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Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon DEBRA S

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Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon DEBRA S QUATERNARY RESEARCH 43, 370-381 (1995) Postglacial Vegetation and Climate of the Cascade Range, Central Oregon DEBRA S. SEA Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403 AND CATHY WHITLOCK1 Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene. Oregon 97403 Received December 15, 1994 radiation. These hemispheric and continent-wide climate Pollen data from two sites provide information on the postgla- controls affected temperature and precipitation gradients cial vegetation and climate history of the Cascade Range. Indian within the region, as well as the location and intensity of Prairie in the western Cascade Range was colonized by subalpine atmospheric circulation features. A series of biological forests of Pinus, Picea, and Tsuga and open meadows prior to ca. — responses to the climate changes included species range 12,400 4t., yr B.P. The treeline lay 500 to 1000 m below its mod- adjustments, creation and dissolution of plant communi- ern elevation and conditions were cooler than at present. From ca. ties, and broad shifts in the composition of biomes (Whit- 12,400 to ca. 9950 14C yr B.P. Abies became important and the forest resembled that presently found at middle elevations in the lock, 1992; Thompson et al., 1993). western Cascade Range. The pollen record implies a rise in tree- Our understanding of the vegetational response to en- line and warmer conditions than before. From ca. 10,000 to 4000- vironmental changes in the Pacific Northwest is drawn 4500 14C yr B.P., conditions that were warmer and effectively largely from pollen records obtained from the lowlands of drier than today led to the establishment of a closed forest com- western Washington, southwestern British Columbia, posed of Pseudotsuga, Abies, and, at lower elevations, Quercus and western Oregon (Whitlock, 1992 and references and Corylus. During this period, Gold Lake Bog in the High therein; Hebda, 1995; Worona and Whitlock, 1995). The Cascades was surrounded by closed forest of Pinus and Abies. The vegetation history of the Cascade Range, in contrast, early-Holocene pollen assemblages at both Indian Prairie and stands out as an area that has received little study. De- Gold Lake Bog lack modern analogues, and it is likely that spite the large number of natural wetlands suitable for greater-than-present summer radiation fostered unique climatic paleoecologic investigations, only the late-Holocene veg- conditions and vegetation associations at middle and high eleva- tions. In the late Holocene, beginning ca. 4000-4500 "C yr B.P., etation history of Mt. Rainier has been described (Dun- cooler and more humid conditions prevailed and the modern veg- widdie, 1986). The Mt. Rainier data suggest the develop- etation was established. A comparison of these sites with others in ment of modern forest associations in the past 4000 yr, the Pacific Northwest suggests that major patterns of vegetational but they tell little about antecedent conditions or the na- change at individual sites were a response to large-scale changes in ture of past vegetation along the main Cascade crest. In the climate system that affected the entire region. ©1995 University of the absence of mountain records, information on the en- Washington. vironmental history of the Cascade Range rests largely on inferences drawn from paleoecologic data in adjacent lowlands. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we extend the coverage of paleoecologic sites in the Cascade Range by reporting on pollen records The Pacific Northwest has experienced dramatic envi- from Indian Prairie (Latitude 44°38N, Longitude ronmental changes in the past 20,000 yr as the region 122°3430" W, elevation 988 m) and Gold Lake Bog (Lat- shifted from glacial to interglacial conditions. The re- itude 43°39N, Longitude 122°0230" W, elevation 1465 m) gional changes are ascribed to large-scale changes in the in central Oregon. These data disclose the vegetational global climate system caused by variations in the size of and climatic history of middle and high elevations during the Laurentide ice sheet and the seasonal cycle of solar the past 14,000 yr and help elucidate the response of mountain forests to the suite of postglacial environmental 1 To whom correspondence should be addressed. conditions that affected the Pacific Northwest. 370 0033-5894/95 $6.00 Copyright © 1995 by the University of Washington. