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WORLD VALUES PROJECT : INDIA SEGMENT

Unique number for each respondent

Each respondent has a unique number that is to be entered in the boxes provided at the top of the . You will notice that there are 7 boxes provided. The numbers to be entered in first three boxes are common all over the country (4 3 2) and have been entered in all the . The remaining four numbers vary and the state wise/ area wise guideline for the same is provided in the table in the next page.

Code for all States/ Districts/ Survey Areas/ Respondents

State State Districts AC 1 AC2 Code Andhra Pradesh 1 Medak 1100 - 1139 1150 - 1189 Chitoor 1200 - 1239 1250 - 1289 Krishna 1300 - 1339 1350 - 1389 Assam 01 Darang 0100 - 0149 0150 - 0199 Bihar 2 Siwan 2100 - 2149 2150 – 2199 Kishanganj 2200 - 2249 2250 – 2299 Nalanda 2300 – 2349 2350 – 2399 Chattisgarh 02 Rajnandgaon 0200 - 0239 0250 – 0289 Gujarat 3 Patan 3100 - 3139 3150 - 3189 Surat 3300 - 3239 3350 – 3289 Haryana 03 Hissar 0300 - 0339 0350 – 0389 Jharkhand 04 Lohardaga 0400 --0424 0425 - 0449 Dumka 0450 - 0474 0475 - 0499 Karnataka 05 Gulbarga 0500 - 0540 0550 – 0599 Tumkur 1400 -1440 1450 – 1499 Kerala 06 Kottayam 0600 - 0624 0625 – 0649 Kozhikode 0650 - 0674 0675 – 0699 Madhya Pradesh 4 Ujjain 4100 - 4149 4150 - 4199 Satna 4200 - 4249 4250 - 4299 Maharashtra 5 Wardha 5000 - 5029 5050 – 5079 Latur 5100 - 5129 5150 – 5179 Ratnagiri 5200 - 5229 5250 – 5279 Nashik 5300 - 5329 5350 – 5379 Orissa 07 Bolangir 0700 - 0724 0725- 0749 Bhadrak 0750 - 0774 0775 – 0799 Punjab 08 Amritsar 0800 - 0849 0850 – 0899 Rajasthan 6 Jodhpur 6100 -6139 6150 – 6189 Chiitorgarh 6200 - 6239 6250 – 6289 Tamil Nadu 7 Tiruvanamalai 7100 - 7149 7150 – 7199 Madurai 7200 - 7249 7250 – 7315 Uttar Pradesh 8 Moradabad 8100 - 8144 8150 – 8194 Agra 8200 – 8244 8250 – 8294 Kanpur (Urban) 8300 – 8344 8350 – 8394 Bahraich 8400 – 8444 8450 – 8494 Maharajganj 8500 – 8544 8550 – 8594 Mau 8600 – 8644 8650 – 8694 Additional 8700 - 8750 West Bengal 9 Cooch Bihar 9100 - 9139 9150 – 9189 9200 -9239 9250 – 9289 24 South 9300 - 9339 9350 – 9389 Parganas Delhi 09 New Delhi 0900-0949 0950 – 0999

Language code (for V 219 and v 244)

01. Assamese 02. Bengali 03. Gujarati 04 Hindi 05. Kannada 06. Kashmiri 07. Malayalam 08. Marathi 09. Oriya 10.Punjabi 11. Sindhi 12. Tamil 13. Telugu 14. Urdu 15. Konkani 16. Manipuri 17. Nepali 18. Any Other

Education code (for V 226 )

0. Non – Literate : Anybody who cannot read or write 1. Below Primary : Literate but did not complete primary school 2. Primary Pass : Completed Class V but not Class VIII in formal school, Gurukulas or Madrasas 3. Middle Pass : Completed Class VIII but not Class X in formal school, Gurukulas or Madrasas 4. Matric : Completed Class X/ High School or Equivalent and did not pursue further studies 5. Intermediate / College No Degree : Completed Class XI/ PUC/ Post Matric Diploma. Went to College did not complete degree

6. Graduate : B.A., B.Sc., B.Com., or other equivalent degree including Polytechnic, Computer, BTC, Para medical, Nursing etc

