DOCSLIB.ORG

Early Adversity, Socioemotional Development, and Stress in Urban 1-Year-Old Children

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Early Adversity, Socioemotional Development, and Stress in Urban 1-Year-Old Children Early Adversity, Socioemotional Development, and Stress in Urban 1-Year-Old Children Frederick B. Palmer, MD1,2, Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand, MBBS, DPhil1,3,4, J. Carolyn Graff, PhD2,5, Laura E. Murphy, EdD2,6, Yanhua Qu, PhD7, Eszter V€olgyi, PhD7, Cynthia R. Rovnaghi, MS1,4, Angela Moore, MPH7, Quynh T. Tran, PhD7, and Frances A. Tylavsky, DrPH7 Objective To determine demographic, maternal, and child factors associated with socioemotional (SE) problems and chronic stress in 1-year-old children. Study design This was a prospective, longitudinal, community-based study, which followed mother-infant dyads (n = 1070; representative of race, education, and income status of Memphis/Shelby County, Tennessee) from midges- tation into early childhood. Child SE development was measured using the Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment in all 1097 1-year-olds. Chronic stress was assessed by hair cortisol in a subsample of 1-year-olds (n = 297). Multivariate regression models were developed to predict SE problems and hair cortisol levels. Results More black mothers than white mothers reported SE problems in their 1-year-olds (32.9% vs 10.2%; P < .001). In multivariate regression, SE problems in blacks were predicted by lower maternal education, greater parenting stress and maternal psychological distress, and higher cyclothymic personality score. In whites, predictors of SE problems were Medicaid insurance, higher maternal depression score at 1 year, greater parenting stress and maternal psycho- logical distress, higher dysthymic personality score, and male sex. SE problem scores were associated with higher hair cortisol levels (P = .01). Blacks had higher hair cortisol levels than whites (P < .001). In the entire subsample, increased hair cortisol levels were associated with higher parenting stress (P = .001), lower maternal depression score (P = .01), lower birth length (P < .001), and greater length at 1 year of age (P = .003). Conclusion Differences in maternal education, insurance, mental health, and early stress may disrupt SE devel- opment in children. Complex relationships between hair cortisol level in 1-year-olds and maternal parenting stress and depression symptoms suggest dysregulation of the child’s hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (J Pediatr 2013;163:1733-39). hild socioemotional (SE) development is defined as “the developing capacity of the child from birth through 5 years of Cage to form close and secure adult and peer relationships; experience, regulate, and express emotions in socially and culturally appropriate ways; and explore the environment and learn—all in the context of family, community, and culture.”1 Complex interactions of biological, environmental, social, cultural, and community factors operating from precon- ception through childhood shape neurodevelopment, and thereby SE development, in early life.2 SE competence facilitates cognitive development and school readiness,3 improved school performance,4 and subsequent lifespan outcomes, such as adult health5 and employment success.6 Socioeconomic variables, such as family income and wealth, parent education and occupation,7 and related factors such as home and neighborhood8 influence child SE development. Maternal depression or anxiety are associated with diminished SE competence in children.9-11 Stressful life events, such as intimate partner violence or chronic stress related to poverty or neigh- borhood crime and instability, can diminish a parent’s ability to interact and nurture the developing child.10,12,13 The physiological changes involved in the response to recurrent stressors alter the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, often referred to as “allostatic load.”14 HPA axis responses in early life are particularly detri- From the 1Department of Pediatrics, 2Boling Center for mental because of the wide-ranging effects during the sensitive periods of brain Developmental Disabilities, 3Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and 4Pain Neurobiology Laboratory, development, as well as the encoding of impaired ability to respond to future 5 15 College of Medicine; and College of Nursing; stressors. Early adverse experiences lead to dysregulation of the HPA axis, 6Departments of Psychiatry, and 7Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health characterized by exaggerated or ineffective responses, prolonged reactivity, and Science Center, Memphis, TN Supported by a grant from The Urban Child Institute to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center Department of Preventive Medicine. F.P., J.G., and L.M. BITSEA Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment were supported in part by the Health Resources and BSI Brief Symptom Inventory Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MC-00038-18) and the Administration on Intel- CANDLE Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood lectual and Developmental Disabilities (90DD0657). K.A. EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was supported in part by the European Commission (FP7 HPA Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Programmed-2007-4.2-1) and the Oxnard Foundation. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. SE Socioemotional TEMPS Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego 0022-3476/$ - see front matter. Copyright ª 2013 Mosby Inc. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.08.030 1733 THE JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS www.jpeds.com Vol. 163, No. 6 delayed recovery after stress. Exposure to direct or indirect maternal depression score at 12 months, maternal age, or (ie, maternal) stressors in infancy seems to promote maternal education. emotional or cognitive problems in toddlerhood,16 later childhood,17 and adolescence.18 Although maternal depres- Maternal Psychosocial Measures 22 sion,17 poverty, and related stress are often associated with The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a 53-item self-report a dysregulated HPA axis in offspring,19 how these factors scale measuring the nature and intensity of psychological affect early SE development is not clear. Chronic or cumula- symptoms, was completed by mothers during the third tive stress can be measured by hair cortisol level, a better trimester of pregnancy and at the 1-year child visit. The measure of chronic stress than cortisol level in plasma, saliva BSI Global Severity Index T score served as an overall or urine.20 We hypothesized that adverse maternal and socio- measure of the severity of psychological symptoms. economic risk factors may lead to cumulative stress in Maternal depression was screened using the 10-item Edin- 23 infancy, manifested in elevated hair cortisol levels,21 which burgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 4 weeks post- may influence early SE outcomes. partum and the 1-year visit. Continuous EPDS scores were analyzed. Methods Maternal temperament was measured during gestation with the 84-item Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego (TEMPS)24 to identify the following personal- The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and ity styles: hyperthymic (intrusive, cheerful, overoptimistic or Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) study has enrolled exuberant, extroverted, overly talkative), irritable (angry, 1503 healthy 16- to 40-year-old women in their second impulsive, snapping or cursing often, unpleasant), cyclo- trimester of pregnancy in Shelby County, Tennessee, and will thymic (lethargy alternating with activity, marked unevenness follow them until their children reach age 54 months. Women in quantity and quality of productivity, mental confusion were enrolled at an urban hospital obstetric clinic and at com- alternating with sharp and creative thinking), or dysthymic munity obstetric practices. Exclusion criteria included existing (gloomy, pessimistic, incapable of fun, self-critical, self-derog- chronic disease requiring medication (eg, hypertension, dia- atory, brooding, worried, feelings of inadequacy).24 Contin- betes, sickle cell disease), known pregnancy complications uous TEMPS scores were used for this analysis. (eg, complete placenta previa, oligohydramnios), and plans Mothers’ reports of parenting stress were assessed at the to deliver at a nonparticipating hospital. The Figure shows 1-year visit using the 36-item Parenting Stress Index Short the participants available for this investigation. Informed Form to identify parents at risk for dysfunctional parenting consent was provided by the participants or their legally and parenting characteristics not promoting typical develop- authorized representatives. A financial incentive of a $100 ment in children.25 Total parenting stress percentiles were gift card was offered to each participant for each visit. The used in this analysis. study was approved by the University of Tennessee Health The risk for physical child abuse was assessed at the 1-year Science Center’s Institutional Review Board. visit using the 160-item Child Abuse Potential Inventory Demographic and Socioeconomic Measures parent questionnaire. A score $166 was considered to indi- 26 Participants provided information on health insurance, race, cate a mother at risk for abuse. ethnicity, marital status, parity, and household composition via self-administered questionnaires. Prepregnancy height Child Measures and weight were based on self-report and used to calculate pre- Gestational age was determined by ultrasound or by the pregnancy body mass index as weight in kilograms divided by mother’s report of the last menstrual cycle. Age- and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Allostatic Load - a Challenge to Measure Multisystem Physiological Dysregulation
