Graduate Education and the Public Good

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UNCIL O O C F

G S R A L D O U O ATE SCH Advisory Committee on Graduate Education and the Public Good

Karen DePauw James Moran Don Allen Roth Council of Graduate Schools Vice Provost, Graduate Studies Council of Graduate Schools Chair-Elect & Research Government Relations Vice Provost for Graduate University of Denver Advisory Committee Chair Studies & Dean of the Dean of the Graduate School Graduate School Suzanne Ortega University of Wyoming Virginia Polytechnic Institute Vice Provost and Dean of the and State University Graduate School William B. Russel University of Washington Council of Graduate Schools Jeffrey Gibeling Chair Dean of Graduate Studies Eva Pell Dean, Graduate School University of California, Davis Senior Vice President for Princeton University Research and Dean of the Bruce Jacobs Graduate School Richard Wheeler Vice Provost and University The Pennsylvania State Dean of the Graduate College Dean of Graduate Studies University University of Illinois at University of Rochester Urbana-Champaign Victoria Rodriguez Karen Klomparens Vice Provost and Dean of Dean of the Graduate School Graduate Studies EX- OFFICIO and Assistant Provost for The University of Texas Debra W. Stewart Graduate Education at Austin President Michigan State University Council of Graduate Schools Graduate Education and the Public Good

UNCIL O O C F

G S R A L D O U O ATE SCH Contents

Executive Summary page 1

Introduction page 3

How Does Graduate Education Contribute to the Public Good? page 6

How Does Graduate Education Improve Our Quality of Life? page 13

What Do International Students Contribute to a Prosperous United States? page 21

What Is the Reach and Impact of U.S. Graduate Education? page 22

About the Council of Graduate Schools page 26

Acknowledgments page 26 Executive Summary

strong link exists between U.S. graduate ernments. Elsewhere in the world, significant education, the production of knowledge, investments are being made in graduate education A and economic and social prosperity. The as part of national economic development strate- United States needs a cadre of highly skilled lead- gies. Although the long-term implications of such ers and experts in a variety of fields to address cur- investments are not entirely clear, we know that rent and future challenges. Increasingly, graduate the quality of U.S. graduate education must be sus- school is where future professionals obtain the tained for our nation to continue to prosper in the knowledge and skills needed to solve big, complex 21st century. problems. But fundamentally, graduate education is about people. This report tells the stories of Recent reports and public policy that addressed people with graduate degrees from U.S. universi- enhancing U.S. competitiveness and innovation ties and why their education matters to them and recognized the value of graduate education. The the nation. National Academies’ landmark report, Rising Above the Gathering Storm, recommended increasing the The benefits of graduate education extend beyond number of U.S. citizens pursuing graduate study in the economic realm; graduate education also plays a areas of national need by funding 5,000 new grad- central role in producing an educated citizenry that uate fellowships each year. The America COM- can promote and defend our democratic ideals.1 PETES Act, signed into law in August 2007, Scholars educated at the graduate level in such included many of the report’s recommendations in fields as science, mathematics, humanities, arts, and support of graduate study at the master’s and doc- social sciences are critically important to our quality toral levels. of life and the cultural and social fabric of society. This report, Graduate Education and the For the past 50 years, U.S. graduate education has Public Good, illustrates how a world-class been the jewel in the crown of the American sys- graduate education system has benefited this tem of education, attracting top domestic and nation and the world. It tells the stories of real international students by creating dynamic pro- people who obtained graduate degrees in the grams that foster scholarship, research, and scien- United States and have since made important tific discovery. In the past decade, 62 percent of contributions at the local, state, national, and Nobel Prize winners in chemistry, physics, medi- international levels. cine, and economics received their graduate degrees in the United States.2 The report documents these exemplars’ contributions to our collective good across a broad range of The success of U.S. graduate education has not sectors and fields. It examines how graduate educa- gone unnoticed by other countries and their gov- tion is connected to the following:

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 1 ■ Creating the workforce for the new global create jobs or contributing to the public good in economy other ways. Those who return to their home

■ Conducting groundbreaking research countries often assume leadership positions and maintain connections with the United States, fos- ■ Facilitating technology transfer tering positive diplomatic relations and enhanced ■ Developing entrepreneurs and innovators understanding. ■ Preparing future college and university faculty The report concludes with a call for a renewed “social ■ Developing leaders for business, nonprofit, and government sectors contract” between universities and the public that recognizes the special role played by graduate education ■ Preparing the K–12 teacher workforce in enhancing our quality of life. The companion doc- ■ Establishing new start-ups that create jobs ument, titled Making a Difference, includes hundreds ■ Strengthening communities through social of examples of graduate degree holders who were action nominated by Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) member institutions based on significant contribu- ■ Promoting public health initiatives tions they have made to the public good. ■ Enhancing society through arts, humanities, and social sciences The new global competition for talent places increasing importance on maintaining a world- Additionally, this report recognizes the contribu- class graduate education system. As noted by tions that international students have made to author and professor Richard Florida, “For the prosperity of the United States. In 2006- decades, the U.S. has succeeded at attracting and 2007, there were a quarter of a million interna- growing talented people because of its creative tional students pursuing graduate degrees in this ecosystem—a densely interwoven fabric of institu- country, comprising 16 percent of all graduate tions, individuals, and economic and social rights. students.3 More important, many international Attracting people does not just happen; it depends students remain in the United States after they on the care and feeding of the organizations and complete their studies, starting companies that people that make up the ecosystem.”4

2 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD Introduction

he ways that graduate education con- As a result, more students worldwide are pursuing tributes to the public good can be graduate degrees. T demonstrated from a variety of perspec- tives, including numbers, facts, and solid rationales. Graduate education, indisputably, contributes to But the connection between graduate education the good of society as well as the individual. and the public good may best be described from Many of the benefits of graduate education, as the perspective of people who have earned gradu- well as higher education in general, are intangi- ate degrees and by what they have gone on to do ble, but that does not make them any less real. In with those degrees. The unique aspect of this this report the phrase public good is not used in report is that it links people, their graduate educa- the pure economic sense. Rather, the phrase tion, and their accomplishments to the public good. describes how having a world-class graduate education system has benefited the country. The The benefits to individuals of having a master’s or products of this system are the graduates them- doctoral degree are well understood. In general, selves, many of whom have gone on to make con- the more education one has, the more one earns tributions or produce goods and services that and the more likely one is to be employed.5 This have provided a collective benefit to the nation relationship is increasingly emphasized in the 21st- and, in some cases, the world. century global marketplace, which places a premi- um on advanced knowledge and skills. The Efforts are under way to highlight the ways higher knowledge-based economy requires workers who education serves the public. The American Council can use technology in creative ways. This economy on Education has launched an initiative, “Solutions spans a variety of technical fields and professions, for Our Future,” that highlights the larger including all scientific disciplines, software design, contributions of higher education to our standard media, and financial services, and the number of of living and to America’s place in the world. technical fields is expected to rise.6 U.S. culture Institutions of higher education play a critical role also has benefited, and will continue to benefit, in producing knowledge and innovation, finding from the work of scholars and teachers in the cures for diseases, training teachers to teach our humanities, the social sciences, and the arts, who children, developing the talents of artists and writ- “bring the intellectual history of human thought ers, and producing scientists that make new discov- and creative expression to their students, expand- eries. Maintaining and enhancing the U.S. system ing their capacity for critical thinking by applying of higher education is critical to maintaining and the lessons of the past to current problems and improving our quality of life. future challenges.”7 Students, employers, and the general public are increasingly savvy about the pri- For over half a century, the United States has ben- vate benefits associated with graduate education. efited from its commitment to graduate education

