DOCSLIB.ORG

Regulation of Sterol Transport by Dietary Phytosterol Esters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regulation of Sterol Transport by Dietary Phytosterol Esters University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of Spring 4-22-2011 Regulation of Sterol Transport by Dietary Phytosterol Esters Trevor J. Carden University of Nebraska – Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons, and the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons Carden, Trevor J., "Regulation of Sterol Transport by Dietary Phytosterol Esters" (2011). Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses. 24. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. REGULATION OF STEROL TRANSPORT BY DIETARY PHYTOSTEROL ESTERS By Trevor J. Carden A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Nutrition Under the supervision of Professor Timothy P. Carr Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2011 REGULATION OF STEROL TRANSPORT BY DIETARY PHYTOSTEROL ESTERS Trevor J. Carden, M.S University of Nebraska, 2011 Advisor: Timothy P. Carr LDL cholesterol is associated with the development of atherosclerosis and is therefore considered an important target for intervention to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the small intestine is an attractive approach to lowering plasma cholesterol, one that is exploited by drug therapy as well as dietary supplementation with plant sterols. The mechanism of action of plant sterol esters (PSE) is still incompletely understood, therefore this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that hydrolysis of plant sterol esters is necessary for their cholesterol-lowering effects to be realized. Male Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing no PSE, PSE containing stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid or plant sterol ethers containing stearic acid. Treatment compounds were added at 5% of the diet (g/g). Diets were high is cholesterol and saturated fat to induce hyperlipidemia. The treatments effectively created a spectrum of PSE hydrolysis across which cholesterol metabolism could be compared. Stearate ethers, Stearate Esters and Palmitate Esters were poorly hydrolyzed (1.69-4.12%), while oleate sters were hydrolyzed at 88.29%, and cholesterol absorption correlated negatively with percent hydrolysis with a correlation coefficient of -0.8504. These results suggest that PSE hydrolysis plays a necessary role in the cholesterol-lowering effects of PSE. In addition, these data also suggest that poorly hydrolyzed plant sterol esters may act through an alternative mechanism than that of competition with cholesterol for micelle incorporation. We suggest that these PSE that are not well hydrolyzed may lower cholesterol by forming an oil phase into which cholesterol is solubilized making it unavailable for absorption into enterocytes. In summary, our results demonstrated that PSE hydrolysis is necessary for cholesterol-lowering. Additionally, poorly hydrolyzed PSE may function through an alternative pathway than micelle competition with cholesterol. iv Acknowledgements DR. TIMOTHY CARR Thank you for supporting my research and my education these past two years. I recognize your willingness to give of your time and energies as I had need, and I do not take your sacrifice lightly. I count it an honor to have been trained by a superior researcher and professor. DR. ANDREW BROWN Thank you for the countless hours you have spent training me in laboratory practice and imparting sound research philosophy. Apart from your efforts, a graduate education of the caliber that I have received would not have been possible. JACQUE CARDEN Perhaps the greatest acknowledgement belongs to my wife who has been with for the duration of my academic pursuits, and has played an integral role in my success. Your support and encouragement have been indispensible. A pursuit of this nature would be infinitely less significant to me without the end goal of providing for a woman of your integrity and devotion. v Table of Contents Page List of Tables and Figures vi Introduction 1 Literature Review 3 I. Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis 3 II. Cholesterol Absorption and Transport 5 III. Mechanisms of Action of Plant Sterols 18 IV. Cholesterol Lowering Properties of Plant Sterols 21 Materials and Methods 32 Results 47 Discussion 67 References 76 vi List of Tables and Figures Page Table 1 Diet Composition 35 Table 2 Hamster Body Weight 48 Table 3 Food Intake 49 Table 4 Cholesterol Absorption and Plasma Lipid 56 Table 5 Liver Weight and Lipids 56 Table 6 Fecal Sterols 57 Table 7a Biliary Bile Acids 58 Table 7b Biliary Bile Acids – Continued 59 Figure 1A-F Chemical Structures 36 Figure 1G-I Chemical Structures 37 Figure 2 Dual Isotope Formula 40 Figure 3 Hydrophobicity Index Formulas 46 Figure 4 Cumulative Weight Gain 48 Figure 5 Correlation: % Hydrolysis and Cholesterol Absorption 60 Figure 6 Correlation: %Hydrolysis and Fecal Cholesterol Output 61 Figure 7 Correlation: % Hydrolysis and Non-HDL Cholesterol 62 Figure 8 Correlation: % Hydrolysis and Liver Esterified Cholesterol 63 Figure 9 Correlation: Fecal Cholesterol Output and Non-HDL Cholesterol 64 Figure 10 Correlation: Fecal Cholesterol Output and Ln of Non-HDL Cholesterol 65 Figure11 Correlation: Cholesterol Absorption and Non-HDL Cholesterol 66 1 INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease takes on many forms, but the form of cardiovascular