Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty T10 Area Method Historic Environment Background Theme Supplementary Action Plans Theme 10: Routeways in the Landscape This document forms part of a suite of documents which together comprise the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB Historic Environment Action Plans. The HEAPs provide a summary of the key characteristics of the historic environment of the AONB at a landscape scale, they then set out the significance, condition and forces for change affecting the historic fabric and character of this special landscape and identify proactive actions to conserve and enhance these special characteristics. These summaries are divided into two groups: 1. Summaries of the historic environment of the AONB by area 2. Summaries of the historic environment of the AONB by theme These core documents are accompanied by documents which provide background information, supplementary information and detail on the methodologies used to create these documents. A series of icons help you navigate this suite of documents: Background - Provides an introduction to the AONB Historic Environment B Action Plans and provides background information on the history and archaeology of the landscape (B1 to B10) Area - Summarises key characteristics of discrete geographical areas A within the AONB, they then set out the significance, condition and forces for change affecting the historic fabric and character of each area and identify proactive actions to conserve and enhance its characteristics (A1 to A12) Theme - Summarises key characteristics of historic environment themes, T each document then sets out the significance, condition and forces for change affecting the historic fabric and character of each theme and identify proactive actions to conserve and enhance its characteristics (T1 to T14) Supplementary - A series of documents which explore supplementary S issues of relevance to the Historic Environment Action Plans (S1 to S2) Method - Introduces the methodology behind the production of the M Historic Environment Action Plans (M1 to M3) Contents Introducing the Theme Statements......................................................................... 1 Introduction to Theme 10: Routeways in the Landscape........................................ 1 Summary of Key Characteristics............................................................................. 2 Linkages to other Historic Landscape Character Statements................................. 2 History and Context ................................................................................................ 3 Key Secondary Sources ......................................................................................... 4 Character of the Network........................................................................................ 5 Landscape Scale Characteristics and Components ............................................... 6 Historic Environment Actions................................................................................ 16 Introducing the Theme Statements Fourteen distinct Historic Landscape Themes have been identified in the AONB. These were chosen by the HEAP Steering group as representing the topics which best encapsulate the historic character of the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB. The theme descriptions aim to provide an overview of each theme which encapsulates the main features of the Historic Environment present and include both the archaeological and historical, the very old and the more recent. The process through which the Historic Landscape Character themes were identified, and mapped, and the sources of information used to create these descriptions is documented in the methodological statement ‘Creating and Describing Historic Character Themes’. Introduction to Theme 10: Routeways in the Landscape “a traveller is highly indebted to your lordship for adding to his pleasure and advantage, in receiving the Roman method of placing a numbered stone at every mile, and the living index of a tree to make it more observable” William Stukeley 1723 The aims of this document are not to provide a potted history of the travel in the AONB but instead to provide an overview of the key historic characteristics of the network of routeways in the AONB and to focus on evidence of physical surviving remains in today’s landscape. From linear Roman roads, high airy Ridgeway’s, sunken hollow ways, and green lane routeways all are intrinsic parts of what makes this living landscape special. Tisbury Station 1961 Reproduced with the permission of the Tisbury Local History Society 1 Summary of Key Characteristics . Complex system of roads, paths and bridleways, especially dense though the Vale of Wardour, Cranborne Chase and chalk valley bottoms but open and widely spread in other areas. Number of routes across formerly open downland and former common land condensed into one legal Right of Way. Large numbers of green lanes, sunken lanes, and abraded routes. Historic fords and clapper bridges marking historic crossing points survive in chalk valley bottoms but are often now secondary routes. Key east-west ancient track ways and routeways following the higher Chalk ridges in use at least from the Medieval period. These possibly have Pre Roman origins. Highly visible and often contentious features of the landscape existing as byways and bridleways for much of their length. Legacy of access routes striking directly up the slopes onto downland areas from lower ground. The Roman Road between Badbury Rings and Old Sarum, known as the Ackling Dyke, is a highly legible feature in the landscape and is a Scheduled Ancient Monument along much of its length. Badbury Rings is also an important landscape feature not just as an Iron Age Hill Fort but as a major Roman Road junction. Modern network of main roads established by the Turnpike Trusts AD 1700- 1800. Legacy still present in the landscape through network of Toll Houses, milestones and mileposts, though often not visible. Two 19th century railways still key features and communication routes through the AONB. Importance of lost railway branch lines relating to 20th century military activity under appreciated. Relatively small impact of 20th century road improvements with the exception of the A303 and junction with A36. Linkages to other Historic Landscape Character Statements This statement forms one of 14 AONB wide Historic Landscape Character Theme descriptions. These are accompanied by a series of 12 Historic Landscape Character Area descriptions which cover the whole of the AONB. These documents together build up a picture of the key characteristics of the Historic Environment of the AONB at a landscape scale. These statements combined inform the Historic Environment Action Plans created for the AONB landscape. Other Themes of particular relevance to this theme are: Theme 1: Ancient Boundaries and Land Ownership All the Historic Landscape Character Areas are of relevance to this theme. to 2 History and Context When we use the term ‘routeways’, what we are actually describing are the routes that we use to move through the landscape. We choose to use the quickest route, the most economical in terms of resources or energy or the most picturesque. We choose to travel large distances between places and regions to access economic markets, to explore, and to visit acquaintances. As the relative importance of places and markets shift, so does the relative importance of different routes. We also use routeways to access our local surroundings. We use them to navigate the cities, towns and villages in which we live; the fields and woodlands surrounding those settlements; and to access resources such as food, fuel and raw materials. Sometimes we use routes for health to take exercise, clear our minds and to get some fresh air. We also use routeways for the transportation of goods and of animals. Our choice of route is constrained by where we have permission to go, by the topography in front of us and the condition of the routeways themselves. The routes, therefore, that we choose to take through the landscape not only have a functional and economic component, but symbolic and aesthetic aspects as well. These factors were the same in the past. The major shift that has occurred in the last century has been the increased dominance of the car and lorry (with a brief dominance of the railways in the century before) whereas for millennia before these journeys were undertaken on foot, on horse back, and using horse drawn transportation (water borne transportation is a less important element in the AONB than elsewhere, due to the shallow and variable flow rates on the chalk streams). Routeways are an understudied and underappreciated component of the historic landscape. This is partly due to their linear nature. They are not easily encapsulated by the point based Historic Environment Records although their individual components may be captured. Similarly, the newer evidence base of Historic Landscape Characterisation and its ‘area’ approach often fails to capture the nuances of the historic network of routeways. In modern day terms, what we are discussing in terms of the AONB are the historic character of the network of public roads, private roads and tracks, permissive access, footpaths, bridleways and un-metalled byways and railway lines. Plus extinct routeways which are none the less still legible in the landscape, such as the former line of Roman Roads. The character