43017, (614) 761-1711. +- July 25-27. American Sod West Coast Producers Association's 1990 Our prices are yery Summer Convention and Field reasonable for top size and +- July 18-Aug. 11. Colorful, Days. Manderley Sod Fann, Carefree Gardening/Summer Kemptville, Ontario, Canada. highest quality bulbs. Free Landscape Show. Pier 39, San Infonnation: American Sod Producers Francisco, California. Experienced Association, 1855A Hicks Rd., Rolling 32 page catalog in full color landscape gardeners lead walking Meadows, IL 60008, (708) 705-9898. tours of Pier 39's 45 acres every describing over 300 varieties Wednesday and Saturday. Infonnation: +- Aug. 27- Sept. 1. The 23rd of Tulips, Daffodils, (415) 391-0850. International Horticultural Congress. Florence, Italy. Infonna­ Hyacinths and many +- July 28-29. Begonia Show. Los tion: Congress Secretariat, c/o Societa other bulbs. Angeles State and County Arboretum, Orticola Italiana, Via Donizetti 6, 301 N. Baldwin Ave. , Arcadia, 50144 Firenze, Italy. Phone (5) 213709, California. Sponsored by the San FAX (55) 219453. Gabriel Branch of the American Peter deJager Bulb Co. Begonia Society. Infonnation: LuAnn +- Sept. 5-17. The 13th World Dept.AH, Munns (818) 446-8251. Orchid Conference. Auckland, New Zealand. Infonnation: New Zealand PO Box 2010, +- Aug. 2. Ground Covers. San Trade Development Board, 1 Sansome Marino, California. Ann Richardson, St., Suite 810, San Francisco, CA So. Hamilton, curator of the Huntington's Camellia 94104, (415) 788-7444, FAX (415) MA 01982 and Japanese Gardens will lecture on 788-1086.

American Horticulturist • July 1990 • 21 Travel/Study Trips for the Classifieds AHS Gardener Classified Ad Rates: $1 per word; BOTANICAL CRAFTS minimum $20 per insertion. 10 percent discount for three consecutive ads using DRIED FLOWERS ... Statice ... artemisia same copy, provided each insertion ... globe amaranth ... Potpourri. Herbs, spices, September 20-0ctober 3, 1990 fragrances. Containers. Books. Catalog $1 Castles and Gardens of Scotland meets the $20 minimum after taking (refundable). TOM THUMB WORKSHOPS discount. Copy must be received on the See Culzen Park Castle and Crarae Wood­ AH, Mappsville, VA 23407. ' 20th day of the month three months prior land Gardens in Argyll; the Isle of Skye's BULBS Clan Donald Center-40 acres of woodland to publication date. Send orders to: gardens and nature trails; and the highland American Horticultural Society DUTCH BULBS FOR FALL PLANTING. 12 gardens at Inverewe before traveling on to Advertising Department, 7931 East cm. Tulips, DNI Daffodils, Hyacinths and Inverness and Edinburgh. You'll be guided Boulevard Drive, Alexandria, VA 22308, Miscellaneous. Catalog $1 (refundable). Paula by Everitt Miller, fmmer Longwood or call (703) 768-5700 or (800) 777-7931. M. Parker DBA, Mary Mattison van Schaik. Gardens director and Past AHS President. IMPORTED DUTCH BULBS, P.O. Box 32AH, AFRICAN VIOLETS Cavendish, VT 05142. Passages Unlimited, 2 Oliver Street, Eighth Floor, Boston, MA 02109, (800) 232-2939 America's Finest-l77 best violets and ges­ CHOOSING FLOWER BULBS? Our unique neriads. Color Catalog and Growing "Tips" 50 catalog and planting guide lists over 400 cents. FISCHER GREENHOUSES, Box H, varieties with information to help you make November 10-17, 1990 Linwood, NJ 08221. smart choices. Free copy: MCCLURE & ZIM­ Gardens of the Colonial South THE AVANT GARDENER MERMAN, Dept. C, P.O. Box 368, Friesland, Board the Nantucket Clipper in Florida and WI 53935. FOR THE GARDENER WHO WANTS TO travel north to old Southern gardens on BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Sea Island, private gardens in Savannah GET MORE OUT OF GARDENING! Sub­ and Hilton Head, and the