L'insediamento Di Assab
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8.. Colonialism in the Horn of Africa
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The state, the crisis of state institutions and refugee migration in the Horn of Africa : the cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia Degu, W.A. Publication date 2002 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Degu, W. A. (2002). The state, the crisis of state institutions and refugee migration in the Horn of Africa : the cases of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. Thela Thesis. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:30 Sep 2021 8.. COLONIALISM IN THE HORN OF AFRICA 'Perhapss there is no other continent in the world where colonialism showed its face in suchh a cruel and brutal form as it did in Africa. Under colonialism the people of Africa sufferedd immensely. -
Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa A Region of Changes and Challenges Documentation Compiled by Hans-Ulrich Stauffer Afrika-Komitee Basel, Switzerland September 2018 Port of Massawa Contents Introduction 3 Comment 4 Eritrea 7 Eritrea-Ethiopia 22 Eritrea-Somalia 42 Eritrea-Djibouti 47 Eritrea-South Sudan 50 Eritrea-Ethiopia-Somalia 51 Ethiopia 52 Djibouti 62 Djibouti-Somalia 81 Special: Tigrai’s view 81 2 Introduction By Hans-Ulrich Stauffer, Afrika-Komitee, Basel In June 2018, the Ethiopian Prime Minister, Dr. Achmed Abiy, accepted the Algiers Agree- ment and the Ethiopian-Eritrean Border Ruling. This move came for many by surprise. The announcement was welcomed by the Eritrean Authorities. On 9th of July both countries an- nounced a joint declaration of peace. All these developments have been documented in my first publication “A new Era: Eritrea – Ethiopia in Peace”1. Since then the drive to peace and cooperation between the two countries have gained mo- mentum. Furthermore, it spread all over the crises-ridden region of the Horn of Africa. Eritrea settled the longstanding dispute with Somalia. Djibouti and Eritrea decided to settle the border issue. Ethiopia urged Eritrean opposition groups to not work from Ethiopian terri- tory against Eritrea no more. Eritrea herself broke peace agreements with Ethiopian opposi- tion groups and their military wings. With the agreements with Somalia and Djibouti, Eritrea is next to the lifting of the UN-sanctions. Meanwhile the harbors of Massawa and Assab are open for Ethiopian imports and exports. The first Ethiopian ship to dock at Massawa was “Mekelle”, named after the capital city of Tigray – what a symbolic sign! Plans being made to build an oil-pipeline from Assab to Addis Abeba and to revamp the oil refinery of Assab. -
Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Richmond University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science 2000 Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F. Joireman University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/polisci-faculty-publications Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Joireman, Sandra F. "Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War." In History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide, edited by Sonia G. Benson, Nancy Matuszak, and Meghan Appel O'Meara, 1-11. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War History Behind the Headlines, 2001 The Conflict The war between Ethiopia and Eritrea—two of the poorest countries in the world— began in 1998. Eritrea was once part of the Ethiopian empire, but it was colonized by Italy from 1869 to 1941. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, the United Nations determined that Eritrea would become part of Ethiopia, though Eritrea would maintain a great deal of autonomy. In 1961 Ethiopia removed Eritrea's independence, and Eritrea became just another Ethiopian province. In 1991 following a revolution in Ethiopia, Eritrea gained its independence. However, the borders between Ethiopia and Eritrea had never been clearly marked. -
GCC Policies Toward the Red Sea, the Horn of Africa and Yemen: Ally-Adversary Dilemmas by Fred H
