International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X

SYNTHETIC ENERGY DRINK (BURN) EFFECTS ON LIFE SPAN OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Amrutha M.R and *Krishna M.S

Stress Biology Lab, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka- 560006, India. Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Contact No. : +919480252830 ABSTRACT Quality and quantity of components found in the diet has a significant influence on health benefits. Different varieties of synthetic energy drinks are in use; however the quality and quantity of components found in these synthetic energy drinks are different. Present study has been undertaken in Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) to evaluate the effect of synthetic energy (Burn) on longevity. It was found that larval feeding rate was significantly greater in natural energy drinks compared to larval feeding rate in synthetic energy drinks. Further it was also noticed that flies live significantly longer in natural energy drinks than those flies lived in synthetic energy drink (Burn). Thus it was noticed from the study that consumption of synthetic energy drink (Burn) has detrimental effect on longevity in D. melanogaster.

Key words: Drosophila melanogaster, Longevity, Synthetic energy drinks, Natural energy drinks.

*Corresponding author

M S Krishna Assisstant professor Stress biology laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka- 560006, India. Email: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION Studies on lifespan have shown the environment as well as the genotype effects can influence lifespan of an organism. Diet is one of the environmental factor which include diet composition, feeding behaviour and energy expenditure known to affects the growth, development, reproduction and lifespan of an organism (Singh and Sisodia, 2012; Wafa and Krishna, 2015). Genotypic effects on lifespan may include heritable mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA as well as somatic mutations and telomere shortening (Paaby and Schmidt, 2009). Studies on dietary restrictions without malnutrition have shown significant influence of dietary composition on lifespan and reproduction in a wide range of organisms (Mair et al., 2011).

Dietary effects on life history traits have grouped into types, quantitative effect and qualitative effect (Sisodia and Singh, 2012). Nowadays the use of synthetic energy drinks by people of all age classes is common as a result more and more companies are coming out with new brand of synthetic energy drinks having different composition to attract the people. They presume that by taking the synthetic energy drinks can relief their stress. On the other hand these energy drinks contain additives such as caffeine, taurine etc may also cause metabolic diseases. Recently, Alwyn and Krishna (2017), who while working in Drosophila have shown that synthetic energy drink (Redbull) had reduced fly’s longevity. Therefore, more studies are required to understand the effect of synthetic energy drinks on lifespan. Hence present investigation was undertaken to test the effect of synthetic energy drink (Burn) on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the present study, Drosophila flies of Oregon K Strain obtained from Drosophila Stock Centre, Manasagangotri, Mysore was used in the present experiment. The culture were maintained in moderate density using wheat cream agar media (100 g of jaggery, 100 g of wheat powder, 8 g of Agar- Agar was boiled in 1000 ml of double distilled water and 7.5 ml of propionic acid was added) at 22°C ± 1˚C with a relative humidity of 70% in a 12:12 hrs dark/light cycle. Eggs were collected from these flies using Delcour’s procedure (1969) and 100 eggs were placed separately into Normal media/ Natural drink based media (chop the four fruits -Apple, pomegranate, orange and banana, juices are prepared separately) and Synthetic energy drink based media (Burn). Flies obtained from these eggs were used in the present experiment.

A. Quantification of food intake in larvae using dye method.

Ten Second instar larvae obtained from normal media were placed separately in a vial containing Normal / Natural / Synthetic energy drink based media treated with 2.5% (W/V) blue to eppendorf tube and frozen. These frozen larvae were homogenized by 200 ml of distilled water further 800 ml of distilled water was added. The absorbance was measured at 629 nm using calorie meter. The larvae which were not treated with blue dye used as the blank. The amount of food taken was measured from the standard graph made from the serial dilution of a blue dye.

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B. Effect of synthetic and natural energy drinks on longevity of D. melanogaster

To study longevity, flies obtained from synthetic/natural/normal media were individually transferred to new vials once in 7 days containing respective media. This process was continued until death of the individual. The time between eclosion till death was considered as longevity.