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 3 and research. U.S. graduate schools are widely In November 2005, the Council of Graduate considered to be the best in the world, attracting Schools (CGS) released NDEA 21: A Renewed the top domestic and international students by cre- Commitment to Graduate Education, in which it ating dynamic programs that foster scholarship, urged the U.S. government to respond again to the research, and scientific discovery. Many world global competition threatening the leadership of leaders in business, research, technology, science, the United States.11 A set of specific policy princi- government, the arts, and humanities have been ples and recommendations followed the report, trained in U.S. graduate schools. and a number of these recommendations were included in legislation introduced in Congress. Recipients of the Nobel Prize are regarded as people who have reached the pinnacle of their profes- CGS’s 2007 report, Graduate Education: The sion. In the past decade, among the Nobel Prize Backbone of American Competitiveness and Innovation, winners in chemistry, physics, medicine, and addressed the role of graduate education in con- economics, 56 out of 91 (or 62 percent) received tributing to American competitiveness and innova- their graduate degrees in the United States.8 tion.12 The report also included policy recommendations for future and ongoing partner- The U.S. government is a major supporter of ships between policy makers and leaders in busi- graduate education, and the benefits to our country ness and graduate education. Last August, a from this support have been truly astounding. The bipartisan congressional effort led to the enact- National Defense ment of the America Education Act (NDEA), COMPETES Act; the leg- established in 1958, is one “In the past decade, among islation provides a national of the most visible and strategy for enhancing often-cited initiatives. It the Nobel Prize winners U.S. competitiveness and was a swift and forceful includes support for grad- response to the Soviet’s in chemistry, physics, uate education in that launch of Sputnik in 1957 strategy. and provided for educa- medicine, and economics, tion in the United States This report, Graduate at all levels. It stimulated 56 out of 91 received their Education and the Public the advancement of educa- Good, constitutes the next tion in science, mathemat- graduate degrees in the phase in CGS’s efforts. It ics, and modern foreign uses examples of real peo- languages, but also United States.” ple to illustrate how a addressed other areas of robust and world-class critical need, including graduate education system area studies and geography.9 has benefited the nation and the world. Where possible, it quantifies, using statistics and data, the The NDEA contributed to growth and capacity in contributions of graduate education to the nation doctoral education by supporting institutions of as well as to regions and states. The report high- higher education in awarding fellowships for doctor- lights the stories of what real people who obtained al study to approximately 27,000 individuals over the graduate degrees in the United States have done life of the program.10 Many of these individuals con- for our collective good. ducted important research and made groundbreaking discoveries that have contributed to this country’s This report also examines the role of international current unparalleled success and prosperity. students in U.S. graduate education and invest-

4 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD ments being made by other countries in their grad- important that the United States continue to seek uate education systems as part of national econom- and nurture these talented individuals as we com- ic development strategies. American graduate pete in the global economy while simultaneously education is being emulated and transported to pursuing efforts to increase participation of domes- other parts of the world. While flattering, this tic students in key fields. development has potential long-term implications, as talented international students who might have Finally, the report is accompanied by a document come to the United States for graduate study may titled Making a Difference. It contains information decide to pursue graduate education elsewhere. on a selection of individuals with graduate Even those international students who elect to degrees who were nominated by CGS member enroll in U.S. graduate schools may decide to institutions. Making a Difference is organized by return to their country of origin after receiving region, state, and by the nominating institution of their degrees. However, these highly educated pro- higher education, and its stories document the fessionals can serve as goodwill ambassadors when effects that these individuals—with their initia- they become leaders abroad and build collaborative, drive, and talents—have had on our economy tions with their colleagues here. Therefore, it is and society.

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 5 How Does Graduate Education Contribute to the Public Good?

raduate education is a key factor in creating growing occupations for 2006–2016 require a mas- the highly skilled workforce necessary to ter’s or doctoral degree.16 Gparticipate and remain competitive in today’s knowledge-based economy. The benefits to govern- Revenues ment, business, and society from a world-class Higher taxes are associated with higher incomes, graduate education system are increasingly evident. and holders of advanced degrees usually earn higher incomes. Therefore, having a highly The private benefits from higher education cannot educated populace may benefit tax bases at all be disputed—the results include higher salaries, levels of government. sustained employment, personal and professional mobility, and improved In general, incomes quality of life.13 However, increase with level of the public good associated “According to the Bureau of education. Adults with with increased levels of advanced degrees earn an education is often taken Labor Statistics, one-sixth average of 44 percent for granted because it may more than those with be intangible or difficult of the fastest growing bachelor’s degrees. The to measure.14 Numerous U.S. Census Bureau examples can be used to occupations for 2006–2016 reported that in 2006, the demonstrate how higher median earnings for an education, particularly require a master’s or individual over 25 with a graduate education, affects bachelor’s degree was society at the national, doctoral degree.” $46,435, compared with state, and local levels. $55,445 for those with a master’s, and $78,212 for Contributing to the Public Good Nationally those with a doctorate.17 Over their working life- times, master’s degree holders will earn, on aver- The United States benefits in many ways from age, $400,000 more than workers with a bachelor’s having a highly educated population: increased tax degree, and students who achieve a doctoral degree revenues, greater productivity, increased workforce will earn approximately $1.3 million more.18 flexibility, decreased reliance on government financial assistance, and improved ability to adapt to and Those with a master’s degree or higher also tend to use technology—critically important in the ever- require less public assistance. In 2003, the percent- changing knowledge economy.15 According to the age of the U.S. population over 25 who received Bureau of Labor Statistics, one-sixth of the fastest public assistance was 0.1 percent for those with an

6 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD advanced degree. This compares with 2.1 percent at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, of the U.S. population with less than a high school Dr. Crowder developed a “smart inhaler” for degree and 0.9 percent for those with less than a patients with lung disorders and diseases. Currently bachelor’s degree.19 vice president of Oriel Therapeutics, Inc., he holds several U.S. patents and has 14 U.S. and associated Health international patent applications pending. As costs have risen, health care has become an increasingly important issue. The federal govern- Nurses are crucial to our public health system, as ment and state governments are spending increas- exemplified by Judi Frerick, who received her ingly more for Medicaid and Medicare, while in master’s degree in nursing from Northern the private sector, companies struggle to provide Kentucky University. An assistant professor in the health insurance to their workers. Therefore, when School of Nursing and Health Professions at only 67.3 percent of the U.S. population over 25 Northern Kentucky University, Ms. Frerick teach- without a high school diploma say their health is es community and public health nursing. She is good, very good, or excellent (compared with 92.5 the Director of the Northern Kentucky Nursing percent of those with advanced degrees), one could Research Collaborative where she works with local infer that health care costs for those with advanced hospitals, schools and healthcare facilities to col- degrees will probably be laboratively reduce lead lower and less of a strain poisoning hazards and on public coffers.20 Another breakthrough in the resulting incidence of learning disabilities in In the realm of public combating cancer came from children. In addition, health, those with gradu- Ms. Frerick promotes ate degrees are often using Dr. Robert Rose. He and nursing as a profession to their knowledge to local area high schools improve health care. For his colleagues developed a through the Pathways to example, Dr. James Nursing program. Allison, who received his vaccine against four types PhD in biological sciences In the biomedical sci- from the University of of the virus that causes ences, research is being Texas, Austin, now chairs conducted to address spe- the Immunology Program cervical cancer. cific health issues related at Memorial Sloan- to minority populations. Kettering Cancer Center. Dr. Martin Farias, III is He and his colleagues have created antibodies that working on a joint research project to identify the are designed to fight melanoma, renal cell carcino- causes of cardiovascular disease in the Mexican ma, and prostate and ovarian cancers. Another American population of southern Texas. He breakthrough in combating cancer came from Dr. received his PhD in integrative physiology from Robert Rose, who received his PhD in microbiology the University of North Texas Health Science and immunology from the University of Rochester. Center and is currently an assistant professor at the He and his colleagues developed a vaccine against College of Pharmacy at Texas A&M four types of the virus that causes cervical cancer. University–Kingsville.