II. Analysis Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Abu Dhabi, and King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi Arabia, preside over the ‘Sheikh Zayed Heritage Festival 2016’ in Abu Dhabi, UAE, on 4 December 2016. GCC Policies Toward the Red Sea, the Horn of Africa and Yemen: Ally-Adversary Dilemmas by Fred H. Lawson tudies of the foreign policies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries usually ignore import- S ant initiatives that have been undertaken with regard to the Bab al-Mandab region, an area encom- passing the southern end of the Red Sea, the Horn of Africa and Yemen. Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have become actively involved in this pivotal geopolitical space over the past decade, and their relations with one another exhibit a marked shift from mutual complementarity to recip- rocal friction. Escalating rivalry and mistrust among these three governments can usefully be explained by what Glenn Snyder calls “the alliance security dilemma.”1 Shift to sustained intervention Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE have been drawn into Bab al-Mandab by three overlapping develop- ments. First, the rise in world food prices that began in the 2000s incentivized GCC states to ramp up investment in agricultural land—Riyadh, Doha and Abu Dhabi all turned to Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda as prospective breadbaskets.2 Doha pushed matters furthest by proposing to construct a massive canal in central Sudan that would have siphoned off more than one percent of the Nile River’s total annual downstream flow to create additional farmland. -
The Foreign Military Presence in the Horn of Africa Region
SIPRI Background Paper April 2019 THE FOREIGN MILITARY SUMMARY w The Horn of Africa is PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF undergoing far-reaching changes in its external security AFRICA REGION environment. A wide variety of international security actors— from Europe, the United States, neil melvin the Middle East, the Gulf, and Asia—are currently operating I. Introduction in the region. As a result, the Horn of Africa has experienced The Horn of Africa region has experienced a substantial increase in the a proliferation of foreign number and size of foreign military deployments since 2001, especially in the military bases and a build-up of 1 past decade (see annexes 1 and 2 for an overview). A wide range of regional naval forces. The external and international security actors are currently operating in the Horn and the militarization of the Horn poses foreign military installations include land-based facilities (e.g. bases, ports, major questions for the future airstrips, training camps, semi-permanent facilities and logistics hubs) and security and stability of the naval forces on permanent or regular deployment.2 The most visible aspect region. of this presence is the proliferation of military facilities in littoral areas along This SIPRI Background the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.3 However, there has also been a build-up Paper is the first of three papers of naval forces, notably around the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, at the entrance to devoted to the new external the Red Sea and in the Gulf of Aden. security politics of the Horn of This SIPRI Background Paper maps the foreign military presence in the Africa. -
Djibouti: Z Z Z Z Summary Points Z Z Z Z Renewal Ofdomesticpoliticallegitimacy
briefing paper page 1 Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub David Styan Africa Programme | April 2013 | AFP BP 2013/01 Summary points zz Change in Djibouti’s economic and strategic options has been driven by four factors: the Ethiopian–Eritrean war of 1998–2000, the impact of Ethiopia’s economic transformation and growth upon trade; shifts in US strategy since 9/11, and the upsurge in piracy along the Gulf of Aden and Somali coasts. zz With the expansion of the US AFRICOM base, the reconfiguration of France’s military presence and the establishment of Japanese and other military facilities, Djibouti has become an international maritime and military laboratory where new forms of cooperation are being developed. zz Djibouti has accelerated plans for regional economic integration. Building on close ties with Ethiopia, existing port upgrades and electricity grid integration will be enhanced by the development of the northern port of Tadjourah. zz These strategic and economic shifts have yet to be matched by internal political reforms, and growth needs to be linked to strategies for job creation and a renewal of domestic political legitimacy. www.chathamhouse.org Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub page 2 Djibouti 0 25 50 km 0 10 20 30 mi Red Sea National capital District capital Ras Doumeira Town, village B Airport, airstrip a b Wadis ERITREA a l- M International boundary a n d District boundary a b Main road Railway Moussa Ali ETHIOPIA OBOCK N11 N11 To Elidar Balho Obock N14 TADJOURA N11 N14 Gulf of Aden Tadjoura N9 Galafi Lac Assal Golfe de Tadjoura N1 N9 N9 Doraleh DJIBOUTI N1 Ghoubbet Arta N9 El Kharab DJIBOUTI N9 N1 DIKHIL N5 N1 N1 ALI SABIEH N5 N5 Abhe Bad N1 (Lac Abhe) Ali Sabieh DJIBOUTI Dikhil N5 To Dire Dawa SOMALIA/ ETHIOPIA SOMALILAND Source: United Nations Department of Field Support, Cartographic Section, Djibouti Map No. -