7. Post Graduate : M.A., M.Sc., M.Com., B.Ed., M.Ed., Ll.B., P G Diploma in Mass Communications, Journalism , Fashion Design, Textiles, Marketing, Personnel, and the like

8. Professional Degrees and Higher Degrees : MBBS, MD, MS, MBA, B.Tech., M.Tech., B.E., M.E., B.Arch., BCA, MCA, CA, Ll.M., M.Phil., Ph.D.,

Income code (for V 236 )

1. Less than Rs 500 per month 2. 501 – 1000 per month 3. 1001 – 3000 per month 4. 3001- 5000 per month 5. 5001 – 10000 per month 6. 10001 – 20000 per month 7. 20001 – 30000 per month 8. 30001 – 50000 per month 9. more than 50000 per month

Region in which interviewed (for V 243)

01. Andhra Pradesh 02. Assam 03. Bihar 04. Chhatisgarh 05. Delhi 06. Gujarat 07. Haryana 08. Jharkhand 09. Krnataka 10. Kerala 11. Madhya Pradesh 12. Maharashtra 13. Orrisa 14. Punjab 15. Rajasthan 16. Tamil Nadu 17. Uttar Pradesh 18. West Bengal

Caste ( for V 242) 01 to 09 : Upper Castes 10 to 17 ; Dominant Peasant Castes 18 to 26 : Peasant Backward Castes 27 to 35 : Weavers and Craftsman Backward Castes 36 to 45 : Service Backward Castes 46 to 55 : Scheduled Castes 56 to 65 : Scheduled Tribes 66 to 74 : Muslims 75 to 78 : Sikhs 79 to 82 : Christians 83 : Parsis 84 : Jews 85 and 86 : Buddhists 87 : Other Minorities 88 : Hindu No Caste 89 : No No caste 90 Not Ascertained

Profession (for V 230, v233)

01 to 09 : Higher Professionals

01 Scientists 02 Engineers, Architects and Pilots 03 Doctors 04 Lawyers and Judges 05 College and University Teachers 06 Writers 07 Modern Artists 08 Chartered Accountants, Financial Consultants 09 Other Higher Professionals

10 to 18 Lower professionals

10 Scientific and engineering technicians 11 Computer operators and technicians 12 Alternate Doctors 13 Medical technicians including nurses, pharmacist 14 School teachers 15 Nursery Teachers 16 Folk and Commercial Artists 17 Priests, Palmists, Astrolgers 18 Other Lower professionals

19 to 28 : Managerial, Administrative and Clerical Positions

19 : Elected Officials : High ranking federal and state politicians 20 : Elected Officials : District level politicians 21 : Managers 22 : Class I Officials 23 Class II Officials 24 : Class III Officials 25 : Superintendents, supervisors 26 : Traditional clerks and document writers 27 : Class IV employees 28 : other administrative and clerical positions

29 to 38 Commerce 29 : Big Businessman : Employing more than 7 people 30 Medium Businessman : Employing more than 2 and less than 7 31 Small Businessman : one or two employers, employing members, 32 Petty shop keepers : Tuck shops 33 Hawkers, Vendors, 34 Sales executives, medical reps, technical salesman, insurance agents 35 sales persons, home delivery boys , 36 Shop Assistant, salesman 37 Rentier 38 Other businessman 39 to 45 Service 39 Waiters, stewards, cooks 40 Washerman 41 Barbers including beauticians working in others shop 42 Ayahs, maids, domestic servants 43 Guards, Caretakers 44 Sweepers 45 Other service workers

46 to 54 Production Skilled Labour

46 Mechanics, machine tool operators, drivers 47 Electricians, plumbers 48 Jewellers 49 Tailors 50 Weavers 51 Shoemakers 52 Blacksmith 53 Carpenters 54 Other skilled workers

55 to 62 Semi and Unskilled workers

55 Miners 56 Masons, Carpenters 57 Potters 58 Stone cutters, carvers 59 Furniture makers, basket makers, mat makers 60 Rickshaw puillers 61 Unskilled labourers 62 Other semi skilled balour

