2017 3rd International Conference on Management Science and Innovative Education (MSIE 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-488-2

Comparative Study on the Characteristics of College Students’ Physical Fitness between Li and Dai College Students in Two Tropic Zones

YINAN MA, FUSONG HU and YIMEI DUAN

ABSTRACT

Object: explore the differences of physique characteristics between Dai college students in Xishuangbanna tropic zone and Li college students in Five Finger Mountain tropic zone, which may provide theoretical reference for improvement of physical fitness of different ethnic college students. Method: physical fitness index was tested on the basis of the latest revision of national student physical health standard in 2014, and physical fitness test data were analyzed by SPSS 16.0 software. Results: there are no significant differences of physical characteristics and nutritional condition between Li and Dai college students (P ＞ 0.05), and no significant differences of speed quality and lumbar abdomen power (P ＞ 0.05), but the cardiopulmonary level and endurance quality of Li college students are higher than Dai college students (male: P<0.01; female: P<0.05). Conclusion: two tropic zones have similar geographical environment, social economic production and dietary habits, so there are no significant differences of physical characteristics and nutritional condition of body between Li and Dai college students. Compared with Li college students, Dai college students live and study in high altitude area which affected by low supply of oxygen, and this may cause the oxygen uptake and cardiopulmonary function level of Li college students are higher than Dai college students. Bamboo dancing of Li nationality runs through the whole process of teaching, so male Li college students’ long-term training of beating bamboo posts with sticks lead to great upper body strength, and the bamboo dancing also lead to good flexibility and jumping ability of Li college students.

KEYWORDS Tropic Zones, Li and Dai college students, physique characteristics, morphology and function.

INTRODUCTION

In the previous studies of physique on minority students, the differences between physical fitness groups among students always attributed to the management of physical education, physical education, the quality of sports teaching, nutrition level and so on. Since 1979, the government pays more attention to health education and nutrition ______

Yinan Ma, College of Physical Education, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China. Fusong Hu, College of Physicial Education, Tropical Ocean University, 572200, China. Yimei Duan, College of Physical Education, Dali University, Dali 671003, China.

217 education for young students of all ethnic groups. Since 1983, five investigations have been conducted on the physical fitness of students in all schools and ethnic groups; school physical education and regulations on school health work was promulgated by State Education Commission regulations in 1990; State General Administration of sport promulgated the “student physical fitness standards” in 2002. In 2014, Ministry of Education issued the latest revised National Physical Fitness Standard for students. The educational administration departments organized the evaluation of school sports work regulations and school health work regulations for various schools, which greatly improved the physical education and hygiene education conditions in various schools. In the recent 30 years, all kinds of schools have formed a basic scientific consensus in sports teaching conditions and teaching requirements, especially for students' physical education and exercise methods. According to the standards of Students' Physical Fitness, educators are required to explore ways and means to strengthen students' physical fitness based on the characteristics of students of all ethnic groups [1]. All colleges and universities carry out the “two courses, two exercises and one event” sports education system, and improve health and nutrition management system for students, canteens recipes have achieved balanced dietary goals. Under the background of unified standardization of physical education, nutrition and health education, this research have been choose Dai college students who live in Xishuangbanna tropic zone and Li college students who live in Five Finger Mountain tropic zone, and explore the differences of physique characteristics between them, explore the different regional ethnic cluster ecological environment, production and living customs, national traditional sports culture on the status of the national physical factors, which may provide the scientific theory reference for improve the national students' physique health level.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

General data

Natural and social environmental factors of Xishuangbanna tropical rain forest area which may influence the characteristics of the Dai nationality

(1) There are one million and two hundred and six thousand people of Dai nationality living in Yunnan Province, and 300 thousand live in Jinghong, Menghai, Mengla which belongs to tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna. The geographical location of the Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna: north latitude is 21°08′ ～22°36′, longitude is 99°56′～101°50′, it’s in the south of the tropic of cancer and a tropical climate zone. The geomorphic features are low latitude valley and plateau basin, altitude is between 580～1500m; annual sunshine number is 2000 (H), relative humidity (%) is 82 to 85%; annual precipitation is 1200~1900 (mm); annual temperature is 21.9; and no winter. (2) The Dai nationality live in tropical rainforest which belongs to Xishuangbanna, most of them live together at an elevation of 580~1300 m valley hills. The economic production activities of Dai people are planting crops, forestry, fishing, planting tea, tropical fruits and vegetables, domestic poultry, buffalo, pig, agriculture, forestry, fisheries and by-products [2].

