Identificação E Caracterização De Pequenos Rnas Não Codificantes E Genes Alvos Envolvidos Em Estresse Abiótico (Seca E Salinidade) Em Eugenia Uniflora L

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Identificação E Caracterização De Pequenos Rnas Não Codificantes E Genes Alvos Envolvidos Em Estresse Abiótico (Seca E Salinidade) Em Eugenia Uniflora L UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR Identificação e caracterização de pequenos RNAs não codificantes e genes alvos envolvidos em estresse abiótico (seca e salinidade) em Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) María Eguiluz Moya Porto Alegre 2018 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS 1 PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GENÉTICA E BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR Identificação e caracterização de pequenos RNAs não codificantes e genes alvos envolvidos em estresse abiótico (seca e salinidade) em Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) María Eguiluz Moya Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências (Genética e Biologia Molecular). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Rogerio Margis Coorientador: Dr. Frank Guzman Escudero Porto Alegre, abril de 2018 2 INSTITUIÇÕES E FONTES FINANCIADORAS Este trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Genômica e Populações de Plantas, Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brasil, com apoio financeiro da FAPERGS, MCTIC e CNPq. A doutoranda obteve bolsa de estudos de Innovate Peru, Instituição peruana de Inovação (48 meses). 3 À minha família 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Aos meus pais, por sempre me apoiar em todas minhas decisões e acreditar em mim. A minha irmã, pela força, paciência e conselhos fornecidos durante o desenvolvimento da tese. A Lucila, por me acolher na sua casa, me ensinar a cultura brasileira e ser como uma mãe para mim. Ao meu orientador, Rogerio, pela oportunidade de trabalhar sob sua orientação, pela confiança, e principalmente paciência e compreensão no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao meu coorientador, pela orientação, ajuda e amizade brindada neste trabalho. Aos colegas do laboratório LGPP, Isabel, Erika, Henrique, Pabulo, e Débora pelo apoio, amizade, parceria nestes anos de doutorado. Especialmente a Guilherme Cordenonsi e a Nurevey por me ajudar com o português. Aos amigos peruanos e brasileiros, por todas as conversas pelo Skype e todas as viagens pelo Rio Grande do Sul. Ao governo peruano através de Innovate Peru pela concessão da bolsa. Aos componentes da banca, por aceitarem avaliar e contribuir na finalização deste trabalho. Ao Elmo, pelo auxílio e presteza em todos os momentos. 5 SUMÁRIO ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................. 7 RESUMO .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... 10 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................... 12 1.1. Floresta Atlântica ............................................................................... 12 1.2. Familia Myrtaceae .............................................................................. 12 1.3. Eugenia uniflora L. ............................................................................. 13 1.4. Pequenos RNAs não codificantes (sncRNAs) .................................... 15 a) microRNAs (miRNAs) ........................................................................ 15 b) Fragmentos derivados de RNA transportadores (tRFs) ...................... 21 1.5. Os sncRNAs na regulação do estresse .............................................. 25 a) miRNAs .............................................................................................. 25 b) tRFs ................................................................................................... 26 2. OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................... 29 3. DISCUSSÃO E CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ........................................ 30 4. REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................... 35 5. ANEXOS .............................................................................................. 