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SAFETY RE-ASSESSMENT of AECL TEST and RESEARCH REACTORS D. J. WINFIELD Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories ATOMIC ENERGY of CANADA
309 IAEA-SM-310/ 94 SAFETY RE-ASSESSMENT OF AECL TEST AND RESEARCH REACTORS D. J. WINFIELD Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED 310 IAEA-SM-310/94 SAFETY RE-ASSESSMENT OF AECL TEST AND RESEARCH REACTORS ABSTRACT Atomic Energy of Canada Limited currently has four operating engineering test/research reactors of various sizes and ages; a new isotope-production reactor MAPLE-X10, under construction at Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories (CRNL), and a heating demonstration/test reactor, SDR, undergoing high-power commissioning at Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE). The company is also performing design studies of small reactors for hot water and electricity production. The older reactors are ZED-2, PTR, NRX and NRU; these range in age from 42 years (NRX) to 29 years (ZED-2). Since 1984, limited-scope safety re-assessments have been underway on three of these reactors (ZED-2, NRX and NRU). ZED-2 and PTR are operated by the Reactor Physics Branch, all other reactors are operated by the respective site Reactor Operations Branches. For the older reactors the original safety reports produced were entirely deterministic in nature and based on the design-basis accident concept. The limited scope safety re-assessments for these older reactors, carried out over the past 5 years, have comprised both quantitative probabilistic safety-assessment techniques, such as event tree and fault tree analysis, and/or qualitative techniques, such as failure mode and effect analysis. The technique used for an individual assessment was dependent upon the specific scope required. This paper discusses the types of analyses carried out, specific insights/recommendations resulting from the analysis and indicates the plan for future analysis. -
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited BUCKLINGS of HEAVY WATER
B Atomic Energy of Canada Limited BUCKLINGS OF HEAVY WATER MODERATED LATTICES OF ZEEP RODS by r.N. MCDONNELL and A. OKAZAKI Chofk River, Ontario September 197! AECL-3998 BUCKLINGS OF HEAVY WATER MODERATED LATTICES OF ZEEP RODS By *F.N. McDonnell and A. Okazaki Reactor Physics Branch * NRC Post-Doctorate Fellow attached to Reactor Physics Branch. ABSTRACT The bucklings of heavy water moderated lattices of ZEEP rods (3.25 cm diameter natural U metal contained in aluminum tubes) were measured by the flux mapping method in the ZED-2 reactor. The isotopic composition of trie moderator was 99.46 atom percent D2O. The bucklings, corrected for the 0.34 atom percent difference in isotopic composition, are in excellent ag.eement with earlier measurements made in the ZEEP reactor. Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario September, 1971 AECL-3998 Laplaciens de réseaux de barres ZEEP modérés par eau lourde par F.N. McDonnell* et A. Okazaki** •Boursier Post-Doctorat du Conseil National de Recherches détaché à la Sous-Division de Physique des réacteurs **Sous-Division de Physique des réacteurs Résumé Les iaplaciens des réseaux de barres ZEEP modérés par eau lourde (barreaux d'uranium naturel métallique ayant 3,25 cm de diamètre et gainés dans des tubes d'aluminium) ont été mesurés par la méthode du cadrage du flux dans le réacteur ZED-2. La composition isotopique du modérateur était de 99j46% atomes de D-0. Les laplaciens, corrigés pour la différence de 0,34% atomes dans la composition isotopique, sont en excellent accord avec les mesures précédentes effectuées dans le réacteur ZEEP. -
Heu Repatriation Project
HEU REPATRIATION PROJECT RATIONALE In April 2010, the governments of Canada and the United States (U.S.) committed to work cooperatively to repatriate spent highly- enriched uranium (HEU) fuel currently stored at the Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario to the U.S. as part of the Global Threat Reduction Initiative, a broad international effort to consolidate HEU inventories in fewer locations around the world. This initiative PROJECT BACKGROUND promotes non-proliferation This HEU is the result of two decades of nuclear fuel use at the by removing existing weapons Chalk River Laboratories for Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) grade material from Canada research reactors, the National Research Experimental (NRX) and and transferring it to the National Research Universal (NRU), and for the production of U.S., which has the capability medical isotopes in the NRU, which has benefitted generations of to reprocess it for peaceful Canadians. Returning this material to the U.S. in its existing solid purposes. In March 2012, and liquid forms ensures that this material is stored safely in a Prime Minister Harper secure highly guarded location, or is reprocessed into other forms announced that Canada and that can be used for peaceful purposes. the U.S. were expanding their efforts to return additional Alternative approaches have been carefully considered and inventories of HEU materials, repatriation provides the safest, most secure, and fastest solution including those in liquid form. for the permanent disposition of these materials, thereby eliminating a liability for future generations of Canadians. For more information on this project contact: Email: [email protected] Canadian Nuclear Laboratories 1-866-886-2325 or visit: www.cnl.ca persons who have a legitimate need to PROJECT GOAL know, such as police or emergency response To repatriate highly-enriched uranium forces. -