significant and scribe to THE AVANT GARDENER, Let the government finance your new or exist­ historic gardens of Charleston. You'll view America's most useful gardening publication. ing small business. Grantslloans to $500,000. splendid marshlands while cruising the Every month this unique news service brings Free recorded message: (707) 449-8600. (LF5) you the most practical information on new Intracoastal Waterway. Join Past AHS CARNIVOROUS PLANTS President Carolyn Marsh Lindsay and Bob plants, products, techniques, with sources, Lindsay on board this yacht cruise. features, special issues. 22nd year. Awarded Carnivorous (Insectivorous) Plants, woodland Garden Club of America and Massachusetts terrarium plants, supplies, and books. Color Leonard Haertter Travel Company, 7922 Bonhomme Horticultural Society medals. Curious? brochure free. PETER PAULS NURSERIES, Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63105, (800) 942-<3666 Canandaigua, NY 14424. (in Missouri [314]721-6200) Sample copy $1. Serious? $12 full year (reg. $18). THE AVANT GARDENER, Box 489M, DAYLILIES New York, NY 10028. January 23-February 5,1991 AMERICA'S ELITE DAYLILY GROWER Egypt and Nile Cruise BONSAI presents their NEW 84 page full color 1990 Explore the earliest of the Western BONSAI TREES, pottery, books, tools, trays, perennial catalog. Filled with Reblooming civilizations and the life-giving influence supplies, and soils. Catalog $2.50. BONSAI Miniature Daylilies, Beautiful new varieties of the Nile River. The itinerary includes CREATIONS, P.O. Box 7511AH, Ft. Lauder­ of Tetraploids, Diploids and Dwarfs. See Stel­ Cairo, Luxor, and Abu Sirnbel as well as a dale, FL 33338. la and her New Sisters, plus many varieties of Peonies, Tree Peonies, Hosta, Ornamental five-day ouise on the Upper Nile from BONSAI, dwarfed conifers, pines, maples, Grasses, Iris and Companion Plants .. .many Luxor to Aswan on board the Nile Goddess. tropicals, stock, and cuttings. Catalog $2. exclusives. All are hardy plants homegrown in Visit numerous historic gardens, including MATSU-MOMIJI NURSERIES, P.O. Box rich Illinois prairie soil. Each plant is freshly the Manial Palace Gardens in Cairo and 11414, Philadelphia, PA 19111. (215) 722- dug and hand packed. Send $4 (fully refund­ the botanical garden on Lord Horatio 6286. Herbert Kitchener Island at Aswan. able on first order). Write to KLEHM NURS­ Program leaders are Carolyn Marsh BOOKS ERY, Route 5, Box 197cl, South Barrington, Lindsay and Bob Lindsay. Mrs. Lindsay is 1985 Edition EXOTICA 4, with 16,300 photos, IL 60010-9555 or call toll free--{800) 553- a Past President of AHS. 405 in color, 2,600 pages in 2 volumes, with 3715. Addenda of 1,000 updates by Dr. A.B. Graf, GARDENING SUPPLIES Leonard HaertterTravel Company, 7922 Bonhomme Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63105, (800) 942-<3666 $187. TROPICA 3, revised 1986, 7,000 color GOATSKIN GLOVES. Tough, lightweight, (in Missouri [314]721-6200) photos, now 1,156 pages, $125. Exotic House napa goatskin stretches and becomes form-fit­ Plants, 1,200 photos, $8.95. Shipping addi­ ting, giving wearer ultimate in fit, grip, dex­ tional. Circulars gladly sent. ROEHRS COM­ April 16-21, 1991 terity. Natural lanolin in leather keeps hands PANY, Box 125, E. Rutherford, NJ 07073. AHS Annual Meeting soft. Sizes 7-10 or send outline of hand. $11.50 CAROL DIDRICK'S LITTLE RED BOOK ON postpaid. PUTNAM'S, Box 295-AH, Wilton, in Birmingham OLD GARDEN ROSES. Where to get them and NH 03086. Enjoy the beauty of Birmingham, where to plant them. An introduction to OLD HELP WANTED Alabama, during the American GARDEN ROSES. Each book signed and num­ Horticultural Society's 1991 Annual bered. Send $14.95 