disease that is responsible for the most deaths in the United States is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Atherosclerosis, or plaque buildup in blood vessels, is a major contributor to CHD and has been strongly associated with elevated levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Large efforts over decades to control the development and progression of atherosclerosis and CHD have yielded numerous therapeutic options for controlling LDL cholesterol including pharmaceutics targeted at reducing cholesterol absorption, cholesterol biosynthesis and bile acid re-absorption. In an effort to target LDL cholesterol absorption with fewer side effects than drug therapy, nutrition supplementation with plant sterols has become a large topic of interest. Plant sterols have been suggested to work through a number of different mechanisms; 1.) competition with cholesterol for an esterification enzyme required for absorption 2.) co-crystallization with cholesterol or 3.) competition with cholesterol for entrance into micelles necessary for absorption. The latter two mechanisms have been shown to be viable explanations of plant sterol actions, although the third mechanism is thought to be quantitatively most important. A number of parameters are important to consider for optimum cholesterol lowering effects of plant sterol supplementation. Plant sterols in contrast to their hydrogenated counterparts, plant stanols, have different chemical properties that appear to make them less efficient, particularly over long periods of supplementation, than plant stanols at lowering cholesterol. Also, the food matrix in which the plant sterol is 2 delivered is important. Plant sterols supplemented in bread or breakfast cereal, for example, were less effective than those supplemented in milk or yoghurt (Clifton et al 2004). Dose is another important consideration. Doses as low as 0.8g/day have been shown to lower cholesterol (Hendriks et al 1999), but it appears that the optimal maximum dose above which few additional benefits are realized is 2g/day ((Katan et al 2003). Additionally, some evidence suggests that plant sterols taken in multiple doses per day are more effective than one large dose per day. Another parameter that has often been assumed to be required for effective cholesterol-lowering by plant sterol esters (PSE) is hydrolysis of the molecule to yield free plant sterols. Although the necessity of PSE hydrolysis has been assumed, it has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Therefore, this study was proposed to test the hypothesis that PSE hydrolysis is necessary for optimum cholesterol lowering effects. Male Syrian hamsters were fed either no PSE, PSE containing stearic, palmitic or oleaic acid, a plant sterol ether with stearic acid, or free sterol substituted into the diet at 3% plant sterol equivalent. Diets were designed to create a spectrum of hydrolysis to determine the dependence of the cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterols on hydrolysis of the PSE. The study was carried out for 23 days. Plasma, liver, bile and feces were collected analysis. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW I. Cardiovascular Disease and Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is an umbrella term that encompasses a variety of disease states including high blood pressure, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and heart failure. The etiology of CHD is largely attributable to atherosclerosis, or the build- up of plaques on blood vessel walls as a result of cholesterol and foam cell deposition. Damaged endothelial tissue triggers the formation of clots to prevent further damage. Increasing foam cell deposition, however, leads to an inflammatory state characterized by lipid oxidation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dietary Recommendations for Children and Adolescents: a Guide for Practitioners Samuel S
    ENDORSED POLICY STATEMENT AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION The American Academy of Pediatrics has endorsed and accepted this statement as its Dietary Recommendations for policy. Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Practitioners American Heart Association, Samuel S. Gidding, MD, Chair, Barbara A. Dennison, MD, Cochair, Leann L. Birch, PhD, Stephen R. Daniels, MD, PhD, Matthew W. Gilman, MD, Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc, Karyl Thomas Rattay, MD, Julia Steinberger, MD, Nicolas Stettler, MD, Linda Van Horn, PhD, RD The American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest. A summary of all such reported relationships can be found at the end of this document. ABSTRACT Since the American Heart Association last presented nutrition guidelines for children, significant changes have occurred in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and nutrition behaviors in children. Overweight has increased, whereas saturated fat and cholesterol intake have decreased, at least as percentage of total caloric intake. Better understanding of children’s cardiovascular risk status and www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/ current diet is available from national survey data. New research on the efficacy of peds.2005-2565 diet intervention in children has been published. Also, increasing attention has doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2374 been paid to the importance of nutrition early in life, including the fetal milieu.