Canada 176 Canada Canada
CANADA 176 CANADA CANADA 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. General Overview 2 Canada, occupying about 10 million km and having a population of over 30 million (Table 1), is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Canada’s birth rate, at present, is 12 per 1,000 whereas death rate is seven per 1,000 with the result that the rate of natural population increase now stands at five per 1,000 persons. Canada has strong seasonal changes and large regional variations in temperature. The rigorous climate, the energy intensive nature of the country's industries, and the large distances between population centres produce a high per capita energy use. TABLE 1. POPULATION INFORMATION Growth rate (%) 1980 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 To 2001 Population (millions) 17.9 21.7 24.5 27.7 30.8 31.0 1.1 Population density (inhabitants/km²) 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 Predicted population growth rate (%) 2001 to 2010 7.2 Area (1000 km²) 9976.1 Urban population in 2001 as percent of total Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database. 1.2. Economic Indicators Table 2 gives the statistical Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data and the GDP by sector. TABLE 2. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) Growth rate (%) 1980 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 To 2001 GDP (millions of current US$) 266,002 572,676 687,752 711,912 4.8 GDP (millions of constant 1990 US$) 286,186 434,401 572,676 748,108 779,872 3 GDP per capita (current US$/capita) 10,850 20,674 22,361 22,954 3.6 Source: IAEA Energy and Economic Database. -
Th, PU)02 BENCHMARK EXPERIMENTS in ZED-2 SENSITIVITY and UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF
TSUNAMI ANALYSIS OF (Th, PU)02 BENCHMARK EXPERIMENTS IN ZED-2 SENSITIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF (Th, PU)02 BENCHMARK EXPERIMENTS IN ZED-2 USING TSUNAMI BY TING ZHU, B.A.Sc. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS AND THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF MCMASTER UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ApPLIED SCIENCE © Copyright by Ting Zhu, March 2011 Master of Applied Science (2011) McMaster University (Engineering Physics) Hamilton, Ontario, Canada TITLE: Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis of (Th, Pu)Oz Benchmark Experiments in ZED-2 Using TSUNAMI AUTHOR: Ting Zhu Bachelor of Applied Science in Engineering Sci ence (Physics) University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada SUPERVISOR: Dr. Adriaan Buijs NUMBER OF PAGES: x,88 ii Abstract In 1984, the ZED-2 research reactor was used to study five (Th, Pu)Oz fuel bundles with the goal to provide both benchmark tests for future reactor code validation and experimental measurements for a possible thorium fuel cycle in CANDU. In this work, the neutronic models of these critical exper iments were investigated by TSUNAMI, a sensitivity and uncertainty (SjU) analysis tool, part of the SCALE6 reactor physics package from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. TSUNAMI consists of different modules that are capable of calculating the values of keff and the uncertainties in keff due to uncertainties in the nu clear data. It generates energy-dependent sensitivity coefficients from which the percentage change in keff due to perturbations in nuclear data values can be determined. The calculated keff has a bias which is the difference between calculation and measurement. -
A Comparison of Advanced Nuclear Technologies
A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D MARCH 2017 B | CHAPTER NAME ABOUT THE CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY The Center on Global Energy Policy provides independent, balanced, data-driven analysis to help policymakers navigate the complex world of energy. We approach energy as an economic, security, and environmental concern. And we draw on the resources of a world-class institution, faculty with real-world experience, and a location in the world’s finance and media capital. Visit us at energypolicy.columbia.edu facebook.com/ColumbiaUEnergy twitter.com/ColumbiaUEnergy ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS SIPA’s mission is to empower people to serve the global public interest. Our goal is to foster economic growth, sustainable development, social progress, and democratic governance by educating public policy professionals, producing policy-related research, and conveying the results to the world. Based in New York City, with a student body that is 50 percent international and educational partners in cities around the world, SIPA is the most global of public policy schools. For more information, please visit www.sipa.columbia.edu A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D* MARCH 2017 *Andrew C. Kadak is the former president of Yankee Atomic Electric Company and professor of the practice at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He continues to consult on nuclear operations, advanced nuclear power plants, and policy and regulatory matters in the United States. He also serves on senior nuclear safety oversight boards in China. He is a graduate of MIT from the Nuclear Science and Engineering Department. -