RESULTS

Figure 1 shows food intake by larvae in a specific unit of time. This was measured using dye method. Larvae grown in natural energy drink based media had consumed significantly greater quantity of food than those larvae which grown on synthetic energy drink based media. The data obtained from feeding experiment was subjected to one way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test using SPSS version 20.0 showed significant differences in the amount of food intake (Table 1).

Feeding Behavior 2.2 b NM - Normal Media 2.15 NED - Natural Energy Drink SED - Synthetic Energy Drink 2.1 a 2.05 a

2 (in µgm) (in 1.95

1.9

Mean ± SE of feeding behaviour feeding of SE ± Mean NM NED SED Diet

Fig. 1: Effect of Natural and Synthetic energy drink (Burn) on feeding behavior in larvae of D. melanogaster. [Different letters on the bar graph indicates significance at 0.05 level by Tukey’s Post Hoc Test]

Table1. One way ANOVA of feeding behavior, male mating ability and progeny production in D. melanogaster

Parameters Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Feeding behaviour Between Groups .486 2 .243 36.061 .000 Within Groups .990 147 .007 Total 1.476 149

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS In the present study the survival curve was calculated for male and female longevity. In this analysis, the few functions that are dependent on time are the survival function and hazard function. The survival function S(t) is defined as the probability of dying at time t having survived at that time. The graph of S (t) against t is called the survival curve. The Kaplan- Meir method was used to estimate this curve from observed survival timing without assuming an underlying probability distribution. Two survival curves were compared using a statistical hypothesis test called the log-rank test, which is used to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between survival curves, that is, the probability of an event occurring at any point time is for each of the synthetic energy drink /natural energy drink and normal media. Survival curve of male and female flies grown in natural energy drink based media/ synthetic energy drink based media/ normal media were provided in Fig 2 and table 2. it was revealed from figure that flies grown on natural energy drinks lived significantly longer than those flies grown in synthetic energy drink based media and normal media.

Table 2. Overall comparison

Chi-Square df Sig. Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) 6.741 1 .007

Fig.2: Survival curve of flies grown in natural energy drink based media/ synthetic energy drink based media/ normal media.

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DISCUSSION In Drosophila, studies have shown that quantity of food they consume has significant influence on longevity (Singh and Sisodia, 2002; Wafa and Krishna, 2015). In the present study, the feeding rate of larvae in natural energy drinks, synthetic energy drink based media and natural media. (Figure 1 and Table 1) revealed that feeding rate was highest in larvae feeding in natural energy drink based media compared to larvae feeding in synthetic energy drink based media and normal media. This suggests that there is significant influence of energy drinks on larval feeding rate. Melcher et al., (2007), who while studying in D. melanogaster, have shown that larvae of drosophila can sense the taste and show inhibition threshold when consuming a new or foul tasting foods. However, such inhibition threshold is not observed in larvae fed on natural energy drink when compared to synthetic energy drinks as well as normal media on natural energy drinks. In the present study, difference in feeding rate was noticed between different types of media (Fig 1 and Table 1). This suggests that components found in the food had a significant influence on feeding rate. Present study also confirms earlier studies of larval feeding in Drosophila (Melcher et al., 2007; Wafa and Krishna, 2015; Alwyn and Krishna, 2017). In species of Drosophila, studies have also shown influence of nutrient intake on lifespan (Sisodia and Singh, 2012). Similarly the present study also showed significant influence of energy drink intake on lifespan. Flies obtained in natural energy drink based media lived significantly greater number of days than those flies grown in synthetic energy drinks and normal media. The least survival was noticed in flies grown in synthetic energy drinks because synthetic energy drink might had negative effect on longevity. As they contain preservatives and additives in them, On the other hand, nutrients found in natural energy drinks could support the longevity. Thereby flies grown on natural energy drink had lived significantly longer. Thus this study suggests that synthetic energy drink (Burn) do not have health benefit in Drosophila melanogaster. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors extend their gratitude to the Chairman, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, and Drosophila stock center and Stress Biology lab, University of Mysore for providing facilities to carry out the above work.

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9. Wafa, Faroki. and Krishna M.S, 2014. Organically grown fruits’ effect on reproductive fitness of Drosophila melanogaster. Cancer Biology, 4(4): 48-55.

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