63 to 72 Agriculture 63 Owner cultivator : 20 + acres 64 Owner cultivator : 10 – 20 acres 65 Owner cultivator : 5 – 10 acres 66 Owner cultivator : 1- 5 acres 67 Owner cultivator : 0 – 1 acres 68 Tenant cultivator : 5 + acres 69 Tenant cultivator : < 5 acres 70 Plantation Workers 71 Agricultural Labour 72 : Other agricultural workers

73 to 80 Non Cultivators

73 Live Stock Farming 74 Diary Farming 75 Poultry Farming 76 Shepherds 77 Forest Produce Gatherers 78 Hunters and Trappers 79 Fisherman/ Fisherwoman 80 Other agricultural workers

81 to 86 Non Worker

81 House wife/husband 82 Student not working 83 Employment seeker 84 Political Activist/ Missionary 85 Any other 86 Not Ascertained

Political Parties (for V 220, 221, 222)

01 Congress 02 BJP 03 Janata Dal (United ) 04 CPI 05 CPI(M) 06 BSP 07 Lok Shakti 08 Other smaller parties 09 Trinamool Congress 10 NCP (Pawar) 11 Lok Dal (Ajit) 12 Tamil Manila Congress 13 Loktantrik Congress (UP) 14 Shiv Sena 15 IUML 16 Janata Dal (Secular) 17 Samajwadi Party 18 Samata 19 Biju Janata Dal 20 RJD 21 RSP 22 CPI(ML) 23 MCC (Roy) 24 Forward Bloc 25 RPI (Ambedkar) 26 RPI (Athavale) 27 HVC (SukhRam) 28 HVP 29 INLDR 30 Akali Dal 31 Akal Dall (mann) 32 Akali Dal (Tohra) 33 JMM 34 AGP 35 TUJS 36 PWP 37 DMK 38 AIADMK 39 MDMK 40 PMK 41 TRC (Ramamurthy) 42 Kerala Congress 43 KCJ 44 TDP (Naidu) 45 TDP(ntr) 46 ATBP (Assam) 98 Don’t Know/ Cant Say 99 Refused

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India Component of the

Sampling Procedure

As part of the India component of the World Values Survey, it was decided to conduct 2000 face-to-face . A rigorous was employed to generate the target for the study. The survey was conducted in 18 states of India, which covered nearly 97 % of the nation‘s population.

40 districts in the country were identified for the purpose of the survey (a little less than 1/10 of the districts in the country: 466 districts as per 1991 ). The 40 districts were spread across the 18 states, in which the survey was conducted keeping in mind the population of the states, even while ensuring that the survey was conducted in at least one district in each of the sampled states1.

Within each state, the district/s in which the survey was to be conducted was selected by circular (PPS: Probability Proportion to Size). Once all the 40 districts were selected, the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament) constituency that covered the district was identified. If the sampled district had more than one Lok Sabha constituency, the one, which had a larger proportion of the district‘s electorate, was selected.

The next stage in the sampling process was the selection of 2 State Assembly (Lower House of the State Legislature) constituencies in each of the sampled 40 Lok Sabha constituencies2. Circular Sampling (PPS: Probability Proportion to Size) was once again employed. Thus, 80 Assembly Constituencies in 40 Lok Sabha constituencies (in 40 districts) were selected. Subsequently, a polling booth area in each of the 80 sampled Assembly constituencies was selected by simple circular sampling method.

Table 1

1 To ensure the `representativeness` of the sample, the number of respondents selected in each state was in consonnance with the states share in the national population. This is discussed later in this note.

2 In India, every Lok Sabha constituency covers a specified number of Assembly constituencies. While the number of Assembly constituencies within a Lok Sabha constituency would vary from state to state, the number is the same within a state.