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. POSTGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE OREGON CASCADES 371 MODERN SETTING AND STUDY SITES The present-day diversity of vegetation and climate in the Pacific Northwest arises from an interplay between westerly maritime air masses and the north—south- trending Coast Range and Cascade Range. Winters west of the Cascade crest are cool and wet as a result of cy- clonic storms generated from the Aleutian Low; sum- mers, under the influence of the east Pacific Subtropical High, are dry. Within the Cascade Range, increases in precipitation and decreases in temperature with elevation have a direct bearing on the distribution of tree species (Franklin and Dyrness, 1988). The Willamette Valley (120-240 m elevation), on the west side of the Cascade Range, supports woodland of Quercus garryana (Oregon white oak), while Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir); Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple), Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon ash), and Alnus rubra (red alder) are common in riparian settings. At higher elevations (250-1000 m), the Tsuga heterophylla Zone (Franklin and Dyrness, 1988) is dominated by Pseudotsuga, T. heterophylla (western 0 km 50 hemlock), and Thuja plicata (western red cedar). Abies FIG. 1. Map showing location of fossil pollen sites discussed in text. grandis (grand fir) and Pinus monticola (western white pine) are also present as minor components. The Abies amabilis Zone (1000-1500 m elevation) features closed (swordfern), Rhododendron macrophyllum (Pacific forests of A. amabilis (Pacific silver fir), T. heterophylla, rhododendron), Acer circinatum (vine maple), Berberis Abies procera (noble fir), Pseudotsuga, Thuja, and P. nervosa (Oregon grape), Chimaphila umbellata (little monticola. In the southern Cascade Range, Pinus lam- princes pine), Vaccinium spp. (huckleberry), Rubus spp. bertiana (sugar pine), Abies magnifica (California red (blackberry), and Ribes spp. (gooseberry). Alnus sinuata fir), and at lower elevations Abies concolor (white fir) (Sitka alder) grows along the banks of Indian Prairie reach their northern limits. The highest-altitude forests Creek, and the fen supports Carex spp. (sedge), Salix comprise the Tsuga mertensiana Zone (1500-2000 m el- spp. (willow), Poaceae spp. (grass), and other wetland evation). The dominants are T. mertensiana (mountain herbs. hemlock) and A. amabilis, but Abies lasiocarpa (subal- Gold Lake Bog is a 600-ha bog located at the northeast pine fir), A. procera, A. magnifica, Picea engelmannii side of Gold Lake in a glacial trough of late-Pleistocene (Engelmann spruce), and Chamaecyparis nootkatensis age (Fig. 1). Salt Creek flows through the bog and into the (Alaska cedar) are also present. Pinus contorta (lodge- lake. Gold Lake Bog lies in the transition between the pole pine), P. monticola, and Pseudotsuga occur in this Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana zones (Franklin, zone as seral taxa after fire. Forest gives way to a park- 1972; Franklin and Dyrness, 1988). Upland forests con- land of tree islands and meadow communities at ca. 1900 sist of Pseudotsuga, T. mertensiana, Pinus monticola, m elevation. The upper limit of parkland is at ca. 2200 m Pinus contorta, and A. amabilis. The understory is dom- elevation, above which lies alpine tundra (Franklin and inated by Vaccinium spp., Amelanchier alnifolia (Saska- Dyrness, 1988). toon serviceberry), Acer circinatum, Sorbus sitchenisis Indian Prairie is a ca. 17-ha fen located in a north- (Sitka ash), and Rhododendron macrophyllum. The facing cirque valley of presumed late-Pleistocene age at Sphagnum bog supports Picea engelmannii, Abies lasio- the western edge of the Cascade Range (Fig. 1). The fen carpa, Betula glandulosa (bog birch), Alnus sinuata, is seasonally flooded by snow melt in spring and fed by Salix geyeriana, Spiraea douglasii (spirea), and Kalmia ground water and Indian Prairie Creek in summer. Indian microphylla (bog laurel). In 1965 Gold Lake Bog was Prairie lies below the upper limit of the Tsuga hetero- designated a Research Natural Area to protect rare wet- phylla Zone. The surrounding forest has been extensively land plants that grow there. logged and adjacent hillslopes are covered with second- growth forests of Pseudotsuga and A. procera. Pseudo- METHODS tsuga, T. heterophylla, A. amabilis, A. procera, and Taxus brevifolia (western yew) are common on unlogged Sediment cores were recovered from Indian Prairie and slopes. The understory contains Polystichum munitum Gold Lake Bog with a square-rod piston sampler (Wright 372 SEA AND WHITLOCK et al., 1983). Cores were extruded in the field and alpine wormwoods (e.g., A. scopulorum, A. norvegica, wrapped in cellophane and aluminum foil. In the labora- A. trifurcata) or sagebrushes (e.g., A. tripartita, A. tri- tory, cores were sliced longitudinally, and the lithology dentata, A. arbuscula) (Hitchcock and Cronquist, 1973). was described. Samples of 1 cm 3 were taken at 20-cm Pollen percentages and accumulation rates were used intervals for loss-on-ignition analysis to estimate the per- to reconstruct past vegetation. The denominator for ter- cent of organic matter and carbonates in the sediment. restrial
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