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U-Th)/He Dating of Supergene Iron (Oxyhydr-)Oxides of the Nefza-Sejnane District (Tunisia): New Insights Into Mineralization and Mammalian Biostratigraphy

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U-Th)/He Dating of Supergene Iron (Oxyhydr-)Oxides of the Nefza-Sejnane District (Tunisia): New Insights Into Mineralization and Mammalian Biostratigraphy minerals Article (U-Th)/He Dating of Supergene Iron (Oxyhydr-)Oxides of the Nefza-Sejnane District (Tunisia): New Insights into Mineralization and Mammalian Biostratigraphy Johan Yans 1,*, Michèle Verhaert 1 , Cecile Gautheron 2 , Pierre-Olivier Antoine 3,Béchir Moussi 4 , Augustin Dekoninck 1 , Sophie Decrée 5,Hédi-Ridha Chaftar 6, Nouri Hatira 7, Christian Dupuis 8, Rosella Pinna-Jamme 2 and Fakher Jamoussi 4 1 Department of Geology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment ILEE, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; [email protected] (M.V.); [email protected] (A.D.) 2 Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, GEOPS, 91405 Orsay, France; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (R.P.-J.) 3 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 05, 34095 Montpellier, France; [email protected] 4 Water Researches and Technologies Center CERTE, Technopôle de Borj Cedria BP 273, Soliman 8020, Tunisia; [email protected] (B.M.); [email protected] (F.J.) 5 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Geological Survey of Belgium, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] 6 Citation: Yans, J.; Verhaert, M.; Office National des Mines, Tunis 2035, Tunisia; [email protected] 7 Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia; [email protected] Gautheron, C.; Antoine, P.-O.; Moussi, 8 UMons, Département de Géologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, rue de Houdain, 7000 Mons, Belgium; B.; Dekoninck, A.; Decrée, S.; Chaftar, [email protected] H.-R.; Hatira, N.; Dupuis, C.; et al. * Correspondence: [email protected] (U-Th)/He Dating of Supergene Iron (Oxyhydr-)Oxides of the Nefza- Abstract: The mining district of Nefza-Sejnane (Tunisia) encloses numerous ores and raw material Sejnane District (Tunisia): New deposits, all formed in relation with successive Fe-rich fluids of meteoric and/or hydrothermal Insights into Mineralization and Mammalian Biostratigraphy. origins. Here, for the first time in Tunisia, (U-Th)/He ages were obtained on supergene goethite from Minerals 2021, 11, 260. various localities/deposits of the district highlight direct dating of significant weathering episodes https://doi.org/10.3390/min during late Tortonian and late Pleistocene. These weathering events are most likely associated with 11030260 favorable conditions that combine (i) wet climate displaying sufficient meteoric water/fluid; and (ii) regional exhumation, due to large-scale vertical lithospheric movements enhancing the percolation of Academic Editor: Harald G. Dill fluids. Matched with previous works, these results refine the stratigraphic frame for the polymetallic mineralization and clay deposits in the district, confirming the influence of meteoric fluids circulation Received: 21 January 2021 during the late Cenozoic. As a consequence of the new (U-Th)/He data, we moreover propose a Accepted: 24 February 2021 taxonomic and stratigraphic revision of the well-known mammalian fauna from the Fe-rich Douahria Published: 3 March 2021 locality, suggesting an early Tortonian age for the fossils, i.e., prior to the first episode of meteoric event in the area. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: (U-Th)/He; goethite; supergene; Douahria mammalian fauna; Tunisia published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction The mining district of Nefza-Sejnane contains numerous ores and raw material de- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. posits, including the Zn–Pb mineralization of Sidi Driss, the vertebrate-bearing Douahria This article is an open access article basin that hosts a SEDEX deposit [1], the halloysite-bearing iron deposit of Tamra Forma- distributed under the terms and tion [2–5], the Fe-LREE-U enriched breccia of Oued Belif [5], and kaolinitic clays of the conditions of the Creative Commons late Oligocene Numidian Flysch Formation [6,7]; (Figures1 and2). From the Miocene Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// onwards, these deposits experienced successive circulations of Fe-rich fluids of mixed creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ meteoric and hydrothermal origins. The hydrothermal activity resulted from a relatively 4.0/). high geothermal gradient and Miocene magmatic rocks of the area [8]. Using geochemical Minerals 2021, 11, 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030260 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/minerals Minerals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 Minerals 2021, 11, 260 geothermal gradient and Miocene magmatic rocks