218 (3) Traditional sports of Dai people always highlight water culture characteristics, and reflect the national temperament, gentle expression, worship water such as swimming, racing, dance, etc., there is no physical confrontation [3].

Natural and social environmental factors of Wuzhi Mountain tropical rain forest area which may influence the characteristics of the Li nationality

(1) There are one million and one hundred thousand Li people living in Hainan, and 500 thousand living in Wuzhi Mountain, Baoting, Baisha, Ledong, Qiong Zhong. Geographic position of Wuzhi Mountain: north latitude is 18 degrees and longitude about 110 degrees, a tropical humid area, with elevations ranging from 380 to 1800m. The annual sunshine number is 2000 (H), the relative humidity (%) is 82 to 85%; the annual precipitation is 1800~1900 (mm); the temperature is 21.9 degrees Celsius; the temperature is 25 degrees Celsius; the summer is 21.9 degree centigrade, and winter is 17 degrees centigrade. (2) The Li nationality live in tropical rain forest which belongs to Wuzhi mountain, and the altitudes below 580m. The economic activities of Li are similar to Dai, such as cultivation of crops and forestry, fishing and hunting, sideline planting tea, tropical fruits and vegetables, farming cattle, poultry and bees, forestry, fishery products and trade in goods [5]. (3) Traditional sports of Li nationality include strength, endurance and jumping competition. The main items are jumping bamboo pole, kicking hill, climbing, pulling turtle and sticking wooden sticks, etc. All males and females, young and old people like dancing bamboo pole, and everyone can dance bamboo pole dance. Jumping bamboo pole movement is widely popularized in all kinds of school sports activities in Hainan. It has become a compulsory national traditional sport for students.

Research subjects

This research selected 243 Dai college students from Dali University whose homeplace is Xishuangbanna, male: 123, female: 120, aged between 18~20 years old. 245 Li college students from Hainan Tropical Ocean University whose homepeace is Wuzhi Mountain Rain Forest, male:124, female: 121, aged between 18~20 years old.

Research method

LITERATURE STUDY

The research is consulted college Students' physical study, and citing references for evidence through CNKI, Chinese Journal Full-text Database, guidance document of Chinese government on students' physical health and nutrition.

PHYSICAL FITNESS INDEX TEST

Physical fitness test using State Sports General Administration of intelligent recommendation (automatic test), and “revised national student’s health standard (2014)”. All the test data are sent into the computer by the special software. (1) Body shape function index: height(cm), weight(kg), vital capacity (mL).

219 TABLE 1. PHYSICAL INDEX BETWEEN LI AND DAI COLLEGE STUDENTS（ x ±S）. Dai(male) n=123 Li(male) n=124 Dai (female) n=120 Li(female) n=121 Physical Index ±S ±S ±S ±S 1. Height[Cm] 169.73±8.17 169.70±5.10 159.30±5.67 157.99±4.85 2. Weight[Kg] 58.39±9.80 58.39±9.27 48.90±6.50 47.45±6.18 3. Vital Capacity [Ml] 2877.39±920 3263.98±622.19 2194.96±469.24 2251.29±503.80 4. Quetelet Index 342.97±46.23 343.83±51.47 307.52±38.28 300.18±36.55 5. Vital Capacity[Ml] 49.91±7.22 56.49±10.66 45.39±8.14 47.50±7.78 /Weight [Kg] 6. 50m[S] 7.67±0.82 7.54±0.71 9.37 ±0.72 9.22±0.69 7 Chinup[/Min] 5.83±3.84 7.07±4.38 8. Sit-Ups [/ Min] 31.57±7.83 30.41±6.54 9. Sit-And-Reach 9.91±5.34 13.49±6.59 12.49±6.29 17.92±4.88 [Cm] 10. Long Jump[Cm] 220.51±34.15 229.88±22.55 176.69±28.22 176.00±16.82 11. 1000[S](Male) 286.63±53.64 272.21±25.34 263.29±29.41 256.27±21.80 800[S](Female)

