Guide to SATA Hard Disks Installation and RAID Configuration
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Copy on Write Based File Systems Performance Analysis and Implementation
Copy On Write Based File Systems Performance Analysis And Implementation Sakis Kasampalis Kongens Lyngby 2010 IMM-MSC-2010-63 Technical University of Denmark Department Of Informatics Building 321, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Phone +45 45253351, Fax +45 45882673 [email protected] www.imm.dtu.dk Abstract In this work I am focusing on Copy On Write based file systems. Copy On Write is used on modern file systems for providing (1) metadata and data consistency using transactional semantics, (2) cheap and instant backups using snapshots and clones. This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part focuses on the design and performance of Copy On Write based file systems. Recent efforts aiming at creating a Copy On Write based file system are ZFS, Btrfs, ext3cow, Hammer, and LLFS. My work focuses only on ZFS and Btrfs, since they support the most advanced features. The main goals of ZFS and Btrfs are to offer a scalable, fault tolerant, and easy to administrate file system. I evaluate the performance and scalability of ZFS and Btrfs. The evaluation includes studying their design and testing their performance and scalability against a set of recommended file system benchmarks. Most computers are already based on multi-core and multiple processor architec- tures. Because of that, the need for using concurrent programming models has increased. Transactions can be very helpful for supporting concurrent program- ming models, which ensure that system updates are consistent. Unfortunately, the majority of operating systems and file systems either do not support trans- actions at all, or they simply do not expose them to the users. -
VIA RAID Configurations
VIA RAID configurations The motherboard includes a high performance IDE RAID controller integrated in the VIA VT8237R southbridge chipset. It supports RAID 0, RAID 1 and JBOD with two independent Serial ATA channels. RAID 0 (called Data striping) optimizes two identical hard disk drives to read and write data in parallel, interleaved stacks. Two hard disks perform the same work as a single drive but at a sustained data transfer rate, double that of a single disk alone, thus improving data access and storage. Use of two new identical hard disk drives is required for this setup. RAID 1 (called Data mirroring) copies and maintains an identical image of data from one drive to a second drive. If one drive fails, the disk array management software directs all applications to the surviving drive as it contains a complete copy of the data in the other drive. This RAID configuration provides data protection and increases fault tolerance to the entire system. Use two new drives or use an existing drive and a new drive for this setup. The new drive must be of the same size or larger than the existing drive. JBOD (Spanning) stands for Just a Bunch of Disks and refers to hard disk drives that are not yet configured as a RAID set. This configuration stores the same data redundantly on multiple disks that appear as a single disk on the operating system. Spanning does not deliver any advantage over using separate disks independently and does not provide fault tolerance or other RAID performance benefits. If you use either Windows® XP or Windows® 2000 operating system (OS), copy first the RAID driver from the support CD to a floppy disk before creating RAID configurations. -
D:\Documents and Settings\Steph
P45D3 Platinum Series MS-7513 (v1.X) Mainboard G52-75131X1 i Copyright Notice The material in this document is the intellectual property of MICRO-STAR INTERNATIONAL. We take every care in the preparation of this document, but no guarantee is given as to the correctness of its contents. Our products are under continual improvement and we reserve the right to make changes without notice. Trademarks All trademarks are the properties of their respective owners. NVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, DualNet, and nForce are registered trademarks or trade- marks of NVIDIA Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. AMD, Athlon™, Athlon™ XP, Thoroughbred™, and Duron™ are registered trade- marks of AMD Corporation. Intel® and Pentium® are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. PS/2 and OS®/2 are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. Windows® 95/98/2000/NT/XP/Vista are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Netware® is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. Award® is a registered trademark of Phoenix Technologies Ltd. AMI® is a registered trademark of American Megatrends Inc. Revision History Revision Revision History Date V1.0 First release for PCB 1.X March 2008 (P45D3 Platinum) Technical Support If a problem arises with your system and no solution can be obtained from the user’s manual, please contact your place of purchase or local distributor. Alternatively, please try the following help resources for further guidance. Visit the MSI website for FAQ, technical guide, BIOS updates, driver updates, and other information: http://global.msi.com.tw/index.php? func=faqIndex Contact our technical staff at: http://support.msi.com.tw/ ii Safety Instructions 1. -
