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For Official Use Only CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD September 2013 CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT OF INDIA GROUND WATER BROCHURE SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH (AAP-2012-13) BY K. DWARAKANATH SCIENTIST-D SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, GSI Post, Bandlaguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD, Hyderabad-500068 Pin: 121001 Andhra Pradesh HARYANA, INDIA Tel: 040-24225201 Tel: 0129-2418518 Gram: Antarjal Gram: Bhumijal GROUND WATER BROCHURE SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH CONTENTS S.No CHAPTER District at a Glance 1 Introduction 2 Rainfall & Climate 3 Geomorphology & Soil Types 4 Ground Water Scenario 5 Ground Water Management Strategy 6 Ground Water Related Issues and Problems 7 Awareness & Training Activity 8 Areas Notified by CGWA / SGWA 9 Recommendations SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT AT A GLANCE 1. GENERAL INFORMATION Geographical Areas : 5837 sq. km Administrative Divisions District HQ : Srikakulam Mandals : 38 Towns : 6 Villages : 1763 Population : 25,37,593 Average Annual Rainfall : 1067 mm Annual Rainfall (2012) : 1289 mm 2. GEOMORPHOLOGY Major Physiographic Units : Structural hills, pediplains, alluvial plains and coastal plains Major Drainage : Vamsadhara and Nagavali 3. LAND USE (ha) Forest Area : 68,641 Net Area Sown : 3,18,793 4. SOIL TYPE Red soils, Red loams, Sandy loams, Sandy soils, Black soils and Alluvial soils. 5. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES (ha) Dug Wells : 5,647 Tube wells/ Bore wells : 4,538 Tanks/ Ponds : 65,769 Canals : 1,12,894 Other Sources : 2,814 Net Irrigated Area : 1,91,662 6. GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS Dug Wells : 24 7. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Recent : Alluvium Sub-recent : Laterite Gondwana : Sandstones Archaean : Migmatites Charnockites Khondalites 8. Hydrogeology Water Bearing Formations : Hard Rock : Granitic gneisses, Charnockites & Khondalites Soft Rock : Sandstones, Alluvium Pre-monsoon : 1.86 to 12.74 m bgl Depth to Water Level (May, 2012) Post-monsoon : 0.24 to 2.24 m bgl Depth to Water Level (Nov., 2012) 10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION Wells Drilled : 21 Depth Range : 47 to 200 m Discharge : 0.44 to 4.34 lps Transmissivity : 1.21 to 114.45 m2/day 11. GROUND WATER QUALITY Good and suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. 12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2008-09) Annual Replenishable GW : 927.16 MCM Resources Total Draft : 272.17 MCM Projected Demand (2025) : 92.10 MCM for Domestic & Industrial Uses Stage of GW development : 29% 13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Water Management Training Programme: one Date : 22.11.2007 Place : Srikakulam No. of Participants : 32 Mass Awareness Programme : one Date : 3.12.2012 Place : Seethampet No. of Participants : 200 14. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE & RAIN WATER HARVESTING Projects Completed : Nil Projects under Technical Guidance : Nil 15. GROUND WATER CONTROL & REGULATION Over Exploited Mandals : One Critical Mandals : Nil Semi Critical : One Notified Villages : 11 16. MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES Except over exploitation in Ranasthalam mandal no major problem related to ground water is reported in the district. GROUND WATER BROCHURE SRIKAKULAM DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH 1.0 Introduction Srikakulam district is the north eastern district of Andhra Pradesh and classified as a backward district. The district has a coastline of 192 km, and is sandwiched between the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal. It is one of the less populated and literacy districts of the state. The district is endowed by good rainfall, forest wealth, mineral resources and surface water. The district lies between north latitude of 18° 20’ and 19° 10’ and east longitudes of 83° 05’ and 84° 50’ with an aerial extent of 5837 km2. The district is bounded by the Bay of Bengal on the east, northeast and southwest with a coastline of 192 km, Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh on west and south, and Orissa state on north and northwest. Howrah – Chennai broad gauge railway line and NH-5 are passing across the district almost parallel to the coastline. The district headquarters is located at Srikakulam town. The district is divided into three revenue divisions viz., Srikakulam, Palakonda and Tekkali. Further these revenue divisions are divided into 38 revenue mandals (Fig. 1). There are 6 towns 1763 villages in the district. As per the 2011 census the population of the district is 25,37,593. The urban population of the district is 4,36,347 whereas rural population constitutes 22,63,124. The density of population of the district is 462 persons per sq. km. 1.1 Drainage The main rivers drain the district are Vamsadhara and Nagavali. The other important rivers flowing in the district are Suvarnamukhi, Vegavati, Mahendra Tanya and Bahuda. Among the rivers Vamsadhara, Nagavali and Suvarnamukhi are perennial. The general drainage pattern is dendritic to sub-dendritic and occasionally parallel at places. The drainage in western part of the district resembles dendritic type, where as in the central part it is parallel to sub-dendritic. The overall drainage is of medium to coarse textured towards west and north of the district, whereas in central and southern parts it is very coarse. The drainage density varies from less than 0.2 to 1 km/km2. In Palakonda area the density is of 0.6 to 1 km/km2 . While areas with a density of more than 0.2 km/sq.km are observed in Ichapuram, Sompeta, Narasannapeta and Srikakulam. The density is less than 0.2 km/sq.km in plain area of Tekkali and in parts of Pathapatnam. 