Dr. Timothy Crowder, who earned a PhD in bio- Employment medical engineering, is helping to improve the Nationally, employment rates are higher for adults quality of people’s lives. While a graduate student with higher levels of education, though percent-

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 7 ages vary by state as well as by field.21 In 2005, of children whose mothers held a master’s degree though individuals with master’s and doctoral or higher, could count to 20.26 degrees represented only 7.3 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively, of the total population ages Higher education also has a spillover effect on 25–64, they were 8.1 percent and 1.5 percent, voter awareness of public events, such as more fre- respectively, of the total employed population. In quent reading of newspapers and journals and the civilian labor force, of those ages 25–64, 84.5 increased awareness of local issues, including state percent of individuals with and local tax policies.27 In a master’s degree were the national election in employed, and 90.2 percent November 2000, the per- of those with a doctoral Dr. Jerry Zurek is highly centage of the U.S. popula- degree were employed; that engaged in mentoring tion over 25 who voted compares with 82.7 percent varied greatly by education of individuals with a bache- and in making sure that level: 82.1 percent of those lor’s degree, 72.8 percent of with advanced degrees those who completed high his students see the effect voted, compared with 56 school, and 58.1 percent of percent of those with a those without a high school they can have on social high school diploma.28 diploma.22 institutions, the political In addition, higher educa- Although the perception tion can play a critical role may be that people who system, and legislation. in the health of American receive PhDs pursue aca- democracy by helping stu- demic careers, the reality is dents become responsible that in 2000, over 70 percent of doctoral degree citizens in their own communities, the nation, and holders worked outside of academia.23 A host of the world. For example, Dr. Jerry Zurek, who fields and professions—ranging from health and received his doctorate in English from Bryn Mawr, legal services to manufacturing and educational was named the 2005 Professor of the Year in services outside of colleges and universities— Pennsylvania by the Council for the Advancement demand highly educated people to fill the positions and Support of Education. This program honors necessary to keep the economy moving forward. the most outstanding instructors in the country— those who excel and influence the lives and careers Civic Responsibility of their students. Dr. Zurek, a professor at Cabrini Parents with postsecondary degrees are more likely College, is highly engaged in mentoring and in to educate their children about community, nation- making sure that his students see the effect they al, and world events. This interaction helps form can have on social institutions, the political system, the next generation of civic leaders. Nearly 60 per- and legislation. cent of parents with a master’s degree or higher provide their 10th-grade children with information Future Faculty about world or national events.24 They are more According to the National Academy of Sciences, likely than parents who did not complete college to graduate education is critical to fulfilling national involve their children in community activities, such goals in two discrete ways. First, the nation’s uni- as concerts, religious services, sporting events, or versities and colleges produce the teachers and plays.25 Cognitive skills of preschoolers ages three researchers of tomorrow. Second, they provide stu- to five years were highly correlated with their dents with advanced scientific and technological mothers’ education levels; for instance, 75 percent knowledge and the skills to innovate.29

8 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD Jerry M. Evensky is a stellar example of a professor academia, industry, and government. These indi- who prepares future faculty. Currently, he is the viduals will address the pressing challenges we Laura J. and L. Douglas Meredith Professor for confront today by developing new technologies Teaching Excellence, the Maxwell School at and industries, devising methods to combat dis- Syracuse University. He received two master’s ease and hunger, creating ways to reduce environ- degrees from the University of Missouri–St. Louis, mental pollution, and discovering new sources of one in education and one in economics, and a doc- energy—all directed toward improving our quali- torate from Syracuse University. The recipient of ty of life and maintaining U.S. competitiveness. numerous teaching awards, he shares his knowl- They will follow in the footsteps of the countless edge through workshops designed to assist other individuals trained in America’s graduate schools faculty in improving their own teaching skills. who have truly made a difference under extremely challenging circumstances. To bring this issue into perspective, the words of Dr. Joan F. Lorden, then associate provost for When the terrorist attacks of September 11, research and dean of the graduate school at the 2001, occurred, citizens stepped forward to assist University of Alabama at Birmingham, explained in the recovery efforts. One such individual was the challenge: “Taxpayers may not realize they Dr. Robert C. Shaler, who received his doctorate have an important stake in graduate education. At in biochemistry from Penn State. He used his the state level, undergrad- expertise in forensics and uate students are often the DNA identification to focus of public discussions. lead the work of identify- But it is the people with Dr. Robert Shaler used his ing the majority of the advanced degrees who 2,749 victims of the train our future teachers— expertise in forensics and World Trade Center their impact is felt all the attacks. way up the line.”30 Others DNA identification to lead agree, noting that good As new technologies and graduate students often the work of identifying the products are implement- become the teaching facul- ed and developed, it is ty who are training the majority of the 2,749 important to evaluate next generation of under- victims of the World Trade how the populace might graduates.31 be affected, particularly Center attacks. children. Dr. Janice These “preparers of future Chambers, who received faculty” also conduct her doctorate in animal groundbreaking research— physiology from research they could not accomplish had they not Mississippi State University, is a toxicologist who been taught during their graduate studies by schol- has been the principal investigator for over $20 ars and academicians. million in competitive federal grant funds. She leads the university’s Center for Environmental The Next Generation of Researchers Health Sciences, whose work has assisted the The U.S. system of combining graduate educa- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in its risk tion with cutting-edge research is unique. It not assessments of pesticide levels in children. only strengthens the country’s research enter- prise, but also produces a highly educated cadre In addition to those graduates featured in this of individuals to assume leadership positions in report, the companion document, Making a

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 9 Difference, provides a further sampling of businesses and graduate schools are integral to the accomplishments of a range of people the continued growth of the technology and who received their graduate education in the service sectors in the state. An investment in United States. graduate education can provide an immediate payoff for the state because a large majority of Contributing to the Public Good at the new alumni of graduate programs remain in State and Local Levels Alabama and contribute to the state’s economic growth and strength.34 Data show that in states and localities, residents’ quality of life increases with higher levels of educa- California tion.32 A growing number of states are emphasizing Research programs at leading universities, which the importance of graduate education. A recent are undertaken in part through graduate education, report from the New York State Commission on economically benefit their surrounding areas as Higher Education included a well as the nation. In number of recommendations California, university research on how New York can “…it is the people accounted for $5.2 billion in improve its higher education economic productivity in institutions and remain com- with advanced degrees 2000–2001.35 petitive in the 21st century. Among other things, the who train our future California universities are report called for hiring an creating initiatives that will additional 2,000 full-time fac- teachers—their impact benefit the state’s population ulty over the next five years, as in many other ways. For well as recruiting a minimum is felt all the way up example, about 10 years ago, of 4,000 doctoral students who the University of Southern would be provided with com- the line.” California (USC) began petitive financial packages. 33 research on community and social problems in the At the local level, many programs have been insti- greater Los Angeles area. They suspected that tuted within graduate schools to involve students issues in their region were also of concern in in community initiatives and service. This type of other urban areas in the United States. The engagement often leads to students becoming fur- research resulted in a series of publications on ther involved in addressing community needs after innovative “best practices” to address homeless- they receive their degrees. Through such pro- ness and poverty, as well as action plans to com- grams, universities enable students to become “citi- bat sprawl.36 zen scholars” with a broader understanding of how they can directly affect society and find solutions Kentucky to problems both large and small. Dr. Lee Todd, Jr., president of the University of Kentucky, has explained to local businesses that A sampling of what some other states and localities “research drives jobs” and that the university is are doing follows. critically important to the economic well-being of the population of the local community and all of Alabama Kentucky. Dr. Todd has pushed forward a plan to When the Alabama Council of Graduate Deans bring in more research grants and private funding surveyed Alabama businesses, it found that to strengthen the university. As a result, federal increased collaboration and cooperation between research grants to the university have grown from