postpaid. CAROL DIDRICK, ATTENTION-HIRING! Government jobs­ Meeting. The meeting will focus on 1535 Willard Dr., Orrville, OH 44667. *Please your area. Many immediate openings without gardening classes and clinics held at the add $2 for out-of-country mailing. waiting list or test. $17,840- $69,485. Call Birmingham Botanic Garden; (602) 838-8885. Ext. R-17714. Save 50% plus on gardening books. Free horticultural tours will highlight some ATTENTION: EASY WORK EXCELLENT of Birmingham's finest public and catalog includes discount, professional and specialist books. STONE RIDGE BOOKS, PAY! Assemble products at home. Details. private gardens. Post-meeting tours will (602) 838-8885. Ext. W-17714. feature fabulous gardens throughout Horticultural Catalog, 6112 Chateau Ct., Aptos, CA 95003. (408) 475-4276. Alabama as well as a riverboat cruise up the beautiful Mississippi River.

22 • American Horticulturist • July 1990 ATTENTION: POSTAL JOBS! Start PLANTERS SEEDS $ll.41/hour! For application info call (602) CONCRETE PLANTERS beautifully hand Exotic TROPICAL and TEMPERATE PLANT 838-8885. Ext. M-17714, 6:00 a.m.-10:00 cast & finished-various colors, styles, sizes­ SEED-Rare and common species from trees p.m., 7 days. FREE BROCHURE. YANZUM, P.O. Box to annuals, FREE catalog. JUNGLE FEVER, We at the American Horticultural Society are 8573-H7, Atlanta, GA 30306. (404) 874-8063. P.O. Box 130315, Birmingham, AL 35213. often asked to refer individuals for significant PLANTS (UNUSUAL) TETRAPLOID DA YLILIES horticultural positions around the country. We are not in a position to offer full placement OVER 1000 KINDS OF CHOICE & AFFORD­ Over 700 hybrids, exotic new Tetraploid Intro­ services to candidates or employers. However, ABLE PLANTS. Outstanding Ornamentals, ductions. Catalog $1, deductible with order of as a service to our members, both individuals American Natives, Perennials, Rare Conifers, plants. R. SEAWRIGHT, 134 Indian Hill, Car­ and employers alike, we would be very glad to Pre-Bonsai, Wildlife Plants, much more. lisle, MA 01741. (617) 369-2172. receive resumes and cover letters of in­ Descriptive catalog $2. FORESTFARM, 990 dividuals seeking job changes and employers Tetherow, Williams, OR 97544. seeking candidates. All responsibility for Trees, shrubs, perennials. Container grown, checking references and determining the ap­ outdoors. Catalog $2. OWEN FARMS, Rt. 3, 1990 SEED propriateness of both position and candidate Box 158-AAH, Ripley, TN 38063-9420. CATALOGUE rests with the individuals. AHS's participa­ POSITION WANTED ~ C'fltomps0ll. tion in this activity is only to serve as a con­ [JIiJ",,"M necting point for members of the Society. CERTIFIED MASTER GARDENER, AMD MOST orgall. Inquiries and informational material should LANDSCAPE ARTIST WITH SEVERAL FAMOUS SEED THOMPSON & MORGAN INC. be sent to: Horticultural Employment, YEARS EXPERIENCE. LOOKING FOR eATlloaUE DEPT. 76-1 JACKSON, NJ 08527 American Horticultural Society, 7931 East POSITION IN COMMERCIAL GARDENING Boulevard Dr., Alexandria, VA 22308. AND LANDSCAPING. WILLING TO RELO­ HOSTA CATE. ALAN CORNELL, 4528 ST. FRANCIS AVE., COLUMBUS, GA 31904. AMERICA'S PREMIER HOSTA GROWER presents their NEW 84 page full color 1990 PROPERTY GARDEN perennial catalog. Filled with the latest FOR SALE: A cozy country house in varieties from Paul Aden, plus many varieties Washington D.C. surrounded by beautiful cot­ of Peonies, Tree Peonies, Daylilies, Hosta, Or­ tage gardens. Serene and breathtaking in all FEATURES namental Grasses, Iris and Companion seasons. Price $355,000. For further informa­ Plants ... many exclusives. All are hardy plants tion, contact Stuart Blue (0) (202) 387-2480. homegrown in rich Illinois prairie soil. All