of the area [8]. Using geochemical2 of 19 ar- guments, Decrée et al. (2014) demonstrated that emplacement of magmatic rocks in the Nefza district has enhanced hydrothermal fluid circulations, leading to the deposition of arguments,polymetallic Decr mineralizationée et al. (2014) demonstrated [9]. In addition, that emplacement significant periods of magmatic of weathering rocks in the are con- Nefzafirmed district by (i) has pedogenesis enhanced hydrothermal on sediments fluid within circulations, small basins leading such to the as deposition in Tamra of basin and polymetallicthe deposition mineralization of the subaerial [9]. In Tamra addition, Formatio significantn [2]; periods and (ii) of weatheringlate supergene are con- fluids lead- firmed by (i) pedogenesis on sediments within small basins such as in Tamra basin and ing to the formation of botryoidal or euhedral goethite [4,5]. The nature and role of me- the deposition of the subaerial Tamra Formation [2]; and (ii) late supergene fluids leading toteoric the formation circulations of botryoidal in metal orenrichment euhedral goethite of the area [4,5]. has The already nature and been role stressed of meteoric by Decrée et 18 circulationsal. [1,2] and in metaldiscussed enrichment by Dekoninck of the area et has al. already [4] using been δ stressedD and δ byO Decr oné ehalloysite-kaolinite et al. [1,2] andand discussed Fe (oxyhydr-)oxides, by Dekoninck etand al. [4by] using DecréeδD andet alδ.18 [10]O on using halloysite-kaolinite iron isotopes and and Fe chemical (oxyhydr-)oxides,composition of andFe-(oxi)hydroxides. by Decrée et al. [10] However, using iron isotopes ages of and these chemical meteoric composition influences of in this Fe-(oxi)hydroxides.area are still lacking, However, jeopardizing ages of these the meteoric regional influences integration in this areaof the are ore still lacking,formation. Fur- jeopardizingthermore, the the Douahria regional integration Fe-deposit of thecontains ore formation. the famous Furthermore, “Pikermian” the Douahriavertebrate fauna, Fe-depositincluding contains a rhinocerotid, the famous a giraffid, “Pikermian” andvertebrate an anthracotheriid fauna, including originally a rhinocerotid, described by Ro- a giraffid, and an anthracotheriid originally described by Roman and Solignac [11] in a man and Solignac [11] in a ferruginous crust. Here we provide, for the first time in Tuni- ferruginous crust. Here we provide, for the first time in Tunisia, new (U-Th)/He ages onsia, goethite new (U-Th)/He (GHe ages) ages associated on goethite with weathering(GHe ages) processes associated in thewith vertebrate-bearing weathering processes in Nefza-Sejnanethe vertebrate-bearing polymetallic Nefza-Sejnane mining district. polymetallic Matched with mining previous district. data, theseMatched new in-with previ- vestigationsous data, these allow new us to investigations discuss (i) the influence allow us of to meteoric discuss fluids (i) the in influence the formation of meteoric of ore fluids depositsin the formation in this important of ore deposits mining district in this ofimportan Tunisia,t and mining (ii) the district role of of geodynamic Tunisia, and and (ii) the role climaticof geodynamic parameters and in climatic weathering parameters processes in at weathering a regional scale. processes Moreover, at a weregional propose scale. a Moreo- globalver, we revision propose of thea global mammalian revision assemblage, of the mammalian aiming at assemblage, providing updated aiming taxonomicat providing updat- assignmentsed taxonomic for assignments the concerned for remains the concerned and discussing remains their and biostratigraphic discussing their outputs, biostratigraphic in order to further discuss GHe ages and paleontological dating. outputs, in order to further discuss GHe ages and paleontological dating. FigureFigure 1. 1.Tectonic Tectonic map map of central of central and northernand northern Tunisia, Tunisi showinga, showing the location the location of the studied of the area studied area (Figure(Figure2; modified2; modified after after references references [4,12– [4,12–14].14]. Minerals 2021, 11, 260 3 of 19 Minerals 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 Figure 2. SimplifiedSimplified geologicgeologic mapmap ofof thethe Nefza-Sejnane Nefza-Sejnane district, district, Tunisia Tunisia (modified (modified after after reference reference [5 ],[5], showing showing the the location loca- tionand and (U-Th)/He (U-Th)/He corrected corrected ages ages of the of supergenethe supergene goethite. goethite. G-CS G-CS = Ghardimaou = Ghardimaou Cap Cap Serrat Serrat sinistral sinistral fault fault zone. zone. 2. Geological Setting 2. Geological Setting The Nefza-Sejnane mining district is located in the Tellian “Nappe Zone” of North- The Nefza-Sejnane mining district is located in the Tellian “Nappe Zone” of Northern ern Tunisia (Figures 1 and 2). The district is characterized
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