How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 36 Issue 1 Article 8 2004 Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia Matthew J. McCracken Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Matthew J. McCracken, Abusing Self-Determination and Democracy: How the TPLF Is Looting Ethiopia, 36 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 183 (2004) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol36/iss1/8 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. ABUSING SELF-DETERMINATION AND DEMOCRACY: How THE TPLF Is LOOTING ETHIOPIA Matthew J. McCrackent Introduction Ethiopia is a nation facing a silent crisis. After Eritrean and Tigrayan rebels overthrew Ethiopia's socialist-military government in 1991, members of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (or "TPLF") reorganized into a new political party known as the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (or "EPRDF") and assumed control of Ethiopia's central government.' After 100 years of domination by the Amhara tribe, Ethiopia's new government, led by Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, claimed to usher in a new era of political openness.2 A former Secretary General of the TPLF, Zenawi invited representatives from Ethiopia's many regional and cultural minorities to participate in the drafting of Ethiopia's Transitional Charter and new Constitution.3 This so-called "Revolutionary Era" produced many significant political changes. -
The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community
NORTH CAROLINA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW Volume 24 Number 2 Article 7 Winter 1999 The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Wendy Pitcher Wilson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj Recommended Citation Wendy P. Wilson, The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community, 24 N.C. J. INT'L L. 451 (1998). Available at: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/vol24/iss2/7 This Comments is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Deportation of Eritreans from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community Cover Page Footnote International Law; Commercial Law; Law This comments is available in North Carolina Journal of International Law: https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/ncilj/ vol24/iss2/7 COMMENT The Deportation of "Eritreans"from Ethiopia: Human Rights Violations Tolerated by the International Community I. Introduction After Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia in 1993, the two countries publicly enjoyed a peaceful and supportive relationship.' On May 6, 1998, however, fighting began between the two nations in a conflict over their common border.2 They engaged in six weeks of hostilities, including air attacks, -
Read the Paper (Adobe PDF) (Chapter from "Unfinished Business
Background to war - from friends to foes Martin Plaut Introduction The war that broke out between Ethiopia and Eritrea on 6th May 1998, and was finally concluded by a peace treaty in the Algerian capital, Algiers, on 12th December 2000 can be summarised in a paragraph. The neighbouring states, previously on good terms, were involved in a skirmish at the little known border town of Badme. The town lies in an inhospitable area towards the western end of the one thousand-kilometer border separating the two countries, not far from Sudan. The initial clash escalated dramatically. The conflagration spiraled out of control, and resulted in all-out war along the length of border. The international community, including the United States, Rwanda, the Organisation of African Unity, the United Nations and the European Union attempted to end the hostilities. They met with little success. Eritrea made initial gains on the battlefield, including taking Badme, but the frontlines soon solidified. After a month of fighting President Bill Clinton managed to persuade both sides to observe a temporary truce in order to allow further diplomatic efforts. However, these failed to bear fruit, and in February 1999 Ethiopia successfully re-captured Badme. Despite heavy fighting in May that year, Eritrea was unable to re-capture the area. For almost a year diplomats unsuccessfully sought to end the conflict, but to little effect. In May 2000 a frustrated Ethiopia launched its largest offensive of the war, breaking through Eritrean lines in the Western and Central sectors, and advancing deep into Eritrean territory. Having re-captured Badme and other land it had lost, and under considerable pressure from the international community, Ethiopia halted its advance and both sides signed a cease-fire on 18 June 2000. -
Ethiopia's Sovereign Right of Access to the Sea Under International Law Abebe T