The Google File System (GFS)
The Google File System (GFS), as described by Ghemwat, Gobioff, and Leung in 2003, provided the architecture for scalable, fault-tolerant data management within the context of Google. These architectural choices, however, resulted in sub-optimal performance in regard to data trustworthiness (security) and simplicity. Additionally, the application- specific nature of GFS limits the general scalability of the system outside of the specific design considerations within the context of Google. SYSTEM DESIGN: The authors enumerate their specific considerations as: (1) commodity components with high expectation of failure, (2) a system optimized to handle relatively large files, particularly multi-GB files, (3) most writes to the system are concurrent append operations, rather than internally modifying the extant files, and (4) a high rate of sustained bandwidth (Section 1, 2.1). Utilizing these considerations, this paper analyzes the success of GFS’s design in achieving a fault-tolerant, scalable system while also considering the faults of the system with regards to data-trustworthiness and simplicity. Data-trustworthiness: In designing the GFS system, the authors made the conscious decision not prioritize data trustworthiness by allowing applications to access ‘stale’, or not up-to-date, data. In particular, although the system does inform applications of the chunk-server version number, the designers of GFS encouraged user applications to cache chunkserver information, allowing stale data accesses (Section 2.7.2, 4.5). Although possibly troubling -
Introspection-Based Verification and Validation
Introspection-Based Verification and Validation Hans P. Zima Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper describes an introspection-based approach to fault tolerance that provides support for run- time monitoring and analysis of program execution. Whereas introspection is mainly motivated by the need to deal with transient faults in embedded systems operating in hazardous environments, we show in this paper that it can also be seen as an extension of traditional V&V methods for dealing with program design faults. Introspection—a technology supporting runtime monitoring and analysis—is motivated primarily by dealing with faults caused by hardware malfunction or environmental influences such as radiation and thermal effects [4]. This paper argues that introspection can also be used to handle certain classes of faults caused by program design errors, complementing the classical approaches for dealing with design errors summarized under the term Verification and Validation (V&V). Consider a program, P , over a given input domain, and assume that the intended behavior of P is defined by a formal specification. Verification of P implies a static proof—performed before execution of the program—that for all legal inputs, the result of applying P to a legal input conforms to the specification. Thus, verification is a methodology that seeks to avoid faults. Model checking [5, 3] refers to a special verification technology that uses exploration of the full state space based on a simplified program model. Verification techniques have been highly successful when judiciously applied under the right conditions in well-defined, limited contexts. -
Designing Disk Arrays for High Data Reliability
Designing Disk Arrays for High Data Reliability Garth A. Gibson School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsbugh PA 15213 David A. Patterson Computer Science Division Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh This research was funded by NSF grant MIP-8715235, NASA/DARPA grant NAG 2-591, a Computer Measurement Group fellowship, and an IBM predoctoral fellowship. 1 Proposed running head: Designing Disk Arrays for High Data Reliability Please forward communication to: Garth A. Gibson School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 412-268-5890 FAX 412-681-5739 [email protected] ABSTRACT Redundancy based on a parity encoding has been proposed for insuring that disk arrays provide highly reliable data. Parity-based redundancy will tolerate many independent and dependent disk failures (shared support hardware) without on-line spare disks and many more such failures with on-line spare disks. This paper explores the design of reliable, redundant disk arrays. In the context of a 70 disk strawman array, it presents and applies analytic and simulation models for the time until data is lost. It shows how to balance requirements for high data reliability against the overhead cost of redundant data, on-line spares, and on-site repair personnel in terms of an array's architecture, its component reliabilities, and its repair policies. 2 Recent advances in computing speeds can be matched by the I/O performance afforded by parallelism in striped disk arrays [12, 13, 24]. Arrays of small disks further utilize advances in the technology of the magnetic recording industry to provide cost-effective I/O systems based on disk striping [19]. -