    [Show full text]
  • Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of 5-2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons, and the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons Ash, Mark McKinley, "Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils" (2010). Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses. 17. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils by Mark McKinley Ash A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Nutrition Under the Supervision of Professor Timothy P. Carr Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Adviser: Timothy P. Carr Naturally occurring compounds and lifestyle modifications as combination and mono- therapy are increasingly used for dyslipidemia. Specficially, phytosterols and fatty acids have demonstrated an ability to modulate cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in different fashions.
    [Show full text]
  • Case 10 Raisio Group and the Benecol Launch*
    CTAC10 4/13/07 17:24 Page 163 case 10 Raisio Group and the Benecol Launch* Case [A]: The Situation in January 1997 During 1996, Raisio Group, a 57-year-old grain-milling company based in Raisio in the south-west of Finland, emerged from obscurity to become the second most valuable public company in Finland (after Nokia) and the focus of worldwide attention. The launch of Benecol, its cholesterol-lowering margarine, at the end of 1995 had attracted the interest of food processors and supermarket groups throughout the world and fueled a surge of investor interest. Demand for the product had outstripped Raisio’s capability to produce the active ingredient in Benecol, stanol ester. On the Helsinki stock market, foreign demand pushed Raisio’s share price from FIM61 at the beginning of the year to FIM288 at the end (after touching FIM322 during the summer).1 CEO Matti Salminen commented: 1996 will go down in the Raisio Group’s history as the “Benecol year” – such was the role of this new cholesterol-reducing margarine in increasing the Group’s visibility and raising its profile in all our sectors of operations. Although we have not been able to meet even the domestic demand for Benecol margarine so far, the product is already known worldwide and great expectations are attached to it. The Benecol phenomenon quintupled the value of our shares, increasing the Group’s capitalization by billions of Finnish marks.2 It was the international prospects for Benecol margarine (and potentially other food products incorporating stanol ester) that had drawn a bevy of stock analysts * This case draws upon an earlier case by Michael H.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Bytes
    UCLA Nutrition Bytes Title Plant Sterols and Stanols: An Additional Therapy for Cholesterol Management Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wm791tq Journal Nutrition Bytes, 9(1) ISSN 1548-4327 Author Gonella, Marie Publication Date 2003 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Introduction Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the single leading cause of death in the United States (6 ). Elevated total and low-density -lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol increase the risk of atherosclerosis which causes CHD . Therefore, the cholesterol-loweri ng ability of plant sterols and stanols has been an area of intense research. Sterols are cell membrane components . Plant sterols are similar in structure to cholesterol, but thei r side chains differ slightly (1,7). Both plant sterols and stanols are naturally occurring. The most common plant sterols are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol (2 ). Due to thei r lesser ab undance in nature, plant stanols are often produced by hydrogen ation of plant sterols (1 ). Plant sterols and stanols are present in a variety of plants and plant-derived products including wood pulp, vegetables, soybeans, vegetable oils , margarine, and wheat (3,7 ). They have also been esterified and added in larger quantities to salad dressings, margarines, and other spreads. Whil e the natural dietary intake of 150-450 mg/ day (7 ) of plant sterols and stanols likely influences baseline cholesterol le vels, it is the effect of larger quantities of plant sterols and stanols in enriched products that has been extensively researched. Nu merous studies have demonstrated that consuming plant sterol- and stanol-fortified products lowers LDL cholesterol by about 10% (7,1).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of the Effects of Plant Sterol Ester and Plant Stanol
