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Enhancing Police and Industry Practice

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Enhancing Police and Industry Practice Enhancin g Police and Industry Practice EU Child Online Safety Project Funded by the European Commission Julia Davidson, Jeffrey DeMarco, Antonia Bifulco, Stefan Bogaerts, Vincenzo Caretti, Mary Aiken, Carly Cheevers, Elisa Corbari, Mia Scally, Janneke Schilder, Adriano Schimmenti, Angelo Puccia Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following for their assistance with this research: Hannah Broadbent and Will Gardner, Childnet; Dr Graham Ritchie, The Office of the Children's Commissioner; UK Council for Child Internet Safety Evidence Group members; ISEC Advisory Board, including John Carr, Claire Lilley and John Brown (NSPCC), Patricia Cartes (Twitter), Mick Moran (Interpol), and Katarzyna Staciwa (Europol CyberCrime Centre); Dr Karen Ciclitira (Psychology, Middlesex University) for her help throughout the project; Conference participants and stakeholders Dave Miles, Annie Mullins, Cathal Delany (Europol) and Julian Milan Platero (Interpol); Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies (CATS) Advisory Group members: John Carr, Ron Giddens, Dr Richard Graham, Professor Paula Nicolson, Peter Spindler, Tink Palmer, Geraldine Thomas; DCC Simon Bailey; Ellouise Long, Natasa Blagojevic-Stokic and Giulia Perasso for support from CATS. Lastly, a special thank you to Mr. Ciaran Haughton from University College Dublin for his hard work over the duration of the project. 1 Contents 1.0 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 5 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 5 Key findings .......................................................................................................................... 8 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 11 2.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.1 Scope of the problems/issues ...................................................................................... 12 2.2 Theoretical foundations ............................................................................................... 14 Globalisation .................................................................................................................. 14 Behavioural disinhibition ................................................................................................ 15 Digital divide ................................................................................................................... 15 Temporal incongruence ................................................................................................. 16 Online CSA offending ..................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Legislative and policy context ...................................................................................... 19 The UNCRC ..................................................................................................................... 19 The European Union ....................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Research Aims and objectives ...................................................................................... 21 2.4 Research design and methodology .............................................................................. 22 Industry case studies ...................................................................................................... 23 Stakeholder interviews ................................................................................................... 23 Police survey .................................................................................................................. 24 Young person survey ...................................................................................................... 25 Young person depth-interviews ..................................................................................... 26 2.5 Ethics process ............................................................................................................... 26 2.6 Literature and policy review ......................................................................................... 27 2.7 Summary and structure of report ................................................................................ 28 3.0 Stakeholder and Industry practice ................................................................................... 30 3.1 Positive narratives and practice in online child protection .......................................... 30 Case Study 1 – Importance of Trust with users and law enforcement ........................... 30 Case Study 2 – Recognizing external expertise and competition ................................... 31 Case Study 3 – Rise of training and onsite collaboration ............................................... 33 Case Study 4 – Combination of efforts, resources and strategies .................................. 33 Brief summary ................................................................................................................ 34 3.2 Expert analysis: Thematic findings from stakeholder interviews ................................. 35 2 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.0 Policing ............................................................................................................................. 48 4.1 Context: Policing sex offences against minors in Cyberspace ...................................... 48 4.2 Policing Online CSA: Descriptive findings from surveys ............................................... 51 Experience with online CSA ............................................................................................ 52 Specialism, training, and preparedness .......................................................................... 55 Partnership and collaboration ........................................................................................ 58 4.3 Inferential Analyses ...................................................................................................... 59 Examining police abilities ............................................................................................... 59 Testing for sample selection differences ........................................................................ 60 Dealing with cybercrime across police ranks.................................................................. 61 Training, preparedness, and quality of investigations in online CSA .............................. 62 Sensitive approaches to victims and offenders .............................................................. 64 Practices and collaboration ............................................................................................ 64 4.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 67 5.0 Youth online behaviour and risk....................................................................................... 69 5.1 Theoretical context of online behaviours amongst digital natives ............................... 69 5.2 Descriptive findings ...................................................................................................... 73 Internet use between the ages of 12 and 16.................................................................. 73 Parental monitoring ....................................................................................................... 75 Relationships, school, and neighbourhood .................................................................... 76 Problematic offline behaviour between ages 12-16 ...................................................... 77 Risky behaviour online ................................................................................................... 78 Harassment experience .................................................................................................. 79 Sexting ............................................................................................................................ 80 Frequency of receiving sexual solicitations online ......................................................... 80 Identifying senders of sexual solicitation ....................................................................... 81 Age and gender of those sending sexual solicitation ..................................................... 81 5.3 Inferential findings ....................................................................................................... 82 Profiles of Youth ............................................................................................................. 82 Profiles at risk of sexual solicitation by adults ................................................................ 83 Vulnerabilities & risk behaviours associated with online sexual solicitation by an adult 84 Formal and informal help-seeking behaviour..................................................................86 Qualitative analysis of depth interviews......................................................................... 87 3 Summary ........................................................................................................................
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