1.2 Irrigation The Srikakulam district is served with both surface and ground water irrigation sources. Major and medium irrigation projects exist in the district. The total net area irrigated is 191662 ha by means of all sources of irrigation available in the district. Fig.1 Location Map 1.3 CGWB activities The Central Ground Water Board took up long term hydrogeological studies since 1969 with the establishment of Network Hydrograph Stations in various Hydrogeological environments as a part of the all India programme and presently there are 24 such monitoring stations in the district. Ground water investigations for agricultural purposes were carried out in Sompeta area during 1966-68 and for drinking purpose during 1971-72. The systematic hydrogeological surveys were carried out during 1970-1998.As a part of ground water exploration programme Geophysical surveys were carried out during 1999-2000. Ground water exploratory drilling programme was taken up during 1999-2001 in the district in both hard rock and soft rock areas and 21 wells were drilled to evaluate the aquifer properties of deeper aquifers. Hydrogeological investigations were also carried out during the year 2010-11 particularly in the coastal mandals of the district to study seawater ingress. 2.0 Rainfall & Climate The climate of the district is moderate and characterized by high humidity all through the year along with oppressive summer and good seasonal rainfall. The period from December to middle of February is generally the season of fine weather. The average annual rainfall of the district is 1067 mm, which ranges from nil rainfall in January and November to 208 mm in September and October. September and October are the wettest months of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 745 mm in southwest monsoon (June-September), 214 mm in northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec), 18 mm rainfall in Winter (Jan-Feb) and 90 mm in summer (March–May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 70% in southwest monsoon, 20 % in northeast monsoon, 2% in winter and 8 % in summer. The mean monthly rainfall distribution is given in Fig.2. The annual rainfall ranges from 799 mm in 2002 to 1700 mm in 2010. The annual rainfall departure ranges from -25 % in 2002 to 59 % in 2010. The southwest monsoon rainfall contributes about 70% of annual rainfall. It ranges from 557 mm in 2002 to 1100 mm in 2006. The year 2002 experienced drought conditions in the district as the annual rainfall recorded is 25 % less than the long period average (LPA) respectively. The cumulative departure of annual rainfall from LPA is presented in Figure 3. It indicates that, the rainfall departure as on 2011 is positive i.e. 57%, showing rainfall excess. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 1289 mm. Fig.2 : Monthly Rainfall Distribution of long Period Average Fig.3 : Annual Rainfall and Rainfall Departure from LPA The mean daily maximum temperature in the district is about 34°C in May and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 17.5°C in December/ January. Temperature in the district begins to rise from the middle of February till May. With the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature decreases by about 2°C and is more or less uniform during the monsoon period. From October onwards the temperature steeply declines till December/ January. The mean daily maximum temperature increases from coast to west of the district where as mean daily minimum temperature decreases from coast to western part of the district. The relative humidity in the district is of the order of 80 percent in the mornings throughout the year, where as in the evenings the relative humidity varies from about 70 to more than 80 percent Winds in the district are generally light to moderate in speed with some strengthening during summer and the early part of the southwest monsoon season with directions mostly between south and west. 3.0 Geomorphology & Soil Types Geomorphologically the district can be broadly divided into 4 distinct units, viz., structural hills, pediplains, alluvial plains and coastal plains. Major part of the district in the northern and western parts is represented by structural hills i.e. high topographic relief and is characterized by hills forming the extensions of Eastern ghats and exhibits generally a NW-SE trend.