    National Centre for Research Methods Working Paper 04/12 Allostatic load - a challenge to measure multisystem physiological dysregulation Sanna Read, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Emily Grundy, University of Cambridge NCRM Working paper 04/12 Allostatic load – a challenge to measure multisystem physiological dysregulation Sanna Read and Emily Grundy London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and University of Cambridge September 2012 Abstract Allostatic load is a sub-clinical dysregulation state, resulting from the body’s response to stress. Allostatic load accumulates gradually over the life course and affects a number of physiological systems. Measuring multisystem dysregulation and changes in it over time is very challenging. In this paper, we discuss composite measures used to capture allostatic load and the challenges involved in deriving and using these measures. Our focus is on measuring allostatic load in later life. Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 2 Allostatic load – a multisystem response to stress ............................................................. 2 3 Measures of allostatic load ................................................................................................. 4 4 Measuring processes over time in allostatic load ............................................................... 6 5 Future directions in measuring allostatic load ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Allostatic Load
    Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia Allostatic load From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on [hide] Contents the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Featured content This article needs attention from an expert in psychology. (May 2016) Current events This article needs to be updated. (May 2016) Random article Allostatic load is "the wear and tear on the body" which accumulates as an Donate to Wikipedia individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress. The term was coined by Wikipedia store McEwen and Stellar in 1993. It represents the physiological consequences of chronic exposure to fluctuating or heightened neural or neuroendocrine Interaction response which results from repeated or prolonged chronic stress. Help About Wikipedia Contents [hide] Community portal 1 Regulatory model Recent changes 2 Types Contact page 3 Measurement 4 Relationship to allostasis and homeostasis Tools 5 Reducing risk What links here 6 See also Related changes 7 References The graph represents the effect of increased stress Upload file on the performance of the body. The lower the stress Special pages Regulatory model [ edit ] levels are in the body, the less likely the allostatic load Permanent link model will have a significant effect on the brain and The term allostatic load is "the wear and tear on the body" which accumulates Page information health. Although, an increase in stress levels results in as an individual is exposed to repeated or chronic stress.[1] It was coined by Wikidata item an increase in stress on the brain and the health of McEwen and Stellar in 1993.[2] individuals, making it more likely for the body to have Cite this page The term is part of the regulatory model of allostasis, where the predictive significant effects on homeostasis and cause In other projects regulation or stabilisation of internal sensations in response to stimuli is breakdown of the body systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Allostasis, Interoception, and the Free Energy Principle
    1 Allostasis, interoception, and the free energy principle: 2 Feeling our way forward 3 Andrew W. Corcoran & Jakob Hohwy 4 Cognition & Philosophy Laboratory 5 Monash University 6 Melbourne, Australia 7 8 This material has been accepted for publication in the forthcoming volume entitled The 9 interoceptive mind: From homeostasis to awareness, edited by Manos Tsakiris and Helena De 10 Preester. It has been reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press: 11 https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-interoceptive-mind-9780198811930?q= 12 interoception&lang=en&cc=gb. For permission to reuse this material, please visit 13 http://www.oup.co.uk/academic/rights/permissions. 14 Abstract 15 Interoceptive processing is commonly understood in terms of the monitoring and representation of the body’s 16 current physiological (i.e. homeostatic) status, with aversive sensory experiences encoding some impending 17 threat to tissue viability. However, claims that homeostasis fails to fully account for the sophisticated regulatory 18 dynamics observed in complex organisms have led some theorists to incorporate predictive (i.e. allostatic) 19 regulatory mechanisms within broader accounts of interoceptive processing. Critically, these frameworks invoke 20 diverse – and potentially mutually inconsistent – interpretations of the role allostasis plays in the scheme of 21 biological regulation. This chapter argues in favour of a moderate, reconciliatory position in which homeostasis 22 and allostasis are conceived as equally vital (but functionally distinct) modes of physiological control. It 23 explores the implications of this interpretation for free energy-based accounts of interoceptive inference, 24 advocating a similarly complementary (and hierarchical) view of homeostatic and allostatic processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Treating Thyroid Disease: a Natural Approach to Healing Hashimoto's