48 6 ABREVIATURAS AF—Floresta Atlântica AGO—Argonauta Ala—Alanina ARF—fator de transcrição responsivo à auxina DCL1—proteína tipo Dicer 1 EST—sequências de expressão etiquetadas do inglês Expressed Sequence Tag Gly—Glicina HEN1—potenciador Hua1 miRNAs—microRNAs mRNAs- RNAs mensageiros NPR1—receptor peptídico natriurético A nt—nucleotídeos PARE-Seq—Análise em paralelo das sequências das extremidades dos RNAs PEG—Polietileno glicol PolII—RNA polimerase II Pre-miRNA—precursor do miRNA Pri-miRNAs—microRNAs primários RISC—complexo de silenciamento induzido por RNA RT-qPCR—Transcrição reversa seguida do PCR quantitativo. Ser—Serina sncRNAs—pequenos RNAs não codificantes sRNAs—pequenos RNAs Thr—Treonina tRFs—fragmentos derivados do RNA transportador tRNA—RNA transportador Tyr—Tirosina Val—Valina 7 RESUMO As plantas, por serem organismos sésseis, enfrentam persistentemente perturbações ambientais adversas denominadas estresses abióticos, sendo as mais importantes, a seca, a salinidade do solo, as temperaturas extremas e a presença de metais pesados. Em resposta, as plantas desenvolveram mecanismos de tolerância, resistência e prevenção para minimizar a influência do estresse, utilizando estratégias de curto prazo para readaptar rápida e eficientemente seu metabolismo. Neste sentido, os pequenos RNAs não codificantes (sncRNAs) são fortes candidatos para realizar este tipo de regulação. Através do sequenciamento de nova geração revelou-se o papel dos sncRNAs na regulação da expressão gênica em nível transcricional e pós- transcricional. Dentre os sncRNAs, os microRNAs (miRNAs) são os mais conhecidos e os fragmentos derivados dos RNAs transportadores (tRFs) são os mais novos e com maiores perspectivas de descobertas futuras. Os miRNAs desempenham papéis regulatórios essenciais tanto no crescimento das plantas quanto no desenvolvimento e resposta ao estresse, enquanto os tRFs, em sua maioria, têm sido associados a respostas de estresse. Eugenia uniflora L., “pitanga” ou a cereja brasileira é uma árvore frutífera nativa da América do Sul que pertence à família Myrtaceae. Ela cresce em diferentes ambientes; florestas, restingas e ambientes áridos e semi-áridos no nordeste brasileiro, sendo uma espécie versátil em termos de adaptabilidade e que desempenha um papel fundamental na manutenção da vegetação costeira arbustiva. Além disso, é muito conhecida por suas propriedades medicinais que são atribuídas aos metabólitos especializados presentes nas folhas e frutos. E. uniflora representa uma fonte fascinante da biodiversidade do germoplasma e tem um grande potencial como fonte de genes para o melhoramento genético. Portanto, a compreensão dos mecanismos que conferem tolerância ao estresse nesta planta é de particular importância. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho é a identificação de sncRNAs (miRNAs e tRFs) por ferramentas de bioinformática e análise do padrão de expressão destes sob condições de estresse abiótico (seca e salinidade), bem como avaliação dos genes envolvidos nesta resposta. 8 No capítulo 1, bibliotecas de DNA, pequenos RNAs (sRNAs) e RNAseq de folhas foram usadas para identificar pre-miRNAs, miRNAs maduros e potenciais alvos destes miRNAs, respectivamente. A montagem de novo do genoma permitiu identificar 38 miRNAs conservados e 28 novos miRNAs. Após a avaliação da expressão destes, 11 conservados, entre eles miR156 e miR170, mostraram variação significativa nas condições de restinga e de estresse induzido por PEG. A maioria deles foram previamente descritos em processos de estresse em outras espécies. 14 novos miRNAs foram avaliados em diferentes tecidos de pitanga mostrando variação significativa no padrão de expressão. Os alvos destes últimos miRNAs foram preditos e validados por RT- qPCR. Eles correspondem a genes de fatores de transcrição e outros genes como transferases ou ATPases e demonstraram o padrão esperado oposto à expressão dos miRNAs. No capítulo 2, as mesmas bibliotecas foram usadas para identificar tRFs conservados na família das Myrtaceae. Para isso, os tRNAs de Eucalyptus grandis e E. uniflora foram anotados e os tRNAs comuns foram utilizados para o ancoramento dos sRNAs. 479 tRFs foram identificados em pitanga, na maioria com 18 nucleotídeos (nt). Um conjunto de 11 tRFs conservados em ambas espécies, assim como seus alvos, foram avaliados em condições de estresse salino e seca demonstrando diferenças significativas dependendo do tipo de estresse. Os alvos identificados correspondem a genes previamente descritos como envolvidos em estresse salino e seca para outras espécies. O presente trabalho apresenta fortes evidências do envolvimento dos miRNAs em processos de desenvolvimento e estresse, assim como dos tRFs na resposta à seca e estresse salino presente em E. uniflora. Além disso, os dados produzidos poderão ser utilizados em estudos funcionais mais aprofundados que servirão para melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de tolerância presentes nesta importante planta. 9 ABSTRACT Plants being sessile organisms, persistently face adverse environmental perturbations termed as abiotic stresses, most important being drought, soil salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metals. They developed several strategies such as tolerance, resistance, and avoidance to minimize stress influence, thus require short-term strategies to quickly and efficiently readapt their metabolism. In this sense,
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