(2) Derived index of body shape function: weight (kg) /height (cm) ×1000, vital capacity (mL) /weight (kg). (3) Physical fitness index: 50m (s), chin-up (male), abdominal curl (female), sit- and-reach (cm), long jump (cm), 1000m (s) (male), 800m (s) (female).

METHOD OF EXPERIMENT AND MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS.

SPSS17.0 software is used for T test, and statistical results are expressed by ±S, no significant difference is expressed by P<0.05; significant difference, P＜0.05; extremely significant difference, P＜0.01. According to the test results of the physique indexes between the two samples, the similarities and differences of the constitution formation between the Dai and Li students are analyzed and discussed.

RESULTS

Statistics of physical fitness indicators of Li college students in Wuzhi mountain and Dai college students in Xishuangbanna tropical rain forest

Table 1 is the statistical results of physical fitness indicators of Dai college students living in Xishuangbanna tropical rain forest and Li college students living in WUzhi tropical rain forest, the data reflects the number of centralized location test indicators and samples from the number of positions. Number 1-3 are reflected the body shape index; number 4 is body shape (quetelet) and nutrition enrichment indicators which reflected the body weight and length ratio of nutrient filling degree; number 5 is derivative indexes of body's respiratory function; number 6-11 is reflected the movement speed, strength, body flexibility, dexterity and endurance.

Comparison of morphological and functional indexes between Dai and Li students

Note: the difference is between Dai and Li people Test shows that there was no significant difference of body shape (height and weight) between Li and Dai college students (P > 0.05), but the body function (vital

220 capacity) index of Li college students is significant higher than Dai college students (male: P<0.01; female: P<0.05).

TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL INDEXES BETWEEN DAI AND LI STUDENTS. Sex N Statistics Height[Cm] Weight(Kg) Vital Capacity [C.C] 123 Dai x ±S 169.73±8.17 58.39±9.80 2877.39±920.59 124 Li ±S 169.70±5.10 58.38±9.27 3263.98±622.19 Male 0.03 0.01 -368.59 t 0.03 0.07 2.65 P ＞0.05 ＞0.05 ＜0.01 120 Dai ±S 159.30±5.67 48.90±6.50 2194.96±469.24 121 Li ±S 157.99±4.85 47.45±6.18 2251.29±503.80 Female 1.31 1.45 -56.33 t 1.93 1.96 1.99 P ＞0.05 ＞0.05 ＜0.05

TABLE 3. COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DERIVED INDEXES BETWEEN DAI AND LI STUDENTS. Sex N Statistics weight(kg)/height(cm)×1000 vital capacity (m1)/ weight (kg） 123 dai ±S 342.97±46.23 49.91±7.22 124 li ±S 343.83±51.47 56.49±10.66 Male -0 86 -6.58 t 0.14 5.67 P ＞0.05 ＜0.01 120 dai ±S 307.52±38.28 45.39±8.14 121 li ±S 300.18±36.55 47.50±7.78 Female 7.34 -2.11 t 1.77 2.05 P ＞0.05 ＜0.05

TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL FITNESS INDICATORS BETWEEN DAI AND LI STUDENTS. Chin male1000 sit-and- Statistic up(male)[/min] Long jump m[s] Sex N 50m[s] reach s sit- [cm] female [cm] ups(female)[/min] 800m[s] Dai ± 7.67±0.8 220.51±34. 286.63±53. 123 5.83±3.84 9.91±5.34 S 2 15 64 7.54±0.7 13.49±6.5 229.88±22. 272.21±25. 124 Li ±S 7.07±4.38 1 9 55 34 0.13 -1.24 -3.58 -9.37 -14.42 t 1.44 2.38 4.71 2.55 2.69 Male P ＞0.05 ＜0.05 ＜0.01 ＜0.05 ＜0.01 Female Dai ± 9.37±0.7 12.49±6.2 171.29±18. 263.29±29. 120 31.57±7.83 S 2 9 22 41 9.22±0.6 17.92±4.8 175.81±16. 256.27±21. 121 Li ±S 30.41±6.54 9 8 82 80 0.15 1.16 -5.43 -4.52 7.02 t 1.67 1.25 7.54 2.01 2.11 P ＞0.05 ＞0.05 ＜0.01 ＜0.05 ＜0.05

221 Comparison of morphological and functional derived indexes between Dai and Li students

Test shows that there were no significant differences of weight (kg) / height (CM)× 1000 between Dai and Li college students (P > 0.05). And the body function, capacity (mL) / weight (kg) of Li college students is significantly higher than Dai college students (male P<0.01, female P<0.05). It shows that compare with Dai college students, the physical function of allocation of oxygen and cardiorespiratory function of Li college students are relatively higher.

Comparison of physical fitness indicators between Dai and Li students

Table 4 shows that except 50m, the score of chin up, sit and reach, long jump, 1000m of Li male college students are significantly better than Dai male college students (P<0.01 or P<0.05). It means that physical quality of Dai male college students is relatively better than Li college students. There were no significant differences of 50m and sit ups among Dai and Li female college students (P > 0.05). And the score of sit and reach, long jump and 800m of Li female college students are significantly better than Dai college students (P<0.01 or P<0.05). It means that the physical flexibility, jumping agility and running endurance of Li female college students are relatively better than Dai female college students.

DISCUSSION

Factors influencing the status quo of the physical fitness of the Dai and Li students

THE INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND PRODUCTION, LIFE, DIET AND CUSTOM ON BODY SHAPE, SPEED AND STRENGTH

Dai and Li students’ physical education and physical health education standardization are similar, sunshine duration, relative humidity, precipitation, temperature and other large geographical and climatic environment index between Xishuangbanna and Five Fingers tropic zones are similar, the economic production activities and dietary customs between Dai and Li people are also similar, so their body nutrition is similar. In addition, the two nationalities all have the South Asian type physique characteristics [6-7], so there are no significant differences of the body shape index, body mass index (weight) (kg) / height (CM) ×1000) were not significantly different between the Dai and Li college students. Speed, strength index (50 meters [s]), body waist and abdominal strength index (female sit ups [sub]/min) also have no significant difference.

THE EFFECT OF ALTITUDE ON PHYSICAL FITNESS AND ENDURANCE QUALITY

Although the Dai and Li students’ physical education and physical education background of nutrition and health, ecological environment and the birth place of the two tropical rainforest zones are similar, but the production and the geography and climate of living area are different. The altitude of agglomeration of Dai nationality in

222 Xishuangbanna is very high, the altitude of Jinghong City is 580 meters, Menghai and Mengla are 1200~1300 meters [2], the altitude of Dali University is 2052m. The agglomeration of Li Nationality in Hainan province has the highest elevation of Wuzhishan, which is only 560 meters above sea level [3]. Li college students who study in Hainan Tropical Ocean University is in Sanya whose altitude is only 7m, lung capacity of human body has a downward with the elevation of altitude [8], places’ altitude of life and study caused the function of heart and lung [(M1c) (vital capacity index and body oxygen distribution (FVC (M1) / body weight index (kg) of Li students who live in rain forest of Wuzhi mountain are better than Dai college students who live in Xishuangbanna. The level of breathing function has a great influence on the quality of endurance, respiration ability of Li college students was significantly higher than Dai college students, so the score of 1000m (male) and 800m (female) of Li students are significantly better than Dai college students.