CHAPTER 6 Thermal-Hydraulic Design
1 CHAPTER 6 Thermal-Hydraulic Design Prepared by Dr. Nikola K. Popov Summary This chapter covers the thermal-hydraulic design of nuclear power plants with a focus on the primary and secondary sides of the nuclear steam supply system. This chapter covers the following topics: evolution of the reactor thermal-hydraulic system; key design requirements for the heat transport system; thermal-hydraulic design principles and margins; design details of the primary and secondary heat transport systems; fundamentals of two-phase flow; fundamentals of heat transfer and fluid flow in the reactor heat transport system; other related topics. ©UNENE, all rights reserved. For educational use only, no assumed liability. Thermal-Hydraulic Design – December 2015 2 The Essential CANDU Table of Contents 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Overview....................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Learning outcomes........................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Summary of relationship to other chapters ................................................................... 12 1.4 Thermal-hydraulic design ............................................................................................. 12 2 Reactor Types ...................................................................................................................... -
NPR81: South Korea's Shifting and Controversial Interest in Spent Fuel
JUNGMIN KANG & H.A. FEIVESON Viewpoint South Korea’s Shifting and Controversial Interest in Spent Fuel Reprocessing JUNGMIN KANG & H.A. FEIVESON1 Dr. Jungmin Kang was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies (CEES), Princeton University in 1999-2000. He is the author of forthcoming articles in Science & Global Security and Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. Dr. H.A. Feiveson is a Senior Research Scientist at CEES and a Co- director of Princeton’s research Program on Nuclear Policy Alternatives. He is the Editor of Science and Global Security, editor and co-author of The Nuclear Turning Point: A Blueprint for Deep Cuts and De-alerting of Nuclear Weapons (Brookings Institution, 1999), and co-author of Ending the Threat of Nuclear Attack (Stanford University Center for International Security and Arms Control, 1997). rom the beginning of its nuclear power program could reduce dependence on imported uranium. During in the 1970s, the Republic of Korea (South Ko- the 1990s, the South Korean government remained con- Frea) has been intermittently interested in the cerned about energy security but also began to see re- reprocessing of nuclear-power spent fuel. Such repro- processing as a way to address South Korea’s spent fuel cessing would typically separate the spent fuel into three disposal problem. Throughout this entire period, the constituent components: the unfissioned uranium re- United States consistently and effectively opposed all maining in the spent fuel, the plutonium produced dur- reprocessing initiatives on nonproliferation grounds. We ing reactor operation, and the highly radioactive fission review South Korea’s evolving interest in spent fuel re- products and transuranics other than plutonium. -
Summary This Document Is a Summary of the Report Maintaining Excellence: Planning a New Multi-Purpose Research Reactor for Canada
y S u m m a r About the CNS: The Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS), established in 1979 and independently incorporated in 1998, is a not-for-profit learned society with a nation-wide membership of over 1200. The CNS is dedicated to the exchange of information on the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. This encompasses all aspects of nuclear energy, uranium, For more information about the Canadian Nuclear Society, fission and other nuclear technologies, such please visit its website or main office: as occupational and environmental protection, medical diagnosis and Canadian Nuclear Society www.cns-snc.ca 480 University Avenue treatment, the use of radioisotopes, and Suite 200 Tel: (416) 977-7620 food preservation. CNS members join as Toronto, ON. Fax: (416) 977-8131 Canada M5G 1V2 individuals (there is no corporate category of membership), and are drawn mainly © 2010 - Canadian Nuclear Society from the various fields mentioned above, The information contained in this document may be copied without permission. including from within the academic This document is not intended for commercial use. Copyright for photography remains with the Canadian Nuclear Society, unless otherwise indicated. community. Canadian Nuclear Society / Société Nucléaire Canadienne MAINTAINING EXCELLENCE: PLANNING A NEW MULTI-PURPOSE RESEARCH REACTOR FOR CANADA Summary This document is a summary of the report Maintaining Excellence: Planning a New Multi-Purpose Research Reactor for Canada. In representing the interests of the Canadian nuclear science and engineering community, the Canadian Nuclear Society (CNS) issued that report as a factual, objective contribution to the national discussion on the future role of a national multi-purpose research reactor in Canada. -