NAMES OF STATES, NUMBER OF DISTRICTS AND POLLING BOOTH AREAS INCLUDED IN SAMPLE AND STATE WISE BREAK UP OF SAMPLE

State Number Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Percentage Percentage of Districts in Polling Responden Responden Responden of State of State Responde Sample Booth ts per ts in each ts actually Sample to Population nts Areas in District survey area Interviewe National to National included Sample d Sample Population in Sample (among (1991 those census) interviewe d) Andhra 180 3 6 60 30 152 7.6 7.86 Pradesh Assam 74 1 2 74 37 60 3.0 2.65 Bihar 186 3 6 62 31 147 7.4 10.21* Jharkhand 72 2 4 36 18 61 3.0 Gujarat 120 2 4 60 30 100 5.0 4.88 Haryana 60 1 2 60 30 50 2.5 1.95 Karnataka 120 2 4 60 30 108 5.4 5.31 Kerala 80 2 4 40 20 71 3.6 3.43 Madhya 140 2 4 70 35 115 5.8 7.83** Pradesh Chattisgarh 56 1 2 56 28 47 2.3 Maharashtr 208 4 8 54 47 195 9.7 9.33 a Orissa 80 2 4 40 20 68 3.4 3.74 Punjab 72 1 2 72 36 48 2.4 2.39 Rajasthan 120 2 4 60 30 102 5.1 5.21 Tamil Nadu 148 2 4 74 37 130 6.5 6.58

Uttar 408 6 12 68 34 330 16.5 16.43 Pradesh West Bengal 180 3 6 60 30 173 8.6 8.04 Delhi 50 1 2 50 25 45 2.2 1.12 Others - - - 0.0 3.04 All India 2354 40 80 2002 100.00 100.00 * In 1991, Bihar and Jharkhand were one state ** In 1991, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh were one state

The number of respondents to be interviewed in each state was determined on the basis of the proportion of the states share in the national population. This was equally divided among the polling booth areas that were sampled in a state. The number of respondents in the polling booth area was the same within a state, but varied from state to state.

In a polling booth area, the respondents were selected from the electoral rolls (voters list) by circular sampling with a random first number. While drawing up the random list of respondents to be interviewed in every sampled polling booth area, the number of target respondents was increased by nearly 20 %. This was done in view of the fact that the field investigators were required to only those respondents whose names were included in the sample list. No replacements or alteration in the list of sampled respondents was permitted. Previous survey experience has shown that it has never been possible for the investigator to interview all those included in the list of sampled respondents. A wide range of factors is responsible for the same3. The investigators were told to make every effort to interview all those included in the list of respondents. In the event of the investigator not being able to complete an interview, they were asked to record the reason for the same.

Such a rigorous method of sampling was followed in order to obtain as representative a national sample as possible. The analysis of the sample profile clearly indicates that the detailed and objective criteria employed has eminently served its purpose as the sample mirrors the nation‘s social, economic, political, cultural and religious diversity.

3 The reasons include : a) Death of respondent; b) Respondent had shifted residence; c) Faulty entry in the electoral roll; d) Inability to locate the residential address of respondent; e) Respondent refused to grant the interview; f) Respondent was unable to sit through the interview wither due to poor health, lack of time or unable to understand the issues raised .

WORLD VALUES SURVEY 2000

Methodological questionnaire PLEASE WRITE IN THE NAME OF YOUR COUNTRY: INDIA

Section 1: the questionnaire

1. Was the WVS questionnaire translated or adapted in any way from the English master questionnaire?

Yes : Translated into ten Indian languages / A few modifications were undertaken in response categories for the scale answer questions Yes ANSWER Q2

No GO TO Q3

IF QUESTIONNAIRE TRANSLATED/ADAPTED 2a. Who carried out the translation of the questionnaire?

A specialist translator

A member of the research team The Coordinator for the concerned state

Other (PLEASE WRITE DETAILS BELOW )

b. Was the translated questionnaire then back-translated into English?

Yes Yes it was

No

c. Was the translated questionnaire pre-tested?

Yes ANSWER d YES

No GO TO e

d. IFYES How was the questionnaire pre-tested? How many pre-tests were carried out? PLEASE WRITE IN: For each of the 10 languages the pre test was done on a sample of 5 each e. Were there any questions or concepts that caused particular problems when being translated into your language?

Yes ANSWER f There were several concepts and questions: mor esepcifically v75/ v76/ v103/v175/v208/v212/v229/

No GO TO Q3

IF YES f. Which questions or concepts caused particular problems? PLEASE WRITE IN: v75/ v76/ v103/v175/v208/v212/v229/

g. How were these problems solved? PLEASE WRITE IN:

By developing new phrases close to the original statement or using it in the context of EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 3. Did you use other questionnaires to make the WVS questionnaire

NO the German questionnaire the French questionnaire

Other (PLEASE WRITE IN BELOW )

4. Have any optional WVS questions and/or items been included?

NO

No

Yes (PLEASE WRITE IN QUESTION AND/OR ITEMNUMBERS BELOW ) 5. Were country-specific questions, and/or items i. e. neither compulsery nor optional WVS questions, or questions included in the survey?

