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The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC. -
Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
The Chronology of Ezra 7
THE CHRONOLOGY OF EZRA 7 A REPORT OF THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL CONFERENCE OF SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISTS 1953 Prepared for the Committee by SIEGFRIED H. HORN, Ph.D. Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary and LYNN H. WOOD, Ph.D. Sometime Professor of Archeology Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Review and Herald Publishing Association Washington, D.C. Preface SOME YEARS ago the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists set up a committee, later called the Historical Research Committee, to study certain problems of historical dating that relate to prophetic periods, and to engage in scientific research where it seemed necessary. One of the problems studied by the committee was the date for the seventh year of Artaxerxes. The evidence secured, as set forth in the following study, furnishes indisputable proof that the date accepted by the early pioneers of the Advent message was accurate from a scientific as well as from a Biblical viewpoint. Since the committee members were occupied with regular denominational responsibilities, the work was necessarily carried on intermittently, with intensive work done by a few from time to time. Special tribute should be paid to Lynn H. Wood, a charter member of the committee, who has done most of the basic research on the problems involved in this report. He has contributed very important principles and calculations, and has indicated the direction the research should take and the probable methods by which the solutions might be found. Grace E. Amadon, who passed away in 1945, contributed also to the early studies, especially in Jewish calendars. -
Did 5Th Century BCE Elephantine Isle Jews Reckon
5. Did the 5 th Century BCE Jews on Elephantine Island Reckon the Scriptural Year from Fall-to-Fall? n his attempt to present historical evidence supporting the Jewish practice of reckoning a fall-to-fall calendar, Glenn turns to the 5 th century Jews who lived on Elephantine Island. What follows is IGlenn’s explanation 1, accompanied by his support references: There is more historical evidence for a fall-to-fall calendar being used by the Hebrews. Just prior to and after the Babylonian captivity, many Jews fled to Egypt. In Egypt, a temple and fortifications were constructed on an island called Elephantine Island (an island in Upper Egypt, in the Nile river basin), and Jewish beliefs and customs were kept there for several centuries. They have (over the years) discovered several papyri documents dated to the 5th century BCE. These documents are typically written in Aramaic (which is similar to Hebrew) and also tend to have 2 or even 3 forms of dating written on the manuscript (Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, and/or Semitic). Please note the statement from chronologist Siegfried Horn on the importance of the Elephantine papyri: That the 5th century Jews actually counted the regnal years of the Persian kings according to their own fall-to- fall calendar is attested not only by Nehemiah, and later on traditionally by the Talmud, but also by some archeological evidence from the well-known Aramaic papyri from Elephantine. 2 Based upon the dates listed in these papyri, we can know that the Jews of Elephantine island ( from the 5th century BCE ) clearly used the Tishri -to-Tishri fall calendar for establishing dates. -
Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK of ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE the NEAR and MIDDLE EAST
Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. -
The Arshama Letters from the Bodleian Library
THE ARSHAMA LETTERS FROM THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY Volume 1 INTRODUCTION John Ma Christopher Tuplin Lindsay Allen December 2013 The Arshama Letters from the Bodleian Letters Vol. 1 Introduction Vol. 2 Text, translation and glossary Vol. 3 Commentary Vol. 4. Abbreviations and Bibliography Available for download at http://arshama.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/publications/ The Arshama Letters from the Bodleian Library by L. Allen, J. Ma, C. J. Tuplin, D. G. K. Taylor is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License This work takes its origin in activities funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council; more at http://arshama.classics.ox.ac.uk. Cover: Pell. Aram. 1 (A6.10). Photography courtesy of the Bodleian Library. CONTENTS John Ma INTRODUCTION 1-4 Christopher Tuplin ARSHAMA: PRINCE AND SATRAP 5-44 Lindsay Allen THE BODLEIAN ACHAEMENID ARAMAIC LETTERS: A FRAGMENTARY HISTORY 45-49 INTRODUCTION John Ma The Bodleian Library now possesses a remarkable body of material from the Persian Empire: a set of letters on parchment, written in 'Imperial Aramaic', the administrative language and lingua franca in the empire, a set of clay sealings (7 from the same seal), and the fragments of two leather bags in which this assemblage is supposed to have been stored. This material appeared in Berlin in the 1930s, and was acquired during the Second World War by the Bodleian: 1 the circumstances, and the nature of the assemblage, are discussed here by L. Allen, and much remains unclear about this cache. What is clear, from the text of the letters, is that they concern the affairs of a figure named Arshama, who can securely be identified with the fifth-century satrap of Egypt in the days of the Persian king Darius II. -