National Neutron Strategy-Draft
DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION A National Strategy for Materials Research with Neutron Beams: Discussion on a “National Neutron Strategy” This consultation draft was updated in February 2021, following the outcomes of the Canadian Neutron Initiative Roundtable: Towards a National Neutron Strategy, organized in partnership with CIFAR on December 15–16, 2020. 1 DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION This Canadian Neutron Initiative (CNI) discussion paper and associated Roundtable Meeting are produced in partnership with CIFAR. We also thank the following sponsors: 2 DRAFT FOR CONSULTATION Contents 1 Executive summary and overview of the national neutron strategy ................................................... 5 2 Consultation on the strategy ................................................................................................................ 9 3 The present: A strong foundation for continued excellence .............................................................. 10 3.1 The Canadian neutron beam user community ........................................................................... 10 3.2 McMaster University ................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Other neutron beam capabilities and interests .......................................................................... 15 4 Forging foreign partnerships ............................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Global renewal of advanced neutron sources ........................................................................... -
Un Dioparama Du Regroupement Pour La Surveillance Du Nucléaire
l’Uranium un dioparama du Regroupement pour la surveillance du nucléaire (Canadian Coalition for Nuclear Responsibility) presenté par Gordon Edwards, Ph.D., président du RSN, aux commissaires du BAPE, le 17 novembre, 2014 Regroupement pour la surveillance du nucléaire www.ccnr.org/index_f.html PART 1 Uses for Uranium 1. Nuclear Weapons 2. Fuel for Nuclear Reactors A Model of the Every atom has a Uranium Atom tiny “nucleus” at the centre, with electrons in orbit around it. Uranium is special. It is the key element behind all nuclear technology, whether military or civilian. Photo: Robert Del Tredici A Monument to the Splitting of the Atom Splitting of the Atom When the uranium nucleus is “split” enormous energy is released. And the broken pieces of uranium atoms are extremely radioactive. iPhoto: Robert Del Tredici Canadian Uranium for Bombs 1941-1965 The Quebec Accord CANADA – USA - UK Prime Quebec City President Prime Minister 1943 of the U.S.A. Minister of Canada of Britain Quebec Agreement Uranium from Canada to be used in WWII Atomic Bomb Project Fat Man – made from plutonium (a uranium derivative) Fat Man and Little Boy Little Boy – made from Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU) Models of the two Atomic Bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 iPhoto: Robert Del Tredici Destruction of the City of Hiroshima caused by Little Boy, August 6, 1945 The Yellowcake Road (Canada) Yellowcake Road All uranium goes to Port Hope on Lake Ontario for Map by G. Edwards conversion to uranium hexafluoride or uranium dioxide & Robert Del Tredici Uses of Uranium UnGl 1945, all Canadian uranium was sold to the US military for Bombs. -
Inventory of Radioactive Waste in Canada 2016 Inventory of Radioactive Waste in Canada 2016 Ix X 1.0 INVENTORY of RADIOACTIVE WASTE in CANADA OVERVIEW
Inventory of RADIOACTIVE WASTE in CANADA 2016 Inventory of RADIOACTIVE WASTE in CANADA 2016 Photograph contributors: Cameco Corp.: page ix OPG: page 34 Orano Canada: page x Cameco Corp.: page 47 BWX Technologies, Inc.: page 2 Cameco Corp.: page 48 OPG: page 14 OPG: page 50 OPG: page 23 Cameco Corp.: page 53 OPG: page 24 Cameco Corp.: page 54 BWX Technologies, Inc.: page 33 Cameco Corp.: page 62 For information regarding reproduction rights, contact Natural Resources Canada at [email protected]. Aussi disponible en français sous le titre : Inventaire des déchets radioactifs au Canada 2016. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Natural Resources, 2018 Cat. No. M134-48/2016E-PDF (Online) ISBN 978-0-660-26339-7 CONTENTS 1.0 INVENTORY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE IN CANADA OVERVIEW ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1�1 Radioactive waste definitions and categories �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3 1�1�1 Processes that generate radioactive waste in canada ����������������������������� 3 1�1�2 Disused radioactive sealed sources ����������������������������������������� 6 1�2 Responsibility for radioactive waste �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6 1�2�1 Regulation of radioactive