NO

No country-specific questions included GO TO Q7

Country-specific questions were included ANSWER Q6

IF THERE WERE COUNTRY-SPECIFIC QUESTIONS 6. Were country specific questions included at the end of the questionnaire, just before the demographics? NO

Yes GO TO Q7

No GO TO Q6a

6a Please indicate the location of the country-specific questions which were not at the end of the questionnaire WRITE IN BELOW

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 7. Were all questions asked in the prescribed order?

YES Yes No

8. Were all core WVS questions included in your questionnaire (by core we mean all items except those that were optional)? YES

No - some question(s) from WVS questionnaire not included ANSWER Q9

No - some demographic question(s) not included ANSWER Q9

Yes - all questions included SECTION 2

IF ANY CORE WVS QUESTIONS WERE NOT INCLUDED 9. Please write in details of the items and the reasons why they were not included.

WVS question number or description of question:

Reason(s) not included: Section 2: Sampling

10. Was your sample designed to be representative of the entire population, i. e. 18 years and older, of your country?

YES Statement on sample included Yes ` GO TO Q12

No ANSWER Q11

IF NOT DESIGNED TO BE REPRESENTATIVE 11. Which groups were excluded from, under-represented or over-represented in your sample design?

Excluded (PLEASE SPECIFY):

Over-represented: (PLEASE SPECIFY):

Under-represented (PLEASE SPECIFY):

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 12. What was the lower age cut-off for your sample?

18

Yes - please write in cut-off

No cut-off

13. Was there any upper age cut-off for your sample?

There was cut off age / as all those in the voters jad a chance of figuring in the sample

Yes - please write in cut-off

No cut-off

14. What were the different stages in your sampling procedure? PLEASE WRITE IN:

Enclosed in sampling note

15. What was the final number of clusters or sampling points?

Enclosed in sampling note

No clusters

WRITE IN:

16. What was the sampled unit you got from office sampling? Named individual Address ANSWER Q17

Household ANSWER Q17

Named individual GO TO Q18

Other (PLEASE WRITE IN DETAILS BELOW) ANSWER Q17

IF NAMED INDIVIDUAL WAS NOT THE SAMPLED UNIT 17. What selection method was used to identify a respondent? PLEASE SPECIFY:

18. Were there any quota-controls on the type of individual selected to take part in the survey (for example, age or sex controls)?

Enclosed in sampling note

Yes ANSWER Q19

No GO TO Q20 IF QUOTA CONTROLS 19. In what way were quota controls used? PLEASE WRITE IN:

Enclosed in sampling note

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 20. Was substitution permitted at any stage of your selection process or during fieldwork?

NO

Yes ANSWER Q21

No GO TO Q22

IF YES 21. In what way was substitution permitted? PLEASE WRITE IN: EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 22. Did you use any stratification factors when drawing your sample?

Enclosed in sampling note Yes ANSWER Q23

No GO TO Q24

IF STRATIFICATION FACTORS USED 23. What stratification factors were used, and at what stage(s) of selection? PLEASE WRITE IN:

Enclosed in sampling note

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 24. All in all, what are the known limitations of your realized sample?

For example: non-response rate; is there differential coverage of particular groups, either because of sample design or response differences?

% response or % non-response: PLEASE WRITE IN: the sample reflects the larger Indian population 25. Please fill in the following details about your sample. If some categories do not apply, please complete to the highest level of detail possible and use the ‘other box to give more information.

Total number of starting names/addresses 2354

- addresses which could not be traced at all 56

- addresses established as empty, demolished or containing no private dwellings 39

- selected respondent too sick/incapacitated to participate 29

- selected respondent away during survey period 62

- selected respondent had inadequate understanding of language of survey 27

- no contact at selected address 76

- no contact with selected person 31

- refusal at selected address 34

- proxy refusal (on behalf of selected respondent) -

- personal refusal by selected respondent -

- other type of unproductive (please write in full details in the box below) - full productive interview 2002

- partial productive interview

IF OTHER CATEGORY USED 26. Please specify

Section 3: Fieldwork

27. If interviews were not face-to-face, please specify the way of interviewing:

Face to face interviews

28. The next group of questions are about interviewers. If no interviewers were used at any point in the WVS survey, please go to Q32.