10 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD $100 million in 1997 to $300 million in 2007, billion dollars in funding from venture capital which has benefited the local economy.37 firms. In 2007, North Carolina State University was issued 38 U.S. patents.41 Missouri Governor Matt Blunt declared the week of April While in school, graduate students at the 2–9, 2006, Graduate Education Week. Several University of North Carolina do research that events were held at various graduate schools helps communities as a whole. Projects in 2007 across the state, celebrating the contributions of included studying the effects of air pollution on graduate students and the value of graduate edu- health, creating a public-private partnership to cation to the state. Similar events were held in assist in economic recovery efforts, evaluating the 2007 and 2008.38 results of an anti-tobacco campaign, and improving middle school students’ understanding of and Montana interest in a variety of careers.42 Sheila Stearns, commissioner of higher education, said that the state needs to invest in education and Pennsylvania partnerships between institutions and industry in In 1992, the University of Pennsylvania’s Barbara order to build the state’s economy and maintain its and Edward Netter Center for Community strength into the future. One requirement for Partnerships was founded to serve as a catalyst for building that strength is to increase interest and the transformation of West Philadelphia from a enrollment in gradu- declining neighborhood ate education pro- to one with a promising grams. Montana future. More than 150 currently has fewer “Investing in graduate students academically based com- students in graduate munity service courses study than other isn’t high on the list of any from diverse disciplines states do. and schools across the Commissioner legislator, but often times, those university are offered Stearns notes, through the Center. In “Investing in graduate graduates become important to 2004–2005, more than students isn’t high on 2,100 students were the list of any legisla- economic development.” involved at the under- tor, but often times, graduate and graduate those graduates level.43 One of the grad- become important to economic development.” 39 uate courses explores critical issues and implications of various policies pertaining to college access, with North Carolina particular attention to the effects of these policies Linking graduate education to the people is inte- for underrepresented groups. In its 16 year exis- gral to connecting a university to its state’s resi- tence, the Center has received numerous awards and dents because graduate students and faculty can many other colleges and universities in the United have a tremendous impact through their States have used it as an example upon which to research.40 In North Carolina two public research build their own community partnership programs.44 universities, North Carolina State University and the University of North Carolina, help build the Virginia state’s economy. Start-ups generated by North Governor Timothy Kaine recently lauded the Carolina State students and faculty have created Virginia Council of Graduate Schools Annual over 2,000 new jobs and brought in over a quarter Graduate Student Research Forum by writing,

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 11 “Graduate education is an essential component of munity service initiative called the VT-ENGAGE the research agenda for the Commonwealth of challenge for students, faculty, staff, and alumni. Virginia . . . Graduate students work closely with The goal is for volunteers to serve at least 10 faculty to create new understandings and discover- hours of community service by graduation with a ies which are applied to the social and economic total goal of 300,000 hours. The Virginia Tech challenges facing society. They also contribute to Alumni Association, with a membership of more the learning and engagement missions of our col- than 197,000, voted to challenge its members leges and universities as they prepare for careers as around the world to donate an additional 300,000 scientists, teachers, leaders, artists, and profession- hours of community service for a total of 600,000 als.” 45 The tagline on his letter reads “Investing in hours.47 Graduate students are very much graduate education is investing in Virginia!” 46 involved through the graduate school’s Citizen Scholars program, the Graduate Student To honor the victims of the 2007 shootings at Assembly, and the Alpha Epsilon Lambda gradu- Virginia Tech, the university has initiated a com- ate honor society.

12 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD How Does Graduate Education Improve Our Quality of Life?

any of the recent reports on enhancing Creating the Workforce for the New U.S. competitiveness including those by Global Economy Mthe National Academies and the Council on Competitiveness, indicate that innova- A highly trained workforce is essential to America’s tion is a key factor in the future prosperity of the future economic competitiveness and national United States. They also show that other countries security. Graduate education plays an important are challenging U.S. economic leadership. role in creating this workforce. In the words of C. Graduate students’ work and that of graduate Judson King, former provost and senior vice presi- degree holders contribute directly to sustained dent for academic affairs of the University of growth and prosperity. Therefore, graduate educa- California system, graduate students are highly tion is vital to the United States’ ability to main- qualified to meet future state workforce demands tain its economic leadership. Overall, graduate because their programs “require intensive study, education serves as a catalyst in the following ways: highly honed analytical skills and original contributions to knowledge that fosters creativity.”48 ■ Creating the workforce for the new global economy But changes are occurring that will affect U.S. graduate schools. The demographics of the gradu- ■ Conducting groundbreaking research ate school population differ greatly from 25 years ■ Facilitating technology transfer ago. Prior to 1984, men were the majority in U.S. ■ Developing entrepreneurs and innovators graduate schools; today, women account for nearly ■ Preparing future college and university 60 percent of total enrollment.49 According to faculty Patricia Maguire Meservey, president of Salem State College in Massachusetts, this demographic ■ Developing leaders for business, nonprofit, and government sectors will “significantly alter the landscape of the future workforce. The emergence of more women in lead- ■ Preparing the K–12 teacher workforce ership roles will almost certainly bring new ways of ■ Establishing new start-ups that create jobs thinking to the business-as-usual milieu in the not- ■ Strengthening communities through social too-distant future, and we must be prepared for action it.”50 She argues that tomorrow’s workforce must not only be technically talented, but also be effec- ■ Promoting public health initiatives tive communicators, problem solvers, and team ■ Enhancing society through arts, humanities, players. “In the world that looms before us, a bach- and social sciences elor’s degree alone will no longer suffice, and more jobs than ever will require both advanced degrees

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 13 and advanced credentials.” She believes that univer- demia, industry, and government. During her time sities can produce the talent we need; however, with in industry as senior vice president of technology traditional funding sources becoming tighter, uni- at Allied Signal, Inc., she was responsible for tech- versities will have to develop new funding sources nology transfer and commercialization support for through development of private, public, and corpo- new technologies. While serving in the federal rate partnerships. The importance of collaboration government, she was a member of the National within and among all sectors was also highlighted Science Board and the President’s Council of by the Council of Graduate Schools in its 2007 Advisors on Science and Technology and was report on the role of graduate education in enhanc- under secretary for technology for the Technology ing U.S. competitiveness and innovation. Administration in the Department of Commerce.

Other concerns will put pressure on the United A PhD in chemistry from the University of States to produce the workforce of the future. California, Berkeley, helped Dr. Andrew Grove. Increasingly, other countries are competing for the He cofounded Intel Corporation five years after best and the brightest receiving his degree in global talent, and the cost 1968. He has written over of recruiting that talent is 40 technical papers and increasing. Both Craig “In the world that looms holds several patents on Barrett, chairman of Intel semiconductor devices and Corporation, and Bill before us, a bachelor’s technology. He currently is Gates, chairman of a lecturer at the Stanford Microsoft, have expressed degree alone will no University Graduate School concerns about current of Business and is involved immigration policies in longer suffice, and more in the Grove Foundation, a the United States, which jobs than ever will require private philanthropic affect our country’s ability organization. Intel just to augment the workforce both advanced degrees and topped the Corporate with highly educated and Responsibility Officer skilled foreign profession- advanced credentials.” (CRO) magazine’s Best als. This contrasts with Corporate Citizen list by immigration policies in designing energy-efficient other countries, which are designed to attract and products and investing heavily in education—rec- recruit talent.51 ognizing that its future success depends upon an educated workforce.52 Despite these challenges, U.S. graduate schools continue to produce high-achieving individuals Dr. Stephanie Pace Marshall holds a PhD in educa- who nurture and help create the workforce for the tional administration and industrial relations from global economy. Here are a few examples of people Loyola University in Chicago. She was the founding who have made important contributions. president and is now president emerita of the internationally recognized Illinois Mathematics and Science Dr. Mary Good is founding dean and Donaghey Academy. Dr. Marshall is recognized as a pioneer professor of the Donaghey College of Engineering and innovative leader and teacher in pedagogical and Information Technology at the University of approaches to science and math education. She also Arkansas at Little Rock. She holds a PhD in chem- is an inspiring speaker and writer on leadership, istry from the University of Arkansas and has learning, and schooling, and on the design of gener- served at the highest level in all three sectors: aca- ative and life-affirming learning organizations.53