are (H) (202) 362-8042. containerized plants for all-season shipping. Each plant is hand packed the way Grandma ROSES Klehm would have shipped it. Send $4 (fully HORTICO ROSES: Hard-to-find varieties, refundable on first order). Write to KLEHM new Austin hybrids (new English garden NURSERY, Route 5, Box 197cl, South Bar­ roses), hardy Canadian Explorer roses, HT's, rington, IL 60010-9555 or call toll free--(800) FL's, climbers, old garden varieties. Thornless 553-3715. roses from Harvey Davidson, Peter Beales HOUSE PLANTS English garden roses, show roses from Astor Perry, Rennie's miniature roses, and many ORCHIDS, GESNERIADS, BEGONIAS, others. Catalog listing over 400 varieties CACTI & SUCCULENTS. Visitors welcome. available on request at $2. HORTICO INC., 1990-91 catalog $2. LAURAY OF SALIS­ 723 Robson Rd., Waterdown, ON LOR 2H1 BURY, 432 Undermountain Rd., Salisbury, Canada. Phone: (416) 689-6984. FAX (416) CT 06068. (203) 435-2263. 689-6566. As direct importers we offer over 100 personally selected, handcrafted items IRIS from foreign countries: powerful bronze and marble animals, Chinese relics, Bearded Irises- 7 mixed named. $10 porcelain fishbowls, planters, pottery, postpaid. Color catalog $2. Many iris types. stone lanterns and garden stools. COMANCHE ACRES IRIS, Dept. AH, Gower, Call Nowl OUf catalog Is FRI!:I!:. M064454. Want to locate a MISSING SPOUSE, PARENT, PEONIES FRIEND, or DEBTOR? The "HOW TO FIND east/westIB MISSING PERSONS MANUAL" will let you do ALSO TREE PEONIES, JAPANESE AND it FAST, from within the privacy of your home. GARDENS. SIBERIAN IRIS, DAYLILIES, HOSTA. Earn money locating for others. Free Call: 415/321·2571 Catalog $1 (Deductible). CAPRICE FARM consultation for one (1) year, Send $79.95 to: Write: 1259 EI Camino Real NURSERY AH, 15425 S.W. Pleasant Hill, Suite 196, Dept. 51 FINANCIAL TRAINING INSTITUTE, INC. Men lo Park, CA 94025 Sherwood, OR 97140. (503) 625-7241. 5100 WEST 164th STREET SUITE 21 CLEVELAND, OH 44142 AMERICA'S FOREMOST PEONY GROWER presents their NEW 84 page full color 1990 perennial catalog. Filled with Estate Peonies exclusively hybridized by the Klehm Family, Hybrid and Choice Garden Peonies developed from America's top growers. Tree Peonies, the iiI.\ ~ nLES of~I • O~:~~l~~~: true aristocrats of the perennial garden, plus many varieties of Hosta, Daylilies, Ornamen­ -- ~Y (301) 363-1371 V'( tal Grasses, Iris and Companion Plants ... many exclusives. All are hardy plants homegrown in rich Illinois prairie soil. Each plant is freshly dug and hand packed. Send $4 ORDER &EfORE JUL'/ Z~ fOR (fully refundable on first order) to KLEHM NURSERY, Route 5, Box 197cl, South Bar­ BETTEF\ BUL»S ... ,BE.TTER Ct10\CES"SETTER PRJCES rington, IL 60010-9555 or call toll free--(800) 553-3715. 112 Green Spring Valley Road. Owings Mills, Maryland 21117

American Horticulturist· July 1990 • 23 California Bill May Affect All Gardeners

A broad environmental measure proposed "This measure recognizes these issues Opponents of "Big Green" say that it by a group of California politicians and cannot be dealt with piecemeal. will increase water and energy costs and environmentalists could serve as a model California is going to set the sta,ge for could disrupt California agriculture. The for similar laws throughout the country, the battle over the environment." Paul Post cited an industry-funded study some of its supporters predict. J. Allen, the group's director of conducted by a Washington-based The Environmental Protection communications, was quoted by the consiilting finn, GRC Economics, Initiative of 1990, known as "Big Green" Washington Post as calling the measure indicating that Big Green will result in among environmentalists, is