Assyria Babylon Medes Persia (Anshan) Ashur-Dan II (23 Years
Assyria Babylon Medes Persia (Anshan) Ninurta-kudurri-usur II (1 year) Ashur-Dan II (23 years) "son of Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Tiglath-Pileser (II)" (23 years) 934 – 912 Shamash-mudammiq (20 years) Adad-nirari II (21 years) "son of Nabu-shuma-ukin Ashur-Dan (II)" (12 years) 911 – 891 Tukulti-Ninurta II (7 years) "son of Adad- Nabu-apla-iddina nirari (II)" 890 – 884 (33 + years) Ashur-nasir-pal II (25 years) "son of Tukulti-Ninurta (II)" 883 – 859 Shalmaneser III Marduk-zakir-shumi I (35 years) "son of (27 + years) Ashur-nasir-pal (II)" 858 – 824 Ahab, Ahaziah and Jehoram, and later Jehu), of Judah (Jehoshaphat, Jehoram Marduk-balassu-iqbi and Ahaziah) and of (6 years) ??? - 813 Syria (Ben-Hadad and Hazael Shamshi-Adad V Baba-aha-iddina (13 years) "son of (2 years) 812 - ??? / Shalmaneser (III)" AND 5 kings (11 years) Shammu-ramat, regent 823 – 811 Ninurta-apla-X (10 years) Adad-nirari III Marduk-bel-zeri (28 years) "son of (10 years) Shamshi-Adad (V)" 810 - 783 Marduk-apla-usur (11 years) Shalmaneser IV (10 years) "son of Eriba-Marduk Adad-nirari (III)" 782 – (9 + years) 773 Ashur-Dan III (18 years) "son of Shalmaneser (IV)"; 772 – 755 Nabu-shuma-ishkun Ashur-nirari V (13 + years) (10 years) "son of Adad-nirari (III)" 754-745 Nabu-nasir (Nabonassar) (14 years) 747 – 734 Tiglath-Pileser III (18 years) (Pul) "son of Ashur-nirari (V)" 744 – 727 Contemporary with Ahaz and Menahem, & Pekah Nabu-nadin-zeri Tiglath-Pileser III (2 years) 733 – 732 (18 years) (Pul) "son of AND Nabu-suma-ukin Ashur-nirari (V)" II (1 month) 732 744 – 727 Contemporary -
King Cyrus' Decree and a Davidic Prince Leads the Return of the Exiles
Handout Ezra Lesson 1 This is what Yahweh says: “When seventy years are completed for Babylon, I will come to you and fulfill my gracious promise to bring you back to this place. For I know the plans I have for you,” declares Yahweh, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future.” Jeremiah 29:10-11 BIBLICAL #9 THE REMNANT OF JUDAH RETURNS PERIOD The Return from Exile and The Organization of the Community FOCUS Rebuilding Jerusalem and the by Ezra and Nehemiah Temple COVENANT The Sinai Covenant and Davidic Covenant SCRIPTURE 1:1-------------3:1---------------------7:1-----------------9:1--------------10:44 The Edict of Restoration of Ezra’s mission Ezra’s spiritual Cyrus and worship and and the registry restoration of the DIVISION registry of the rebuilding the of the second covenant people first returning Temple returning exiles and opposition to exiles mixed marriages Sheshbazzar, Jeshua, and Zerubbabel Ezra TOPIC First return = 49,897 Second return = 1,754 LOCATION Babylon to Jerusalem Babylon to Jerusalem TIME 22 years (539/8 -517/6 BC) 1 year during the reign of Artaxerxes I Edict of Cyrus to the dedication of (ruled 465-424 BC) the Temple in Jerusalem Persian Kings of the Achaemenid Dynasty 1. Cyrus II the Great ruled from 559-530 BC and conquered Babylon in 539 BC 2. Cambyses II, son of Cyrus the Great, ruled from 530-522 BC 3. Bardiya, son of Cyrus the Great or imposter, ruled 522 BC but assassinated by Persian nobles 4. Darius I, son of Hystaspes (a kinsman of Cyrus), ruled 522-486 BC 5. -
Nehemiah Accepts the Mission to Rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem
Handout Nehemiah Lesson 1 The events in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther took place during the rule of the Medo- Persian Empire located in northeast Mesopotamia which is present-day Iran. These Bible books return to the Biblical theme of the preservation of the faithful remnant of the covenant people of Israel who are the “holy seed” promised in Genesis 3:15 from which the Messiah was destined to come to redeem humanity. SUMMARY THE BOOK OF NEHEMIAH BIBLICAL #9 THE REMNANT OF JUDAH RETURNS PERIOD FOCUS The Deeds of Nehemiah in the A Historical Review and the Restoration of Jerusalem Restoration of the People Through Obedience to the Law COVENANT The Sinai Covenant and Davidic Covenant SCRIPTURE 1:1-------------3:1---------------------7:6-----------------11:1--------------13:31 Preparing to Restoration of the Renewal of the Obedience to the DIVISION rebuild the wall Covenant Covenant wall Political renewal Spiritual renewal TOPIC Construction Instruction LOCATION Susa and Jerusalem TIME 445-425 BC TIMELINE BC Judah = vassal state of Persian Empire-------------------------------------Greek Empire--Hellenistic States control Judah 538 517/6 483-473 458 445 336 323 250 1st return Temple in Esther Queen 2nd return 3rd return Alexander Alexander Greek of exiles Jerusalem of Persia Ezra Nehemiah the Great dies translation to Judah rebuilt rebuilds walls invades Persia of O. T. = of Jerusalem Septuagint Part One of the Book of Nehemiah divides into two main parts: I. Preparation to Reconstruct Jerusalem’s Wall (1:1-2:20) A. Condition of the ruined walls (1:1-3) B. Nehemiah’s prayer for God’s intercession (1:4-11) C.