14 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD These are just a few examples of those who Thompson (MS and PhD in geology) and his emerged from U.S. graduate schools and went on wife, Dr. Ellen Stone Mosely-Thompson (MA to become leaders in academia, industry, and gov- and PhD in geography [Climatology]). Both are ernment, while playing an important role in help- internationally recognized researchers who are at ing to create the workforce for the global economy. the forefront of climate change science, serving as members of the Intergovernmental Panel on Conducting Groundbreaking Research Climate Change (IPCC). In 2007, the IPCC shared the Nobel Peace Eminent individuals and Prize with former vice organizations have called for Dr. Robert Kahn is the president, Al Gore. increased federal invest- Hundreds of other scien- ments in basic research and co-inventor of the tists from all over the graduate education. One of world participate in the the most prominent is the TCP/IP protocols, which work of the IPCC as National Academies authors, contributors, and Committee on Science, are the technologies reviewers. Engineering, and Public Policy, which produced the responsible for the Dr. Robert E. Kahn, after 2005 report Rising Above the receiving his PhD in elec- Gathering Storm. The report modern Internet. trical engineering from identified insufficient fund- Princeton University, ing by the federal govern- began his career at the ment to support basic research and called for Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1972, increases of 10 percent annually for seven years. It he took a break from his professorship at MIT also called for additional research grants to early- and moved to the Defense Department’s career researchers, as well as portable fellowships Advanced Research Projects Agency (now for graduate students.54 DARPA) and subsequently became director of DARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Research and innovation have been the drivers of Office. While director he initiated the U.S. gov- the U.S. economy and have helped propel the ernment’s billion-dollar Strategic Computing nation to its current leadership position in the Program, the largest computer research and world. Numerous reports have warned that with development program ever undertaken by the threats to that leadership position, strengthening federal government. Dr. Kahn is the co-inventor graduate education is essential for a prosperous of the TCP/IP protocols, which are the technolo- and secure future. Graduate students’ work con- gies responsible for the modern Internet. tributes directly to sustained economic growth and prosperity, because these individuals conduct Facilitating Technology Transfer groundbreaking research in science, medicine and health, education, and the arts and humanities at Technology transfer is a key facet of graduate edu- universities, in national laboratories, and in private cation and research, acting as a driving force for industry. After graduation, many go on to continue entrepreneurship and innovation. New products groundbreaking research. A few examples illustrate and services often germinate in partnerships the case. between universities and industry. Additional revenues generated by the commercialization of Graduate programs at The Ohio State University inventions are then available for reinvestment in helped develop the expertise of both Dr. Lonnie the local economy and in further research.55

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 15 Businesses are increasingly calling upon universi- resulted in the publication of a monograph— ties to create and share scientific and technical “Capitalizing on Innovation: Entrepreneurship and knowledge. As a result, universities, primarily at Graduate Education”—which provides recommen- the graduate level, are filling this need by increas- dations for capitalizing on innovation through grad- ing the amount of research they do with industry, uate curricula in entrepreneurship.57 then commercializing the results through campus technology transfer centers, or partnering with Entrepreneurial success is manifested in the career industry to bring new technologies to the market- of Robert L. Johnson, former chief executive place. Every research university in the United officer of BET Holdings II, Inc. With a master’s States has an office or center of technology trans- degree in international affairs from Princeton fer that manages the use of university research University, Mr. Johnson developed a niche for the results for the public benefit. These offices provide African American community using cable televi- faculty and researchers in the graduate schools sion technology. BET, which was one of the lead- with information on patenting, licensing, and other ing Black-owned and operated media-entertainment commercialization support. companies in America, is now a subsidiary of Viacom. Mr. Johnson also serves on the board of An example of a university “spin-off invention” several nonprofit organizations, including Johns comes from Bret Lanz, who received his master’s Hopkins University in Maryland. of business administration from Kansas State University (KSU). Mr. Lanz is the manager of the While in graduate school completing his doctorate Advanced Manufacturing Institute, which is net- in chemistry from Duke University, Dr. Carmichael worked to diverse groups of experts at KSU and Roberts developed molecules now being used by a other key businesses and organizations. He was number of academic and industrial biologists to responsible for the commercial success of a determine mechanisms and cures for a variety of dis- decontamination agent for biological and indus- eases. Having also completed an MBA from MIT, he trial hazards. then combined his knowledge of business and science as the cofounder and president of Surface Developing Entrepreneurs and Innovators Logix, a Boston-based biotechnology company, which makes microdevices that are used with pro- The 2007 CGS report Graduate Education: The teins and cells to discover new drugs. Dr. Roberts Backbone of American Competitiveness and also cofounded WMR Biomedical, Inc., with George Innovation underscored the importance of entre- Whitesides (of Harvard University), his mentor, preneurship and innovation, citing Google as an partner, and best friend. The company focuses on example of a company creating groundbreaking, materials for medical devices. He was selected in innovative products and services that resulted 1999 by Technology Review Magazine as one of the top from university research.56 The creators of 100 entrepreneurs in the United States. Google, Sergey Brin and Larry Page, began the site as a graduate research project in computer Dr. Allen R. Atkins was a leader in innovation and science at Stanford University. technical expertise for several major aerospace engineering firms, including Lockheed Martin and the The growing recognition of the benefits of entre- Boeing Company. After receiving his PhD in engi- preneurship in graduate education, combined with neering from Tennessee Technological University in its apparent neglect within the nonbusiness graduate 1975, Dr. Atkins excelled in business, but he also curriculum, led the Council of Graduate Schools to made it part of his life’s work to lead and foster part- initiate a national discussion around entrepreneur- nerships to support minority innovators. He was ship as part of graduate education. This effort chairman of the board of the group Advancing

16 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD Minorities’ Interest in Engineering and facilitated research and evaluation of educational strategies at partnerships between industry, government, and des- both NAU and Arizona State, as well as collected ignated historically black colleges and universities. and analyzed data that monitor the pedagogical impact of curricula. Preparing Future College and University Faculty Developing Leaders for Business, Nonprofit, and Government Sectors One of the most successful models of how graduate education can prepare future faculty to teach The demands on government at all levels, as well undergraduate students is the Council of Graduate as business and nongovernmental organizations, Schools’ Preparing Future Faculty (PFF) program. are enormous and growing. Highly skilled individ- The PFF program, a collaborative project, pro- uals such as those described below are needed to vides graduate students interested in becoming pursue careers in all three of these sectors. future faculty with opportunities to observe and experience faculty responsibilities at a variety of A holder of multiple graduate degrees, Dr. Joann academic institutions. In the M. Eisenhart is at the fore- PFF program, clusters of front of recruiting highly diverse institutions work skilled professionals for the together to integrate prepa- Dr. Moira Gunn hosts Pfizer Corporation. As ration for faculty careers Vice President for Human into the graduate experi- Tech Nation, the only Resources for Pfizer’s ence. Graduate students in national weekly radio Global Research and the program participate in Development Organization faculty roles at nearby insti- program on the impact and Pfizer's Medical tutions as they complete Division, Dr. Eisenhart has their doctoral work. The of science and technology first hand experience with program seeks to make the challenges facing the research and teaching on everyday life. U.S. pharmaceutical indus- careers and graduate educa- try in recruiting scientists. tion more attractive by rais- She holds a PhD in inor- ing the caliber of ganic chemistry from the undergraduate teaching. Participants are enthusias- University of Wisconsin-Madison and a PhD in tic about how the PFF program expands their human and organizational development from the knowledge and strengthens their preparation for Fielding University. faculty work. Today, PFF programs are active in more than 45 institutions with doctoral programs One outstanding example of a leader in the non- and nearly 300 partner institutions in the United profit world is Dr. Moira Gunn, host of radio show States. The initiative has become a well-recognized Tech Nation, which airs on many National Public national movement. Radio member stations. Dr. Gunn, who received her PhD in mechanical engineering from Purdue An example of a graduate student who researched University, worked for the National Aeronautics and evaluated teaching methods and curricula in and Space Administration (NASA) as a scientist biology and earth science is PhD candidate Russell and engineer and holds a technical patent in Benford, from Northern Arizona University human nutrition. Her program Tech Nation is the (NAU). Mr. Benford has collaborated with only national weekly radio program on the impact researchers, administrators, and other educators on of science and technology on everyday life.58