directed at "unique, unprecedented" and saying that 40 to 50 percent higher prices for fntit global warming, contamination offood, ''It could have the effect of snowballing and vegetables and "189,000 fewer' and pollution of coastal waters. It would the rest of the nation." agricultural jobs because oflack of phase out all agricultural pesticides that Among the pesticides and herbicides substitutes for some banned pesticides." cause cancer or birth defects, ban new oil that would be phased out by 1996 are Also cited was an industry-based report drilling off the California coast, set up a Alachlor, Captan, 1,3-Dichlorepropene, by Spectrum Economics, Inc., of San $500 million state cleanup fund for oil and Aldicarb. Francisco, California, denying scientific spills, cut carbon dioxide emissions by 40 Captan is used by the home gardener as evidence for higher mortality rates due to percent, protect ancient redwood stands a fungicide on vegetables, fruits, and contaminated drinking water or pesticide from being cleared, and create a position ornamentals; as a seed protectant; as a dip residues on foods. for an elected environmental advocate to for corms and tubers; and for blackspot on The Big Green initiative is supported enforce the law. roses. Alachlor, a pre-emergent herbicide, by San Francisco Mayor Diane The measure was proposed by is used mainly by farmers. Aldicarb and Feinstein, the Democrat who opposed representatives of the Sierra Club, the 1,3-Dichloropropene are both dangerous Van de Ramp in the primary election. League of Conservation Voters, the pesticides used by some in the nursery Republican Senator Pete Wilson, also a Natural Resources Defense C(mncil, the industry and are not cleared for home use. candidate for governor, supports many of National Toxics Campaign, and Citizens California farmers, and anyone bringing the initiatives outlined in Big Green, but for a Better Environment along with produce into the state, would have to opposes the environmental advocate's Lieutenant Governor Leo McCarthy and reduce pesticide residues to·a level position that would be created by the Attorney General John Van de Kamp----a considered safe for children. The time initiative. Democratic candidate for governor and between pesticide use and allowing farm Campaigning for the initiative may son offormer AHS First Vice President, workers into a field would be increased, cost $3 million and opponents of the Mrs. Harry J. Van de Ramp. and pesticide use records would be posted. measure will have to spend at least The initiative has drawn opposition A three-year extension could be obtained if that much to defeat it. Californians for from agricultural and chemical industries alternative chemicals cannot be found, Responsible Food Laws (CAREFUL) and even some environmentalists say it resulting in "severe economic hardship" to has created a competing measure that tries to do too much, but the public'S the state's agriculture industry. "would increase monitoring of harm growing concern for the environment By late April, supperters had gathered from pesticides but refrain from an gives it a strong chance for passage. 700,000 signatures supporting the outright ban." CAREFUL's measure, Officials of the Natural Resources measur&-200,OOO more than it needed which had collected 400,000 signatures Defense Council say its impaot may not to be assured a place on the November at press time, is supported by the stop in California. Council attorney AI ballot. It must receive more than half of agricultural industry. If both measures Meyerhoff told the New York Times, the votes cast to become law. pass in the November election but

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