IF INTERVIEWERS USED a. Were interviewers paid according to performance (for example, according to the number of interviews they obtained)?

The survey was conducted in 40 survey areas. For each survey area an investigator was sent and asked to completed a specified number of interviews which were in the 40 to 60 range. All investigators were paid the same amount Yes

No b. Which, if any, of these rules governed how an interviewer approached an address/household? PLEASE TICK THOSE THAT APPLY

Calls must be made at different times of day

Calls must be made on different days of week

Neither of the above

c. Were interviewers required to make a certain number of re-calls before they stopped approaching an address or household?

Minimum number of re-calls required - please write in number

No minimum re-call requirement

The investigators were asked to make as many calls as was permissable in the time they were in the survey area d. Were any interviews supervised?

Yes - please write in approximate proportion %

No

10 % of interviews were randomly checked by the State coordinators e. Were any interviews back-checked?

Yes - please write in approximate proportion %

No

10 % of interviews were randomly checked by the State coordinators EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 29. Please write in the approximate start and end dates of fieldwork. D D M M Y Y

August 20 2001 to October 15, 2001

Start date

End date

30. Please write in the name of the institute which has done the fieldwork.

Dept of Political Science, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India ______

Section 4: Data

31. Were any measures of coding reliability employed?

YES Yes ANSWER Q31a

No

31a. Which one? Please specify

The code categories were clearly identified in the questionnaire / each investigator was given a detailed code book

32. Were the data from the questionnaire keyed subsequent to the interview (that is, non-CAPI surveys)?

YES Yes ANSWER Q33 No GO TO Q34

IF DATA KEYED 33. Was keying verified?

YES

Yes - please write in approximate level of verification %

In case of every entry there was a cross verification/ check No

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 34. Were any reliability checks made on derived variables?

Yes

No

35. Were data checked/edited to ensure that filter instructions were followed correctly? YES

Yes

No

36. Were data checked/edited for logic or consistency?

Yes

No

37. Were data checked/edited to ensure they fell within permitted coding ranges?

Yes

No

38. Have you answered ‘yes on any or all of questions 32 to 34 above? Yes ANSWER Q39

No GO TO Q40

IF DATA CHECKED/EDITED 39. Were errors corrected individually or automatically (through, for example, a ‘forced edit)?

Individually Yes - individual correction

Yes - automatic correction

No - not corrected

EVERYONE PLEASE ANSWER 40. Did you add a weight variable?

NO

Yes ANSWER Q.41

No SECTION 5

IF WEIGHT VARIABLE ADDED 41. Please describe the weighting or post-stratification strategy used. Section 5: Characteristics of National Population

45. Each WVS member is asked to provide information on known characteristics of its national population, from census or the best available estimates from surveys or other high- quality data-sources:

• sex distribution of the population Male : 51.72 Female : 48.28 • age distribution of the population Less than 6 : 17.94 %; 7-14 years : 19.31%; 15 –59 years : 55.43%; 60 years plus : 6.76 %; not known : 0.56 % • education (years of schooling) of the population Literate 65.38 Illiterate 34.62 • other characteristics (PLEASE SPECIFY) Urban : 27.79 Rural : 72.21

Please specify also the sources which have been used. Please note that the number of characteristics is what is minimal required. You can add as many characteritics as you like, but do not forget to specify them.

• In the table below please present the information from census or from other government surveys or other high- Source: Unweighted data Weighted data Gender Female % 48.28 % Male % 51.72 % Age Groups Less than 6 % 17.94 % 7- 14 years % 19.31 % 15-59 years % 55.43 % 60 years and more % 6.76 % Not known % 0.56 % % % % % % % % % Years/Schooling Groups Literate % 65.38 % Illiterate % 34.62 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Other characteristics Please specify Urban % 27.79 % Rural % 62.21 % % % % %

THANK YOU VERY MUCH !

PLEASE RETURN THE QUESTIONNAIRE TO JAIME DIEZ MEDRANO [email protected]