SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS of Gerres Filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829) in MERBOK ESTUARY, KEDAH, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
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SOME BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF Gerres filamentosus (Cuvier, 1829) IN MERBOK ESTUARY, KEDAH, PENINSULAR MALAYSIA by NURUL SHAFIKAH BINTI MOHD NOOR Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science JUNE 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdullillah, thanks to Allah S.W.T, for helping me with his willing giving me this opportunity to finish this study. Because of His guidance and His blessed, I have successfully completed the thesis writing. I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Mansor Mat Isa and my co-supervisor, Dr Khairun Yahya for their support, guidance, encouragement and useful suggestions that helped me in completing this study. Apart from the effort of me, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines from my laboratory mates, Nor Aziella Mohd Rosli, Mohd Zahrizal, Nur Illi Alia and our staff of School of Biological Sciences; En Nazri, Uncle Muthu and En Mutalib and those who helped me either directly or indirectly in contributing to my research activities throughout my study. Special thanks to my friend Tengku Mazhab for your cooperation and support. My sincere thanks to Prof. Madya Ahmad Sofiman Othman, Dean of School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, for giving me the opportunity and providing all the necessary facilities that made my study possible. Finally yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my love ones Hairi Hassan and my beloved family members, especially my mother and my siblings for their supports, encouragement and prayer during the time of my study. You all my greatest inspiration to complete this study. Thank you all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF PLATES xii LIST OF APPENDICES xiv LIST OF PUBLICATIONS xv LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvi ABSTRAK xviii ABSTRACT xx CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The studied species 4 1.3 Objectives 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Fish morphology 8 2.2 Length-weight relationship 10 2.3 Relative condition factor (Kn) 10 2.4 Physical parameters 11 2.4.1 Temperature 12 2.4.2 Conductivity 13 2.4.3 Turbidity 13 2.4 4 Rainfall 14 2.4.5 pH 14 2.4.6 Salinity 15 2.4.7 Dissolved oxygen 15 iii 2.4.8 Water depth 16 2.5 Reproductive biology 17 2.5.1 Sex ratio 17 2.5.2 Methods of spawning and spawning season 18 2.6 Growth parameter 19 2.6.1 Mortality rates 20 2.6.2 Recruitment pattern 20 CHAPTER 3: LENGTH WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS AND CONDITION FACTOR OF Gerres filamentosus CUVIER 1829, (PISCES: GERREIDAE) IN MERBOK ESTUARY, KEDAH 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Objectives 24 3.3 Materials and Methods 25 3.3.1 Sampling site 25 3.3.2 Measurement of physical parameters 28 3.3.3 Fish sample collection 29 3.3.4 Sampling gear 29 3.3.5 Laboratory work 30 3.3.6 Data analysis 31 3.3.6.1 Length weight relationship(LWR) 31 3.3.6.2 Relative condition factor (Kn) 32 3.4 Results 34 3.4.1 Length weight relationship 34 3.4.2 Relative condition factor (Kn) 38 3.4.2.1 Relative condition factor (Kn) in different length class 38 3.4.2.2 Relative condition factor (Kn) in different months 40 3.4.2 .3 Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and physical parameters 42 3.5 Discussion 53 3.6 Conclusion 59 iv CHAPTER 4: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF Gerres filamentosus CUVIER, 1829 (PISCES: GERREIDAE) IN MERBOK ESTUARY, KEDAH 4.1 Introduction 60 4.2 Objectives 62 4.3 Materials and Methods 63 4.3.1 Sampling procedures 63 4.4 Laboratory works 63 4.4.1 Length and weight measurement 63 4.4.2 Gonad exraction and weight 63 4.4.3 Macroscopic observation of gonads 64 4.4.4 Microscopic observation of gonads 67 4.5 Results 76 4.5.1 Identification of gonads 76 4.5.1.1 The macroscopic structure of maturity stages for male G.filamentosus 77 4.5.1.2 The macroscopic structure of maturity stages for female G.filamentosus 79 4.5.1.3 The microscopic structure of maturity stages for male G.filamentosus 83 4.5.1.4 The microscopic structure of maturity stages for female G. filamentous 86 4.5.2 Sex ratio 91 4.5.3 Monthly gonad maturity stage 93 4.5.4 Gonadosomatics index 95 4.5.5 The relation between gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male and female Gerres filamentosus with rainfall and relative condition factor (Kn) 96 4.6 Discussion 99 4.7 Conclusion 107 v CHAPTER 5: GROWTH, MORTALITY AND RECRUITMENT PATTERN OF Gerres filamentosus CUVIER 1829, (PISCES: GERREIDAE) IN MERBOK ESTUARY, KEDAH 5.1 Introduction 108 5.2 Objectives 110 5.3 Materials and Methods 111 5.3.1 Data analysis 111 5.3.1.1 Length-weight relationship 111 5.3.1.2 Length frequency data 111 5.4 Results 