    Treating Thyroid Disease: A Natural Approach to Healing Hashimoto’s Melissa Lea-Foster Rietz, FNP-BC, BC-ADM, RYT-200 Presbyterian Medical Services Farmington, NM [email protected] Professional Disclosures I have no personal or professional affiliation with any of the resources listed in this presentation, and will receive no monetary gain or professional advancement from this lecture. Talk Objectives • Define hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s. • Discuss various tests used to identify thyroid disease and when to treat based on patient symptoms • Discuss potential causes and identify environmental factors that contribute to disease • Describe how the gut (food sensitivities) and the adrenals (chronic stress) are connected to Hashimoto’s and how we as practitioners can work to educate patients on prevention before the need for treatment • How the use of adaptogens can enhance the treatment of Hashimoto’s and identify herbs that are showing promise in the research. • How to use food, exercise, and relaxation to improve patient outcomes. Named for Hakuro Hashimoto, a physician working in Europe in the early 1900’s. Hashimoto’s was the first autoimmune disease to be recognized in the scientific literature. It is estimated that one in five people suffer from an autoimmune disease and the numbers continue to rise. Women are more likely than men to develop an autoimmune disease, and it is believed that 75% of individuals with an autoimmune disease are female. Thyroid autoimmune disease is the most common form, and affects 7-8% of the population in the United States. Case Study Ms. R is a 30-year-old female, mother of three, who states that after the birth of her last child two years ago she has felt the following: • Loss of energy • Difficulty losing weight despite habitual eating pattern • Hair loss • Irregular menses • Joints that ache throughout the day • A general sense of sadness • Cold Intolerance • Joint and Muscle Pain • Constipation • Irregular menstruation • Slowed Heart Rate What tests would you run on Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Allostatic Load As a Predictor of Grey Matter Volume and White
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Allostatic load as a predictor of grey matter volume and white matter integrity in old age: The Whitehall II Received: 30 October 2017 Accepted: 26 March 2018 MRI study Published: xx xx xxxx Enikő Zsoldos 1,2, Nicola Filippini1,2, Abda Mahmood1, Clare E. Mackay1,3, Archana Singh- Manoux 4,5, Mika Kivimäki 4, Mark Jenkinson2 & Klaus P. Ebmeier 1 The allostatic load index quantifes the cumulative multisystem physiological response to chronic everyday stress, and includes cardiovascular, metabolic and infammatory measures. Despite its central role in the stress response, research of the efect of allostatic load on the ageing brain has been limited. We investigated the relation of mid-life allostatic load index and multifactorial predictors of stroke (Framingham stroke risk) and diabetes (metabolic syndrome) with voxelwise structural grey and white matter brain integrity measures in the ageing Whitehall II cohort (N = 349, mean age = 69.6 (SD 5.2) years, N (male) = 281 (80.5%), mean follow-up before scan = 21.4 (SD 0.82) years). Higher levels of all three markers were signifcantly associated with lower grey matter density. Only higher Framingham stroke risk was signifcantly associated with lower white matter integrity (low fractional anisotropy and high mean difusivity). Our fndings provide some empirical support for the concept of allostatic load, linking the efect of everyday stress on the body with features of the ageing human brain. Between 2015–2050 the world’s population aged over 60 will have doubled to 2 billion1. Perceived everyday stress2,3 and stress-related disorders are common4.
    [Show full text]
  • Allostatic Load, Senescence, and Aging Among Japanese Elderly
    Allostatic Load, Senescence, and Aging Among Japanese Elderly Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rachael Elizabeth Leahy, M.Sc. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Douglas E. Crews, Advisor Dr. Jeffrey Cohen Dr. Randy Nelson Copyright by Rachael Elizabeth Leahy 2014 2 Abstract Senescence varies substantially within and among populations. Data examined here extend knowledge on modern human variation by analyzing elders from Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, enhance our understanding of relationships between senescence and human biology, and provide more information concerning the use of allostatic load (AL) as a measure of senescent decline among a non-Western population. Developing a valid method for assessing physiological variation due to senescence will benefit those studying health outcomes and survival of elders. It also will aid in focusing healthcare funds and interventions by targeting those most likely to experience unwanted outcomes. Understanding how Japan’s elders are surviving and adapting to old age, life-long stress, and developing dysfunction with increasing age provides a model of how others may slow senescence in other settings. Background: 96 elderly residents of Sakiyama City, Nagasaki Prefecture (ages 55-89) and 27 elderly residents of Hizen-Oshima, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan (ages 51- 82) were sampled for components of allostatic load (AL) and other aspects of physical and physiological variation. Surveys were conducted by local health care nursing staff and members of a joint American-Japanese research team during participants’ yearly physical examinations. Japan was selected as the study site because Japanese men and ii women rank among the longest-lived people in the world and the population is relatively genetically homogenous.