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, 715±725 ß 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0954±3007/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/ejcn Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet MA Hallikainen1*, ES Sarkkinen1, H Gylling2, AT ErkkilaÈ1 and MIJ Uusitupa1,3 1Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; 2Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and 3Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland Objective: To investigate cholesterol-lowering effects of stanol ester (STAEST) and sterol ester (STEEST)- enriched margarines as part of a low-fat diet. Design: According to a Latin square model randomized double-blind repeated measures design with three test margarines and three periods. Setting: Outpatient clinical trial with free-living subjects. Subjects: Thirty-four hypercholesterolaemic subjects completed the study. Interventions: Subjects consumed three rapeseed oil-based test margarines (STAEST, STEEST and control (no added stanols or sterols)) as part of a low-fat diet each for 4 weeks. Results: Mean daily intake of total plant sterols plus stanols was 2.01 ± 2.04 g during the two test margarine periods. In reference to control, serum total cholesterol was reduced by 9.2 and 7.3% with the STAEST and STEEST margarine, respectively (P<0.001 for both). The respective reductions for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were 12.7 and 10.4% (P<0.001). The cholesterol-lowering effects of the test margarines did not differ signi®cantly. The presence of apolipoprotein E4 allele had a signi®cant effect on LDL cholesterol response during the STAEST margarine only.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Plant Sterol Metabolism and Implications of Childhood Supplementation
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: The Earlier the Better? A Review of Plant Sterol Metabolism and Implications of Childhood Supplementation Bianca Scolaro, Leticia F.S. de Andrade and Inar A. Castro * Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (L.F.S.d.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-11-3091-1481 Received: 28 July 2019; Accepted: 24 August 2019; Published: 24 December 2019 Abstract: Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of major cardiovascular events. The development of atherosclerotic plaques begins early in life, indicating that dietary interventions in childhood might be more effective at preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than treating established CVD in adulthood. Although plant sterols are considered safe and consistently effective in lowering plasma cholesterol, the health effects of early-life supplementation are unclear. Studies suggest there is an age-dependent effect on plant sterol metabolism: at a younger age, plant sterol absorption might be increased, while esterification and elimination might be decreased. Worryingly, the introduction of low-cholesterol diets in childhood may unintentionally favor a higher intake of plant sterols. Although CVD prevention should start as early as possible, more studies are needed to better elucidate the long-term effects of plant sterol accumulation and its implication on child development. Keywords: Atherosclerosis; plant sterol; cholesterol-lowering; diet 1. Introduction Childhood nutrition is known to play a major role in the onset of chronic diseases later in life. A large body of evidence has convincingly shown that childhood obesity is correlated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and early development of atherosclerosis in adulthood.
    [Show full text]
  • Vascular Effects of Diet Supplementation with Plant Sterols
    Journal of the American College of Cardiology Vol. 51, No. 16, 2008 © 2008 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation ISSN 0735-1097/08/$34.00 Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.074 Lipids and Vascular Disease Vascular Effects of Diet Supplementation With Plant Sterols Oliver Weingärtner, MD,* Dieter Lütjohann, PHD,‡ Shengbo Ji,ʈ Nicole Weisshoff,* Franka List,* Thomas Sudhop, MD,§ Klaus von Bergmann, MD,§ Karen Gertz, MD,ʈ Jochem König, PHD,¶ Hans-Joachim Schäfers, MD,† Matthias Endres, MD,ʈ Michael Böhm, MD,* Ulrich Laufs, MD* Homburg/Saar, Bonn, Berlin, and Mainz, Germany Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate vascular effects of diet supplementation with plant sterol esters (PSE). Background Plant sterol esters are used as food supplements to reduce cholesterol levels. Their effects on endothelial func- tion, stroke, or atherogenesis are not known. Methods In mice, plasma sterol concentrations were