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 17 The Honorable Lois Capps represents the 23rd One excellent example of a K–12 teacher is District of California in the United States House Kenneth Huff, who received his master’s degree in of Representatives. She received her master’s elementary education from Buffalo State College. degree in education from the University of As a sixth-grade science teacher at Mill Middle California, Santa Barbara. Representative Capps is School in Williamsville, New York, he has influ- a champion of issues that affect people’s daily lives, enced generations of students and the teaching such as better schools, health care, and a cleaner profession, particularly in the area of aerospace environment. She serves on the Committee on education. In 2006, Mr. Huff was honored with a Energy and Commerce and the Natural Resources Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics Committee. She spent 20 years as a nurse and and Science Teaching. In 2001, NASA chose him health advocate for the Santa Barbara school dis- as a field-test teacher. He also works with NASA in trict and taught part-time at Santa Barbara City the development of its Engineering Design College for a decade. Challenges Program, SpaceSim Orbiter Docking Simulation, and Distance Learning Network. U.S. graduate schools have been in the forefront of creating new programs that respond to current There are many effective programs that prepare workforce needs in government, nonprofit organi- future teachers. For example, the University of zations, and the business sector. One of the most Wyoming has a program linking Science, innovative graduate degrees responding to the Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics needs of the nonacademic sector is the Professional (STEM) graduate students with K–12 school sys- Science Masters degree (PSM). These degrees are tems and communities. The “Science Posse” pro- designed to allow students to pursue advanced gram, partially supported by the National training in science or mathematics while simulta- Institutes of Health’s Science Education neously developing workplace skills highly valued Partnership Award and the National Science by employers. PSM programs consist of academic Foundation’s Graduate Teaching Fellows in K–12 training in an emerging or interdisciplinary area, Education programs, involves a group of graduate along with a professional component that may students with a passion for both science and educa- include internships and cross-training in business tion. The students work with teachers in middle and communications. While these programs and high schools to develop demonstrations and currently represent a very small portion of all workshops about science topics. By sharing their graduate programs, indications are that they are enthusiasm about their research, these graduate increasing and that the graduates are finding students instill excitement about science among satisfactory employment. teachers and students. The Science Posse has developed interdisciplinary, inquiry-based curricu- Preparing the K–12 Teacher Workforce lum for middle and high school classrooms, which challenges students to solve problems by examin- The United States must have a high-quality K–12 ing the world around them. Students are turned on workforce so that our children will be prepared for to science by solving the problems.59 their future. Universities are responsible for producing future teachers and for producing the pro- Establishing New Start-Ups That fessoriate who will prepare teachers. Students Create Jobs pursuing graduate degrees in teaching need more instruction in interacting outside the classroom At many universities, graduate program research with students and in teaching students with differ- generates new products. Moreover, “entrepreneur- ent learning styles. ship education” is a rapidly growing field of study on many campuses. These programs can also play a

18 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD role in successfully creating start-up companies. example, Marco Figueiredo, who received his mas- Examples of people who received graduate degrees ter’s degree in engineering from Loyola College in and went on to form start-up companies follow. Maryland and works with NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, founded the nonprofit Loyola Dr. Sol J. Barer, with a PhD in chemistry from Center for Community Informatics (CCI). The Rutgers University, is currently CEO of Celgene— CCI works to expand Internet and computer access one of the world’s largest biotech companies. in poorer communities by engaging faculty and While he worked at Celanese Corporation, he students from Loyola College. founded the research and development group from which Celgene was created and helped orchestrate Julia Demichelis, who earned her master’s degree its spin-off as a stand-alone company. His group in urban planning from the University of Oregon, developed therapeutic uses for thalidomide deriva- has worked for years with nongovernmental organ- tive drugs that have had significant impact on izations committed to rebuilding communities patients, including for destroyed by wars in the the treatment of multiple Balkans and Africa. She myeloma.60 Dr. Sol Barer is currently serves as chief of party of the U.S. A spinal cord injury led currently CEO of Agency for International Michael Stephens to Development’s Morocco change the lives of thou- Celgene—one of the world’s Parliament Support sands through the found- Project in Rabat, ing of ReLife. Before largest biotech companies. Morocco. Ms. Demichelis being acquired by a larger has applied her planning company, ReLife spanned skills to create community twelve states and included forty-six rehabilitation reconciliation and reconstruction mechanisms facilities designed to treat people with brain and within countries experiencing conflict around the spinal cord injuries. After receiving his master’s of world, most recently in Iraq. science in health administration from the University of Alabama Birmingham, he not only Promoting Public Health Initiatives founded ReLife but also the Lakeshore Foundation, a nonprofit organization with the mission of devel- Graduate students are an important and integral oping the independence of individuals with physical part of universities’ efforts to promote public challenges. The Foundation’s facilities serve as a health initiatives. The students are prepared for training area for the U.S. paralympic team. productive and rewarding careers in many areas of the sciences and public health. They serve the Strengthening Communities through nation in public service, create new knowledge, Social Action train the next generation of scientists, and contribute to the advancement of health and science in Many U.S. graduate schools offer programs that both public and private positions. educate, train, and encourage students to become “citizen scholars.” In these programs, students Dr. Kelly Brownell, who received his doctorate acquire scholarship and experience in real-world from Rutgers University in clinical psychology, is settings and provide services to the community. on a decade-long crusade against America’s “toxic They often use this knowledge after graduation, food environment.” Dr. Brownell wants to “hit joining the ranks of graduate degree holders who junk-food junkies where it hurts: in their wal- have made a difference in their communities. For lets”. 61 He is best known for having first proposed

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 19 the “Twinkie tax.” One of the leaders in the fight Moreover, graduate education produces the against childhood obesity, Dr. Brownell has called scholars in all disciplines who become the facul- for a ban on sweetened-cereal ads aimed at kids ties of the nation’s more than three thousand col- and a tax on high-fat, low-nutrition food (with the leges and universities… In the classroom and revenue earmarked for children’s nutrition). He is beyond, teaching and scholarship in the humani- often cited as a “moral entrepreneur” with special ties, social sciences, and the arts inform the pub- influence on public discourse in the obesity field. lic discourse essential to the functioning of a Time magazine recognized him as a leader in the democracy.”62 area of nutrition and public policy. Scholars in the humanities, arts, and social sciences Dr. Paula Sherwood received her PhD in nursing have been critically important to the cultural and from Michigan State University and is an assistant social fabric of our society. For example, Carole professor of nursing at the University of Pittsburgh. Artigiani, who received her master’s in women’s his- She conducts research to examine the effects on tory from Sarah Lawrence College, founded Global family members as they become primary caregivers Kids, Inc., which has helped transform thousands of for patients with brain tumors. The issues are criti- at-risk New York City teens into global citizens. cal, considering the need to prevent caregiver Global Kids has served over 100,000 young men burnout and institutionalization of patients. and women in New York City and other areas by offering leadership and professional development Enhancing Society through Arts, along with academic assistance. In 2006-2007, near- Humanities, and Social Sciences ly 600 student leaders worked with more than 16,000 youth and educators at schools and other The benefits of graduate education extend sites and involved others through its work in digital beyond science, technology, engineering, and learning.63 They have worked on such issues as mathematics to encompass a broad cadre of lead- human rights, global health, and ethnic conflict. ers and experts across a range of fields. Nearly 10 years ago, in a report on graduate education, the Another example is Michael Van Milligen, who Association of American Universities addressed received his master’s degree in public administra- the importance of graduate programs outside of tion from Southern Illinois University. He is an science and technology. “Graduate programs… innovator in public service and administration and educate the scholars in the humanities, social sci- presided over the “rebirth” of Dubuque, Iowa, by ences, and the arts who preserve and enlarge our developing key community assets. In 2004, he was understanding of the history and scope of human featured as part of the Harvard University John F. thought and the human condition, and transmit Kennedy School of Government’s “Innovators in that knowledge to succeeding generations. Public Service” Series.