116 5.4.1 Growth parameters estimation 116 5.4.1.1 Powell-Wetherall plot 116 5.4.1.2 ELEFAN 1(K-scan) 117 5.4.1.3 ELEFAN 1(Response surface) 118 5.4.1.4 ELEFAN 1(Automatic search) 119 5.4.1.5 ELEFAN 1(Von Bertalanffy Growth Function) 119 5.4.2 Growth performance index 121 5.4.3 Mortality parameter estimation 123 5.4.3.1 Length-converted Catch Curve 123 5.4.3.2 Natural Mortality 124 5.4.4 Length at First Capture (Lc) 125 5.4.5 Recruitment pattern 126 5.5 Discussion 128 5.6 Conclusion 134 vi CHAPTER 6: GENERAL DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 6.1 General discussion 135 6.2 Conclusion 138 6.3 Recommendation 140 REFERENCES 142 APPENDICES 161 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 The length weight relationship of male and female of Gerres filamentosus in Merbok estuary, Kedah……………………… 35 Table 3.2 Spearman correlation ( ) between physical parameters in Merbok Estuary with significant level see …………………... 52 Table 3.3 The parameter of length-weight relationship of Gerres filamentosus from different regions of the world (TL= Total Length, Fl = Fork Length)…………………………………… 56 Table 4.1 (a) Observation of testis and maturity stages characteristic using macroscopic technique………………………………………. 65 Table 4.1 (b) Observation of ovaries and maturity stages characteristic using macroscopic technique………………………………… 66 Table 4.2 The summarize workflow for histological procedure of gonads Gerres filamentosus………………………………… 74 Table 4.3 (a) Observation of testis and maturity stages characteristic using microscopic techniques………………………………........... 85 Table 4.3 (b) Observation of ovaries and maturity stages characteristic using microscopic techniques……………………………….. 90 Table 5.1 The value of L∞ ranged from 18.00 to 22.500 and K ranged from 0.100 to 5.000 with respect to Rn = 0.316…………………………………………………………. 118 Table 5.2 Growth parameters (L∞, K and growth performance index (Ø’) for Gerres filamentosus and other gerreids from different regions of the world……………………………….. 122 Table 5.3 The natural mortality of Gerres filamentosus, M =2.207 estimated using a Pauly’s equation………………………….. 124 Table 5.4 The growth and mortality estimation for Gerres filamentosus in Merbok estuary, Kedah……………………………………. 127 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1 Morphological structures of a Gerres filamentosus….. 9 Figure 3.1 Map of the fish sampling station and the physical parameters sampling stations in Merbok Estuary……. 26 Figure 3.2 (a) Length-weight relationship for males of Gerres filamentosus………………………………………………… 36 Figure 3.2 (b) Graphs with the regression equation and coefficient (r2) for males of Gerres filamentosus……………………….. 36 Figure 3.3 (a) Length-weight relationship for females of Gerres filamentosus……………………………………………….. 37 Figure 3.3 (b) Graphs with the regression equation and coefficient (r2) for females of Gerres filamentosus............................... 37 Figure 3.4 (a) Relative condition factor (Kn) in different length class for males Gerres filamentosus……………………………. 39 Figure 3.4 (b) Relative condition factor (Kn) in different length class for females Gerres filamentosus………………………… 39 Figure 3.5 (b) Monthly relative condition factor (Kn) for males and females of Gerres filamentosus in Merbok estuary, Kedah………………………………………………….. 41 Figure 3.6 (a) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and temperature (c˚)……………………………………….. 43 Figure 3.6 (b) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and conductivity (umHos/cm)…………………………….. 44 Figure 3.6 (c) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and turbidity(cm)………………………………………….. 45 Figure 3.6 (d) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and rainfall (mm)………………………………………….. 46 Figure 3.6 (e) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and pH…………………………………………………. 47 Figure 3.6 (f) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and salinity (ppt)…………………………………………… 48 ix Figure 3.6 (g) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and DO (mg/L)…………………………………………….. 49 Figure 3.6 (h) Relationship between relative condition factor (Kn) and water depth (m)……………………………………….. 50 Figure 4.1 Sex ratio for female and male of Gerres filamentosus in Merbok estuary, Kedah………………………………… 91 Figure 4.2 Monthly variations in sex ratio of Gerres filamentosus in Merbok estuary of Kedah from January to December 2011…………………………………………………… 92 Figure 4.3 Percentage maturity of males of Gerres filamentosus from the Merbok estuary of Kedah…………………… 93 Figure 4.4 Percentage maturity of females of Gerres filamentosus from the Merbok estuary of Kedah…………………… 94 Figure 4.5 Monthly variations of Gonadosomatic index (GSI) in male and female of Gerres filamentosus from Merbok estuary, Kedah…………………………………………. 95 Figure 4.6 The GSI of Gerres filamentosus in relation to rainfall in Merbok estuary, Kedah……………………………….. 96 Figure 4.7 The GSI of male Gerres filamentosus in relation to the relative condition factor (Kn) in Merbok estuary, Kedah…………………………………………………..