correlated with endothelial function, cerebral lesion size, and athero- sclerosis. Plasma and tissue sterol concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrom- etry in 82 consecutive patients with aortic stenosis. Results Compared with those fed with normal chow (NC), wild-type mice fed with NC supplemented with 2% PSE showed increased plant sterol but equal cholesterol plasma concentrations. The PSE supplementation impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and increased cerebral lesion size after middle cerebral artery occlusion. To test the effects of cholesterol-lowering by PSE, apolipoprotein E (ApoE)Ϫ/Ϫ mice were randomized to Western-type diet (WTD) with the addition of PSE or ezetimibe (EZE). Compared with WTD, both interventions reduced plaque sizes; however, WTD ϩ PSE showed larger plaques compared with WTD ϩ EZE (20.4 Ϯ 2.1% vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Stanols and Sterols (Also Known As Phytosterols)
    Plant Stanols and Sterols (also known as Phytosterols) What are plant stanols and sterols? Plant stanols and sterols are made from naturally occurring substances in nuts, vegetable oils, corn, rice, and other plant foods. They block the absorption of cholesterol and help lower LDL cholesterol levels without affecting HDL cholesterol levels. Studies have shown 2-3 grams stanols or sterols lower LDL cholesterol up to 10 to 14%. Most of these studies have been done on spreads containing the ester forms. Many foods are now fortified with stanols and sterols. These include margarine spreads, orange juice, milk, bars, and baked products. In order to get the full cholesterol-lowering benefit, include 2-3 grams of sterol equivalents EVERY day. (1 gram stanol or sterol ester is equivalent to 0.6 grams phytosterol). What are special considerations for using plant stanols and sterols? Make sure to consume the correct number of servings needed every day to get 2-3 grams of sterol equivalents total. These products may be high in calories. Include the calories as part of your daily intake to prevent weight gain. It is best to eat foods supplemented with plant stanol/sterols as part of a meal containing some healthy fat for better absorption. Foods can be combined to reach the desired amount. For example, you could have 1 cup of Minute Maid Premium Heart Wise Orange Juice at breakfast and 1 Tbsp Promise Activ Spread on vegetables at dinner or 1 Tbsp Smart Balance Heart Right on oatmeal at breakfast and 2 Benecol chews with dinner to reach the amount needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Similar Serum Plant Sterol Responses of Human Subjects Heterozygous for a Mutation Causing Sitosterolemia and Controls to Diets Enriched in Plant Sterols Or Stanols
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 896–905 & 2007 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954-3007/07 $30.00 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Similar serum plant sterol responses of human subjects heterozygous for a mutation causing sitosterolemia and controls to diets enriched in plant sterols or stanols M Kratz1, F Kannenberg1, E Gramenz1, B Berning1, E Trautwein2, G Assmann1 and S Rust1 1Leibnitz-Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research at the University of Muenster, Germany; 2Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Unilever Research & Development, The Netherlands Objective: We investigated the serum phytosterol responses of heterozygous relatives of sitosterolemia patients to diets enriched in phytosterols or stanols. Design: Randomized double-blind crossover design. Setting: Muenster, Germany. Subjects: Eight heterozygous and 13 control subjects were recruited. One heterozygote and three controls dropped out. Interventions: Seven heterozygotes and 10 controls received daily portions of margarine containing 2 g of plant sterols, 2 g of stanols or a control margarine for 6 weeks each in a randomized order. These phases were intercepted by wash-out periods of 6 weeks each. Results: Compared to the control period, serum phytosterol concentrations increased overall by more than 20% when subjects consumed the plant sterol margarine (F(1,15) ¼ 8.719, P ¼ 0.01), with no significant difference between heterozygotes (mean þ 14.5 (s.d. 17.2) mmol/l, þ 23.0%) and controls ( þ 4.9 (9.9) mmol/l, þ 20.5%; F(1,15) ¼ 2.168, P ¼ 0.162), but decreased when subjects consumed the stanol-enriched margarine (F(1,15) ¼ 12.124, P ¼ 0.003), again to a similar extent in heterozygotes (À34.2 (41.2) mmol/l, À54.2%) and controls (À12.2 (9.2) mmol/l, À50.6%; F(1,15) ¼ 2.729, P ¼ 0.119).