Social factors influencing the status quo of physical status of Dai and Li students

THE INFLUENCE OF NATIONAL TRADITIONAL SPORTS ACTIVITIES ON PHYSICAL FITNESS OF COLLEGE STUDENTS

Jumping bamboo pole is a component of Li people's life, jumping bamboo pole, jumping from pole to pole and shouting to each other, “Hey! Hey!”, and do a single jump, turn step body show jumping, upper limb shaking shoulders, transform arm jumps, all those enhance dexterity and flexible body flexion of body joints[9-10]. This is good for body stretch and flexibility index (sitting position, flexion, [cm]) so the flexibility of Li students is significantly better than Dai students. Boys take turns beat the end of bamboo pole, and the posture are sitting, squatting, standing posture hit play, rhythmically uninterrupted combat action with the crude bamboo. Over time, this movement naturally enhanced the strength of the upper limbs. Therefore, Li male student’s upper limb strength quality index (chinup [times]) is significantly better than the Dai male students.

THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL FLEXIBILITY AND DEXTERITY ON THE QUALITY OF JUMPING EXERCISES

Jump distance of the human is related to body height, body relative mass, waist, abdominal strength, speed strength, and flexibility of body flexion and extension [11]. There are no significant differences of body shape, speed quality index and the waist abdominal strength between Dai and Li college students, but the long-term project of national traditional sports exercised the body flexion flexibility dexterity, so the score of long jump of Li college students are better than Dai college students.

CONCLUSION

Dai and Li college students have the same background of physical education and nutrition, and both have similar climate and environment of the birth place which are Xishuangbanna and Five Fingers Xishuangbanna tropical rain forest area, the economic production activities and the diet custom are also similar, so body shape test indexes and relative derivative indexes of Dai and Li college students had no

223 significant differences, no significant differences in body movement, speed, strength, and waist strength. However, the Dai and Li college students still show significant differences in physical function and physical fitness. There are two main reasons: (1) Dai college students live in plateau area, while the Li college students live in low altitude area, influenced by the low maximum oxygen supply in the high altitude area, the allocation of oxygen uptake and cardiorespiratory function of Li college students were higher than Dai college students, influenced by the amount of oxygen allocation and the level of cardiopulmonary function, the endurance quality of Li college students is better than Dai college students; (2) Traditional sports of jumping bamboo movement has been integrated into Li people's life and carried out in various schools in Hainan for a long time. Long term pole training lead to greater upper limb strength of Li male college students than Dai male college students. Meanwhile, because of long pole jumping movement, the physical coordination, flexibility and jumping ability of Li college students are better than Dai college students.

REFERENCES

1. Jiliu. Reflection and construction of physical education and health curriculum model in China. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 2015, 38 (9): 72-75. 2. Editorial Committee of local chronicles of Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna. Annals of Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna. Beijing: Xinhua Publishing House, 2001. 3. Editorial Committee. Annals of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1998, 04. 4. Zheng Linlin. Research on the artistic development of the traditional sports of the Dai nationality in Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan University of Nationalities (Social Sciences), 2013, 30 (7): 157-160. 5. Editorial Committee of Hainan Local Literature Series. Hainan local chronicles series. : Hainan Publishing House, 2006. 6. Yu Keli, Zheng Lianbing, Li Yonglan. Ethnographic features of the Dai people in Xishuangbanna. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2015 (6): 253-261. 7. Li Yonglan, Zheng Lianbing, Jindan. Body composition and physical characteristics of Li people. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2017 (2): 578-584. 8. Wang Zhanggang, Chen Qiuhong, Ruan Zonghai. Characteristics and affecting factors of oxygen supply and consumption in teenager residents at various altitudes. Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 1999, 10 (2):87-89. 9. Zong Xuefei. Research on the origin of Li nationality traditional sports and its role in carrying forward Li nationality culture. Journal of Beijing Sport University, 2005, 28. 10. Kong Bibo, Zhang Huihui, Lin Feng. Study on fitness value of bamboo pole dance. Sports Culture Guide, 2009 (3): 95-96. 11. Zhou Li, Zhang Jian, Bi Chunyou. Correlation analysis between the scores of the standing long jump of female college students and their morphologic, function and physical indices. Journal of Physical Education, 2012,35 (7): 74-76.

224