    [Show full text]
  • Disturbances of the Stress Response
    Disturbances of the Stress Response The Role of the HPA Axis During Alcohol Withdrawal and Abstinence Bryon Adinoff, M.D., Ali Iranmanesh, M.D., Johannes Veldhuis, M.D., and Lisa Fisher, Ph.D. Interactions among the brain, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands (i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal [HPA] axis) help regulate the body’s response to stress. The adrenal hormone cortisol plays a key role in stress reduction through its effects on multiple body systems. Excessive cortisol activity during both chronic alcohol administration and withdrawal may underlie some of the clinical complications of alcoholism, including increased risk of infectious diseases; bone, muscle, and reproductive system changes; altered energy metabolism; and disorders of mood and intellect. Despite excessive cortisol levels during intoxication and withdrawal, however, the HPA axis becomes less responsive to stress during abstinence, potentially resulting in an impaired capacity to cope with relapse-inducing stressors. KEY WORDS: AOD withdrawal syndrome; physiological stress; hypothalamic-pituitary axis; pituitary-adrenal axis; cortisol; AOD abstinence; chronic AODE (alcohol and other drug effects); corticotropin RH; arginine; vasopressin; adrenocorticotropic hormone; secretion; metabolic disorder; AODR (alcohol and other drug related) disorder; mood and affect disturbance; personality disorder; infection; drug therapy; literature review tress is a ubiquitous and unavoid- a wide range of critical physiological secretion occurs during both chronic able experience of daily life whether processes, the activity of cortisol must alcohol consumption and alcohol Sit arises from the external environ- be tightly controlled by the body. withdrawal. This heightened secretion ment (e.g., a job interview or traffic Cortisol secretion is regulated by rate may alter energy metabolism, accident) or from within the body (e.g., interactions among three structures: mental status, the structural integrity an infection or a panic attack).
    [Show full text]
  • University of California, San Diego San Diego State
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY Psychosocial Mediators of Ethnic Disparities in Allostatic Load A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology by Lianne M. Tomfohr Committee in charge: University of California, San Diego Professor Joel E. Dimsdale, Chair Professor Paul Mills Professor Loki Natarajan San Diego State University Professor Linda Gallo Professor Elizabeth Klonoff 2013 The Dissertation of Lianne M. Tomfohr is approved, and is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego San Diego State University 2013 iii DEDICATION For my parents, Patricia Driediger and Leigh Tomfohr. Without your constant love, support and encouragement this dissertation would not be possible. To my friends and colleagues, Kate Edwards, Erin Green, Rujvi Kamat, Mitch LeBlanc, Khaleel Meghji, Kimberly Payne, Meredith Pung, Amanda Schweizer, Robert Taylor, and Sarah Yager. You have each helped to make this process a pleasure. I am eternally grateful for your friendship and support. iv EPIGRAPH Life is largely a process of adaptation to the circumstances in which we exist..(and)..the secret of health and happiness lies in successful adjustment to the ever-changing conditions on this globe; the penalties of failure in this great process of adaptation are disease and unhappiness. Hans Selye v TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE……………………………………………………….………...…..iii DEDICATION..……………….………...…………….……………………….……..…..iv
    [Show full text]
  • Predictive Processing of Interoception, Decision-Making, and Allostasis: a Computational Framework and Implications for Emotional Intelligence
    Psychological Topics, 29 (2020), 1, 1-16 Original Scientific Paper UDC: 159.942 159.947 doi:https://doi.org/10.31820/pt.29.1.1 159.95 Predictive Processing of Interoception, Decision-Making, and Allostasis: A Computational Framework and Implications for Emotional Intelligence Hideki Ohira Nagoya University, Department of Psychology, Nagoya, Japan Abstract Emotional intelligence is composed of a set of emotional abilities, including recognition of emotional states in the self and others, the use of emotions to guide thoughts and behaviours, and emotion regulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that emotional intelligence is associated with mental health, social problem solving, interpersonal relationship quality, and academic and job performance. Although emotional intelligence has received much interest both in basic research fields and applied and clinical fields, the mechanisms underlying the functions of emotional intelligence remain unclear. The aim of the present article was to consider the mechanisms of emotional intelligence using a computational approach. Recent theories of emotion in psychology and neuroscience have emphasized the importance of predictive processing. It has been proposed that the brain creates internal models that can provide predictions for sensation and motor movement, and perception and behaviors emerge from Bayesian computations rooted in these predictions. This theoretical framework has been expanded to include interoceptive perception of the internal body to explain affect and decision-making as phenomena
    [Show full text]
  • Interoception: an Overview for Allied Health Professionals