20 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD What Do International Students Contribute to a Prosperous United States?

oreign students enrich the cultural believed that if money were made available to poor diversity of the educational experience people on appropriate and reasonable terms, “these “F for U.S. residents as well as enhance millions of small people with their millions of the reputation of U.S. universities as world-class small pursuits can add up to create the biggest institutions.”64 In 2006–2007, international stu- development wonder.”66 The Grameen Bank has dents made up 16 percent of students seeking loaned nearly $6 billion to over 6 million people, advanced degrees in this and 99 percent of the country.65 Additionally, loans have been repaid.67 many of these internation- Dr. Marwan Muasher was al students find teaching Those international grad- positions at some of the appointed deputy prime uate students who return most prestigious schools to their home countries in the United States, minister of Jordan and are more likely to collabo- thereby training some of rate with U.S. researchers the very best students. negotiated the first free and retain good memories They also carry out of the United States, thus groundbreaking research. trade agreement between serving as public diplo- mats. Dr. Marwan Those who return to their the United States and an Muasher, who received his home countries often have master’s and doctoral an impact on the public Arab nation. degrees in computer engi- good there by disseminat- neering from Purdue ing the results of their University, returned to his research or creating companies. For example, the home country of Jordan. He served as the first 2006 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Bangladesh Jordanian ambassador to the State of Israel and banker and economist Dr. Muhammad Yunus, ambassador to the United States. He exemplifies received his PhD in economic development from the kind of invaluable outreach and connection Vanderbilt University. After three years as an assis- that graduate education can provide. Dr. Muasher tant professor in economics at Middle Tennessee was appointed deputy prime minister of Jordan and State University, Dr. Yunus returned to his home negotiated the first free trade agreement between country and developed the concept of microcredit. the United States and an Arab nation. He is cur- He founded the Grameen (which means rural in rently senior vice president of external affairs at the Bengali) Bank to fully implement this theory. He World Bank.

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 21 What Is the Reach and Impact of U.S. Graduate Education?

he impact of graduate education extends ing the United States in the 21st century are com- beyond developing the workforce for the plex and daunting. Having a large pool of people Tglobal economy and scientific research. with advanced knowledge, skills, and abilities who Graduate education plays a central role in produc- can solve complex, tough problems is the best way ing scholars in a broad range of fields as well as an to meet the challenges now and in the future. educated citizenry devoted to democratic principles and ideas. Many people with graduate degrees To remain competitive and to flourish, the United donate large numbers of hours to community serv- States must recognize graduate education’s special ice, particularly in social service agencies, educa- status in the U.S. education system. Graduate edu- tional systems, local governments, and nonprofit cation works as a catalyst for many individuals who agencies. have initiative, drive, and talent to become successful and contribute to the public good. The knowl- “The future of graduate education depends crucial- edge economy depends on these talented, skilled, ly on the capacity of our graduate deans to make and highly trained workers with master’s and doc- the case for the public value of the graduate enter- toral-level degrees. These educated and dedicated prise,” stated Debra W. Stewart, CGS president.68 people touch every sector of our economy and Other countries understand the connection society. By strengthening graduate education, we between graduate education, quality of life, and enable our nation to play a vital leadership role in economic success, and they are investing resources the evolving knowledge economy and to improve accordingly. This “social compact” that used to the quality of life worldwide. exist in the United States between universities and the public has been eroded. This issue must again This report has provided a narrative about many become prominent—the public must be more people whose graduate education prepared them to aware that higher education exists primarily for the make important contributions to the U.S. economy public good.69 and our quality of life. The examples in the report and the companion document illustrate the ways The benefits of higher education have never been that people with U.S. graduate degrees have made clearer than they are now, in this rapidly growing a tremendous difference in this country and and changing global economy. The challenges fac- around the world.

22 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD Endnotes

1 Tony Carnevale, “College for All?” Change. January/February 2008..Volume 40, no 1, pages 22-32. 2 The Nobel Foundation, The official Web site, http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/ (accessed March 3, 2008). 3 Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Enrollment and Degrees 1996 - 2006 (Washington, DC: CGS, 2007). 4 Richard Florida, The Flight of the Creative Class (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 237–238. 5 Postsecondary Education Opportunity, “Education and Training Pay” (poster, Oskaloosa, Iowa, 2006), http://www.postsecondary.org/archives/Posters/EducationTraining.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 6 Economist Magazine, “Survey: The Near Future. The New Workforce,” November 1, 2001. http://economist.com/surveys/displayStory.cfm?Story_id=770847 (accessed January 2, 2008). 7 Association of American Universities, Committee on Graduate Education Report and Recommendations (Washington, DC: 1998). http://www.aau.edu/reports/GradEdRpt.html (accessed January 2, 2008). 8 Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/. 9 The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Infoplease, s.v. “National Defense Education Act,” http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0834940.html (accessed January 5, 2008). 10 Council of Graduate Schools, NDEA 21: A Renewed Commitment to Graduate Education (Washington, DC: CGS, 2005). 11 Council of Graduate Schools, NDEA 21: A Renewed Commitment to Graduate Education. Policy Principles and Recommendations for Implementation (Washington, DC: CGS, 2006) 12 Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Education: The Backbone of American Competitiveness and Innovation (Washington, DC: CGS, 2007). 13 Institute for Higher Education Policy, Reaping the Benefits: Defining the Public and Private Value of Going to College (Washington, DC: IHEP, 1998). 14 Mary Sue Coleman. President, University of Michigan. Keynote presentation at the University of North Carolina Conference, October 2003. http://gradschool.unc.edu/events/october2003/keynote.html (accessed August 30, 2007). 15 Institute for Higher Education Policy. Reaping the Benefits. 16 Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Projections to 2016. Monthly Labor Review. November 2007, Vol. 130. 17 U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, http://pubdb3.census.gov/macro/032007/perinc/new03_001.htm (accessed January 2, 2008). 18 U.S. Census Bureau, “The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings” (Washington, DC: Census Bureau, July 2002), http://www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/p23-210.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 19 Institute for Higher Education Policy. The Investment Payoff (Washington, DC: IHEP, 2005), http://www.ihep.com/Pubs/PDF/InvestmentPayoff2005.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 20 Ibid. 21 College Board, Education Pays (Washington, DC: College Board, 2007). 22 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Status of the Civilian Noninstitutional Population 25 to 64 Years of Age by Educational Attainment and Sex, 2005 Annual Averages” (Washington, DC: BLS, 2006), http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-table8-2006.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 23 Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Most Doctoral Grads Work Outside of Academia” Monthly Labor Review (February 2003), http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/feb/wk4/art02.htm (accessed January 2, 2008).