Fault-Tolerant Components on AWS
Fault-Tolerant Components on AWS November 2019 This paper has been archived For the latest technical information, see the AWS Whitepapers & Guides page: Archivedhttps://aws.amazon.com/whitepapers Notices Customers are responsible for making their own independent assessment of the information in this document. This document: (a) is for informational purposes only, (b) represents current AWS product offerings and practices, which are subject to change without notice, and (c) does not create any commitments or assurances from AWS and its affiliates, suppliers or licensors. AWS products or services are provided “as is” without warranties, representations, or conditions of any kind, whether express or implied. The responsibilities and liabilities of AWS to its customers are controlled by AWS agreements, and this document is not part of, nor does it modify, any agreement between AWS and its customers. © 2019 Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Archived Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Failures Shouldn’t Be THAT Interesting ............................................................................. 1 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud ...................................................................................... 1 Elastic Block Store ........................................................................................................... 3 Auto Scaling .................................................................................................................... -
Building Reliable Massive Capacity Ssds Through a Flash Aware RAID-Like Protection †
applied sciences Article Building Reliable Massive Capacity SSDs through a Flash Aware RAID-Like Protection † Jaeho Kim 1 and Jung Kyu Park 2,* 1 Department of Aerospace and Software Engineering & Engineering Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Computer Software Engineering, Changshin University, Changwon 51352, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] † This Paper Is an Extended Version of Paper Published in the IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE) 2020, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 4–6 January 2020. Received: 14 November 2020; Accepted: 16 December 2020; Published: 21 December 2020 Abstract: The demand for mass storage devices has become an inevitable consequence of the explosive increase in data volume. The three-dimensional (3D) vertical NAND (V-NAND) and quad-level cell (QLC) technologies rapidly accelerate the capacity increase of flash memory based storage system, such as SSDs (Solid State Drives). Massive capacity SSDs adopt dozens or hundreds of flash memory chips in order to implement large capacity storage. However, employing such a large number of flash chips increases the error rate in SSDs. A RAID-like technique inside an SSD has been used in a variety of commercial products, along with various studies, in order to protect user data. With the advent of new types of massive storage devices, studies on the design of RAID-like protection techniques for such huge capacity SSDs are important and essential. In this paper, we propose a massive SSD-Aware Parity Logging (mSAPL) scheme that protects against n-failures at the same time in a stripe, where n is protection strength that is specified by the user. -
Rethinking RAID for SSD Reliability
Differential RAID: Rethinking RAID for SSD Reliability Asim Kadav Mahesh Balakrishnan University of Wisconsin Microsoft Research Silicon Valley Madison, WI Mountain View, CA [email protected] [email protected] Vijayan Prabhakaran Dahlia Malkhi Microsoft Research Silicon Valley Microsoft Research Silicon Valley Mountain View, CA Mountain View, CA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT sult, a write-intensive workload can wear out the SSD within Deployment of SSDs in enterprise settings is limited by the months. Also, this erasure limit continues to decrease as low erase cycles available on commodity devices. Redun- MLC devices increase in capacity and density. As a conse- dancy solutions such as RAID can potentially be used to pro- quence, the reliability of MLC devices remains a paramount tect against the high Bit Error Rate (BER) of aging SSDs. concern for its adoption in servers [4]. Unfortunately, such solutions wear out redundant devices at similar rates, inducing correlated failures as arrays age in In this paper, we explore the possibility of using device-level unison. We present Diff-RAID, a new RAID variant that redundancy to mask the effects of aging on SSDs. Clustering distributes parity unevenly across SSDs to create age dispari- options such as RAID can potentially be used to tolerate the ties within arrays. By doing so, Diff-RAID balances the high higher BERs exhibited by worn out SSDs. However, these BER of old SSDs against the low BER of young SSDs. Diff- techniques do not automatically provide adequate protec- RAID provides much greater reliability for SSDs compared tion for aging SSDs; by balancing write load across devices, to RAID-4 and RAID-5 for the same space overhead, and solutions such as RAID-5 cause all SSDs to wear out at ap- offers a trade-off curve between throughput and reliability. -