    ISSN: 2644-2957 DOI: 10.33552/OJCAM.2019.02.000542 Online Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine Mini Review Copyright © All rights are reserved by Geela Spira Interoception: An Overview for Allied Health Professionals Geela Spira* Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Eastern Kentucky University, USA *Corresponding author: Received Date: October 21, 2019 Geela Spira, PhD, OTR/L, Department of Occupational Published Date: October 31, 2019 Science and Occupational Therapy, Eastern Kentucky University, USA. E-mail: Abstract The concept of Interoception and Interoceptive Awareness is being investigated and used clinically by a variety of scientists and health care professionals. Few peer- reviewed studies are found in the literature by allied health care professionals. It may be useful for allied health care professionals to access a paper summarizing and explaining the concept in terms that are aimed for their use. The paper reviews basic science concepts of interoception, interoceptive awareness, models to explain the dynamics of aspects of interoception, and the application to intervention Keywords:approaches in the allied health professions. Interoception; Emotional regulation; Metacognition; Occupational therapy; Allied health Introduction of the ‘embodied experience’ Farb N et al. [3], and so the concept Interoception is a newly emerging field which spans multiple of interoceptive awareness was added to the lexicon. Interoceptive disciplines from basic science to holistic interventions. As the awareness can be defined as the processing of inner sensations so subject is investigated, further elaborations and ways to view the that they become available to conscious awareness Farb N et al. [3], dynamics are emerging from the literature. From foundational Cameron O [4] & Price CJ & Hooven C [5] propose that interoceptive science to health and well-being, interoception spans concepts ability implies having capacity to “positively manage challenging from homeostasis to insight and adaptive behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Module 8: Neurobiological Sequelae of Exposure to Extreme Stress Brain Development
    Module 8: Neurobiological Sequelae of Exposure to Extreme Stress Brain Development Major CNS structural changes take place in development: • Birth to 4 years • Late childhood (6-10 years) • Early adolescence Brain Development http://www.visembryo.com/baby/anat/brains1.gif Acute Stress Stressor Fight-or-flight Response Stress Response The array of physiological adaptations that ultimately establishes homeostasis Allostasis • Allostasis: The functions employed to restore the body to its previous level of equilibrium. • Adaptation to Stress • Alterations • HPA Axis • Neurotransmitter Systems • ANS McEwen, 2000, Neuropsycopham, 22:1108-124 The Stress Response The acute responses of the autonomic nervous system, HPA Axis, and CRF systems to stress are protective and promote adaptation Acute Stress Response A stressor (actual or perceived) is processed by the cortex The cortex sends a message to the amygdala The amygdala releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the brain stem to activate the ANS and to stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine Also CRH stimulates the HPA releasing ACTH stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce: Cortisol 3-D MRI rendering of a brain with fMRI activation of the amygdala highlighted in red Source: NIMH Clinical Brain Disorders Branch http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jul2002/amygdala.gif The Acute Stress Stressor Response Hypothalamus Sympathetic Nervous System Adrenal Cortex Epinephrine Cortisol Psychological arousal Longer-lasting effects Activate vital functions to fight or flee: Mobilization of energy (fats and Heart and lungs glucose). Muscles of the extremities Release of amino acids by skeletal Energy mobilization muscle to repair damaged tissues. Brainstem mental activity Vasoconstriction (i.e. digestive Deactivate organs).
    [Show full text]
  • Homeostasis & Allostasis
    Homeostasis & Allostasis Vitruvian Man Leonardo Da Vinci Stress: In biology, any change (stressor) in the environment that may tend to alter an existing equilibrium and trigger counteracting responses at molecular, cellular, and systemic levels to preserve/reestablish such an equilibrium and insure adaptation. Claude Bernard, (1813-1878, Prof. of Physiology at the Collège de France, Paris), suggests that the equilibrium or steady state of the “milieu intérieur” is to remain constant to allow for optimal function and survival. Types of Stress • Examples of Physical/Chemical Stress – High/low extreme temperatures – Physical injury – Hemorrhage – Hypoglycemia, etc. • Examples of Psychological/Emotional Stress – Fear – Cognition of danger – Memories – Sorrow or joy – Hate or love, etc. Sapolsky, R.M., Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress Related Diseases, and Coping, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1998 Homeostasis From Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945) Wisdom of the Body, 1932 From Greek: homeo “the same” stasis “state” Indicates that for optimal function of the organism, a steady state (or equilibrium) must be achieved This “constancy” of the internal environment allows survival despite continuing changes in the external environment (stress) From left to right: H. Selye, C. Fortier, P.S. Timiras H. Selye (1907-1982, Director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Univesity of Montreal, Que. Canada) focuses on the HPA axis as the main regulator of non-specific stress responses. His major book is: The Physiology and Pathology of Stress: A Treatise Based on the Concept of the General Adaptation Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation, Acta Inc., Montreal, 1950.
    [Show full text]