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 23 24 College Board, Education Pays Update 2006. (Washington, DC: College Board, 2006). 25 College Board, Education Pays 2007 (Washington, DC: College Board, 2007) 26 Ibid. 27 American Council on Education, Solutions for our Future, http://www.solutionsforourfuture.org/site/PageServer?pagename=society (accessed January 8, 2008). 28 Institute for Higher Education Policy. The Investment Payoff (Washington, DC: IHEP, 2005). http://www.ihep.com/Pubs/PDF/InvestmentPayoff2005.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 29 National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, “Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers” (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1995). http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/grad/ (accessed January 2, 2008). 30 Merrill Advanced Studies Center, “Keeping the Value in Education, Part 1: Graduate School,” In the Know (May 2002), http://merrill.ku.edu/IntheKnow/policyarticles/lorden.part1.html (accessed January 2, 2008). 31 Philip Cohen, “Hey, Capitol Hill. Fund Graduate Education,” Academe Online (November–December 2005), http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2005/ND/Feat/cohe.htm (accessed January 2, 2008). 32 Paul W. Bauer and Mark E. Schweitzer, “Paths to Prosperity: Knowledge Is Key for Fourth District States.” (Cleveland, Ohio: Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 2006). 33 James E. Madore, “Spitzer Speech Eyes SUNY, Housing, Medicaid, Taxes,” Newsday.com, January 7, 2008. http://www.newsday.com/news/local/state/ny-stgov075529025jan07,0,7481485.story (accessed January 7, 2008). 34 Alabama Council of Graduate Deans, Economic Impact of Graduate Education (Auburn, AL: November 2001), http://www.grad.auburn.edu/forms/econo_impact/executive_summary.pdf (accessed January 2, 2008). 35 T. Lynch and N. Aydin, Literature Review of the Economic and Social Impact of Higher Education Research Funding (Florida State University, 2004), http://www.cefa.fsu.edu/sus_2004.pdf (Accessed January 2, 2008). 36 University of Southern California Urban Initiative, About the Initiative http://urban.usc.edu/sys/index.php?/area/category/About%20the%20Initiative (accessed January 7, 2008). 37 Alan Finder, “Getting a University to Aim Higher,” New York Times, August 1, 2007. 38 University of Missouri, Graduate Education Week http://web.missouri.edu/~UMCGRADEdWeek (accessed January 7, 2008). 39 Lori Grannis, “Expert: Montana Economy in Flux,” The Missoulian, January 26, 2008. http://www.missoulian.com/arti- cles/2008/01/26/news/local/news03.txt (Accessed January 28, 2008). 40 James Moeser, The Public Voice of the University: Discussion, October 2003, http://gradschool.unc.edu/events/october2003/voicedis- cussion.html (accessed August 30, 2007). 41 North Carolina State Office of Technology Transfer, 2007 Annual report. http://www.ncsu.edu/ott/OTTAnnualReport2007.pdf (accessed January 28, 2008). 42 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, “Graduate Students Serve North Carolina, 2007 Impact Awards,” http://gradschool.unc.edu/pdf/impact2007.pdf (accessed January 11, 2008). 43 University of Pennsylvania, Barbara and Edward Netter Center for Community Partnerships, http://www.upenn.edu/ccp/index.php (accessed January 7, 2008). 44 Ibid. 45 Timothy Kaine, Governor of Virginia, to participants and interested parties for the 2008 Annual Graduate Student Research Forum, January 11, 2008, Office of the Governor, Commonwealth of Virginia. 46 Ibid. 47 Virginia Tech, VT-ENGAGE, http://www.engage.vt.edu/ (accessed January 7, 2008). 48 University of California, “To Help Maintain State’s Economic Growth, UC Announces Plans to Add 11,000 Graduate Students,” UC Newsroom, November 16, 2000, http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/9611 (Accessed January 9, 2008). 49 U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics: 2006, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d06/ch_3.asp (accessed January 8, 2008). 50 Patricia Maguire Meservey, “Solve Tomorrow’s Workforce Needs Today,” Boston Herald, January 1, 2008, http://www.bostonherald.com/jobfind/news/your_career/view.bg?articleid=1062703 (accessed January 8, 2008). 51 Craig Barrett, “A Talent Contest We’re Losing,” Washington Post, December 23, 2007.

24 GRADUATE EDUCATION AND THE PUBLIC GOOD 52 Intel Corporation, “Intel Tops Best Corporate Citizen List, December 12, 2007, news release, http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20071213corp.htm (accessed January 2, 2008). 53 Stephanie Pace Marshall biography, http://www.stephaniepacemarshall.com/biography.html (accessed March 8, 2008). 54 Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine. 2005 Rising above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future. Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 55 Association of University Technology Managers, About Technology Transfer. http://www.autm.net/aboutTT/index.cfm (accessed January 2, 2008). 56 Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Education: The Backbone of American Competitiveness and Innovation (Washington, DC: CGS, 2007). 57 Council of Graduate Schools, “Capitalizing on Innovation: Entrepreneurship and Graduate Education,” (monograph, Washington, DC: CGS, December 2007). 58 Tech Nation, About Dr. Gunn, http://www.technation.com/pages/GunnBio.html (accessed March 3, 2008). 59 University of Wyoming, Science Posse, http://www.scienceposse.org/directory.asp (accessed January 21, 2008). 60 Rutgers University, Graduate School-New Brunswick, Distinguished Alumni/ae Awards. http://gsnb.rutgers.edu/awards/barer.php3 (accessed March 6, 2008). 61 Center for Consumer Freedom, “Kelly Brownell Biography,” Activistcash.com, http://www.activistcash.com/biography.cfm/bid/1289 (accessed January 9, 2008). 62 Association of American Universities, Committee on Graduate Education, “Report and Recommendations”, October 1998. http://www.aau.edu/reports/GradEdRpt.html (accessed January 9, 2008). 63 Global Kids 2006-2007 Annual Report, http://globalkids.org/files/AnnualReportForWeb06-07.pdf (accessed March 5, 2008). 64 Haddal, Chad Christian, “Foreign Students in the United States: Policies and Legislation.” Congressional Research Service, October 11, 2006. 65 Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Enrollment and Degrees 1996 - 2006 (Washington, DC: CGS, 2007). 66 Jim Patterson, “Peace through Prosperity,” Vanderbilt Magazine, Fall 2006, http://www.vanderbilt.edu/alumni/publications/VmagFa06/features/ptp.pdf (accessed January 9, 2008). page 31. 67 Ibid. 68 Debra Stewart, “Graduate Education and American Competitiveness,” DVD (Washington, DC: Council of Graduate Schools, 2006). 69 Michael Moskow, “Colleges at a Crossroads: The Future of Higher Education Is a Vital Concern,” National CrossTalk, Winter 2006, National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education, http://www.highereducation.org/crosstalk/ct0106/voices0106-moskow.shtml (accessed January 9, 2008).

COUNCIL OF GRADUATE SCHOOLS 25 UNCIL O O C F

G S R A L D O U O ATE SCH

About the Council of Graduate Schools

The Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) is an organization of 500 institutions of higher education in the United States and Canada engaged in graduate education, research, and the preparation of candidates for advanced degrees. CGS member institutions award 94 percent of the doctoral degrees and 80 percent of the master’s degrees in the United States.* The organization’s mission is to improve and advance graduate education, which it accomplishes through advocacy in the federal policy arena, research, and the development and dissemination of best practices. This CGS report, Graduate Education and the Public Good, was released at the Legislative Forum on April 24, 2008 in Washington, DC.

* Council of Graduate Schools, Graduate Enrollment and Degrees 1996 - 2006 (Washington, DC: CGS, 2007).

Acknowledgements

I want to acknowledge the key role played by Patty McAllister, who provided overall direction, along with writing and editing for this report and guided the work of the Advisory Committee Members, all of whom generously donated their time and offered many excellent suggestions. I also want to acknowledge my appreciation to Eleanor Babco and Belle Woods, both of whom provided invaluable assistance in both writing and reviewing the report. Additionally, I want to express my appreciation to Carollyne Hutter, the consultant who provided input on editorial, design, and final composition for this report.

Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the nominations received from the graduate deans from the 134 institutions featured in the report and its companion document Making a Difference. This report is fundamentally about people, and we would not have been able to tell the stories of these outstanding people contributing to the public good without the time and effort from our graduate deans.

Debra W. Stewart President, Council of Graduate Schools April 2008

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