Digital Commons @ Georgia Law LLM Theses and Essays Student Works and Organizations 1-1-2007 Ethiopia's Sovereign Right of Access to the Sea under International Law Abebe T. Kahsay University of Georgia School of Law Repository Citation Kahsay, Abebe T., "Ethiopia's Sovereign Right of Access to the Sea under International Law" (2007). LLM Theses and Essays. 81. https://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/stu_llm/81 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works and Organizations at Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in LLM Theses and Essays by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Georgia Law. Please share how you have benefited from this access For more information, please contact [email protected]. ETHIOPIA’S SOVEREIGN RIGHT OF ACCESS TO THE SEA UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW by ABEBE TEKLEHAIMANOT KAHSAY Under the direction of Daniel Bodansky ABSTRACT Since Eritrea’s secession from Ethiopia there has been continuous opposition by intellectuals and the opposition to the government’s policy of making Ethiopia a landlocked country. Some totally reject the secession, while others accept the independence as a “fait accompli” and voice concern over the lack of an outlet to the sea, and still others acknowledge the right of self-determination and secession of Eritrea but denounce the inconsistency of the application of the Transitional Charter regarding the Red Sea Afar and the Algiers Agreement for denying Ethiopia its legitimate right to access to the sea and allege that the government is acting against the paramount national interest of the country. -
Table of Contents 1. Introduction
Table of contents 1. Introduction ..................................................... 1 1.1 Investigations and communications with the two governments ........ 2 Visits to Ethiopia and Eritrea ................................... 3 Conditions of information-gathering ............................. 3 Amnesty International’s preliminary public report and reactions to it . 4 1.2 The border conflict - a brief background ........................... 5 Fig1: Map of Ethiopia and Eritrea showing key towns .............. 6 Fig 2: Map of Ethiopia and Eritrea border ........................ 9 2. The war and human rights ........................................ 10 2.1 The deliberate and indiscriminate bombing of civilians .............. 11 2.2 Displacement, torture and ill-treatment of civilians .................. 15 2.3 The treatment of prisoners of war ................................ 17 2.4 Internment of civilians .......................................... 18 3. Expulsions and the treatment of Eritreans in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Eritrea ..................................................... 21 3.1 Ethiopians in Eritrea ............................................ 21 The situation in Assab ........................................ 22 Asmara and other towns ...................................... 24 3.2 Eritreans in Ethiopia ............................................ 26 Mass expulsions ............................................ 26 Cruel, inhuman & degrading treatment during the expulsion process 27 3.3 The citizenship issue for Eritreans in -
Red Sea Rivalries: the Gulf, the Horn, & the New Geopolitics of the Red Ea
ZACH VERTIN RED SEA RIVALRIES: THE GULF, THE HORN, & THE NEW GEOPOLITICS OF THE RED SEA JUNE 2019 Red Sea Rivalries: The Gulf, the Horn, & the New Geopolitics of the Red Sea Zach Vertin1 INTRODUCTION Gulf states are asserting themselves in the Horn of Africa as never before. This unprecedented surge in political, economic, and strategic engagement across the Red Sea is challenging old assumptions and erasing old boundaries. As the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Turkey seek to expand their spheres of influence—including through commercial ports and military outposts on Africa’s Red Sea coast—fierce Middle Eastern rivalries are playing out on a larger chessboard. Interest from great powers has further complicated the changing geopolitical landscape as China’s arrival in Djibouti brings the number of foreign militaries in the tiny port nation to five. China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States are all now stationed at the fulcrum of the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. India and Saudi Arabia have also signaled interest in establishing bases in Djibouti, while Russia has flirted with its own strategic presence in the Horn. For the fragile African states on the western shores of the Red Sea, new engagement from outside powers presents both challenges and opportunities. The most tangible manifestation of the so-called “new scramble for Africa” has been the proliferation of seaports and military facilities (or the rights to such perches) on the Red Sea coast. Much has been rumored about these acquisitions, though a holistic picture of the real estate bonanza has been lacking.