Disk Array Data Organizations and RAID
Guest Lecture for 15-440 Disk Array Data Organizations and RAID October 2010, Greg Ganger © 1 Plan for today Why have multiple disks? Storage capacity, performance capacity, reliability Load distribution problem and approaches disk striping Fault tolerance replication parity-based protection “RAID” and the Disk Array Matrix Rebuild October 2010, Greg Ganger © 2 Why multi-disk systems? A single storage device may not provide enough storage capacity, performance capacity, reliability So, what is the simplest arrangement? October 2010, Greg Ganger © 3 Just a bunch of disks (JBOD) A0 B0 C0 D0 A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 Yes, it’s a goofy name industry really does sell “JBOD enclosures” October 2010, Greg Ganger © 4 Disk Subsystem Load Balancing I/O requests are almost never evenly distributed Some data is requested more than other data Depends on the apps, usage, time, … October 2010, Greg Ganger © 5 Disk Subsystem Load Balancing I/O requests are almost never evenly distributed Some data is requested more than other data Depends on the apps, usage, time, … What is the right data-to-disk assignment policy? Common approach: Fixed data placement Your data is on disk X, period! For good reasons too: you bought it or you’re paying more … Fancy: Dynamic data placement If some of your files are accessed a lot, the admin (or even system) may separate the “hot” files across multiple disks In this scenario, entire files systems (or even files) are manually moved by the system admin to specific disks October 2010, Greg -
Network Reliability and Fault Tolerance
Network Reliability and Fault Tolerance Muriel Medard´ [email protected] Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Room 35-212 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 Steven S. Lumetta [email protected] Coordinated Science Laboratory University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 1308 W. Main Street, Urbana, IL 61801 1 Introduction The majority of communications applications, from cellular telephone conversations to credit card transactions, assume the availability of a reliable network. At this level, data are expected to tra- verse the network and to arrive intact at their destination. The physical systems that compose a network, on the other hand, are subjected to a wide range of problems, ranging from signal distor- tion to component failures. Similarly, the software that supports the high-level semantic interface 1 often contains unknown bugs and other latent reliability problems. Redundancy underlies all ap- proaches to fault tolerance. Definitive definitions for all concepts and terms related to reliability, and, more broadly, dependability, can be found in [AAC+92]. Designing any system to tolerate faults first requires the selection of a fault model, a set of possible failure scenarios along with an understanding of the frequency, duration, and impact of each scenario. A simple fault model merely lists the set of faults to be considered; inclusion in the set is decided based on a combination of expected frequency, impact on the system, and feasibility or cost of providing protection. Most reliable network designs address the failure of any single component, and some designs tolerate multiple failures. In contrast, few attempt to handle the adversarial conditions that might occur in a terrorist attack, and cataclysmic events are almost never addressed at any scale larger than a city. -
Identify Storage Technologies and Understand RAID
LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals IdentifyIdentify StorageStorage TechnologiesTechnologies andand UnderstandUnderstand RAIDRAID LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Lesson Overview In this lesson, you will learn: Local storage options Network storage options Redundant Array of Independent Disk (RAID) options LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Anticipatory Set List three different RAID configurations. Which of these three bus types has the fastest transfer speed? o Parallel ATA (PATA) o Serial ATA (SATA) o USB 2.0 LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options Local storage options can range from a simple single disk to a Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID). Local storage options can be broken down into bus types: o Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) o Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE, now called Parallel ATA or PATA) o Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) o Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options SATA drives have taken the place of the tradition PATA drives. SATA have several advantages over PATA: o Reduced cable bulk and cost o Faster and more efficient data transfer o Hot-swapping technology LESSON 4.1_4.2 98-365 Windows Server Administration Fundamentals Local Storage Options (continued) SAS drives have taken the place of the traditional SCSI and Ultra SCSI drives in server class machines. SAS have several