    [Show full text]
  • AHA Scientific Statement
    AHA Scientific Statement AHA Dietary Guidelines Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Ronald M. Krauss, MD (Chair, AHA Dietary Guidelines Committee); Robert H. Eckel, MD (Chair, Nutrition Committee); Barbara Howard, PhD (Vice Chair, Nutrition Committee); Lawrence J. Appel, MD; Stephen R. Daniels, MD, PhD; Richard J. Deckelbaum, MD; John W. Erdman, Jr, PhD; Penny Kris-Etherton, PhD, RD; Ira J. Goldberg, MD; Theodore A. Kotchen, MD; Alice H. Lichtenstein, DSc; William E. Mitch, MD; Rebecca Mullis, PhD, RD; Killian Robinson, MD; Judith Wylie-Rosett, EdD, RD; Sachiko St. Jeor, PhD, RD; John Suttie, PhD; Diane L. Tribble, PhD; Terry L. Bazzarre, PhD his document presents guidelines for reducing the risk of on blood pressure of consuming vegetables, fruits, and Tcardiovascular disease by dietary and other lifestyle low-fat dairy products, as well as limiting salt intake (Ͻ6 practices. Since the previous publication of these guidelines grams per day) and alcohol (no more than 2 drinks per day for by the American Heart Association,1 the overall approach has men and 1 for women) and maintaining a healthy body been modified to emphasize their relation to specific goals weight. that the AHA considers of greatest importance for lowering the risk of heart disease and stroke. The revised guidelines Overview and Summary place increased emphasis on foods and an overall eating The AHA has a long-standing commitment to the promotion pattern and the need for all Americans to achieve and of lifestyle practices aimed at preventing the development or maintain a healthy body weight (Table).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Sterol and Stanol Substrate Specificity of Pancreatic Cholesterol Esterase
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Patrick Dussault Publications Published Research - Department of Chemistry 8-2010 Plant sterol and stanol substrate specificity of pancreatic cholesterol esterase Andrew W. Brown University of Nebraska-Lincoln Jiliang Hang University of Nebraska-Lincoln Patrick H. Dussault University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Timothy P. Carr University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrydussault Part of the Chemistry Commons Brown, Andrew W.; Hang, Jiliang; Dussault, Patrick H.; and Carr, Timothy P., "Plant sterol and stanol substrate specificity of pancreatic cholesterol esterase" (2010). Patrick Dussault Publications. 16. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chemistrydussault/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Published Research - Department of Chemistry at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Patrick Dussault Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 21:8 (August 2010), pp. 736-740; doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.04.008 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Used by permission. Submitted December 24, 2008; revised March 17, 2009; accepted April 21, 2009; published online July 16, 2009. Plant sterol and stanol substrate specificity of pancreatic cholesterol esterase Andrew W. Brown,1 Jiliang Hang,2 Patrick H. Dussault,2 and Timothy P. Carr 1 1. Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0806, USA 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln 68583-0304, NE, USA Corresponding author — T. P.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Dietary Supplements.Pdf
    Volume 15 No. 5, 2018 Article Article Evaluation of the Protective Role of Glycine max Seed Extract (Soybean Oil) in Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Experimental Rats Anand Ramasamy MPharm, Nandhakumar Jothivel PhD, Saibal Das MD, A. Swapna MPharm, Alice Padmini Albert MTech, Preeti Barnwal MSc & Dinesh Babu PhD Pages: 583-595 Published online: 28 Sep 2017 Abstract|Full Text|References|PDF (527 KB) Article Effects of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Serum Leptin Levels, Appetite Sensations, and Intake of Energy and Macronutrients in Obese People: A Randomized Clinical Trial L. Payahoo, A. Ostadrahimi, N. Farrin & Y. Khaje-Bishak Pages: 596-605 Published online: 05 Oct 2017 Abstract|Full Text|References|PDF (411 KB) Articles Article Curcuma longa (Turmeric) for Prevention of Capecitabine-Induced Hand- Foot Syndrome: A Pilot Study Vanessa Armenio Scontre MD, Janine Capobiango Martins MD, Claudia Vaz de Melo SetteMD, Haila Mutti MD, Daniel Cubero MD, Fernando Fonseca PhD & Auro Del Giglio MD Pages: 606-612 Published online: 02 Nov 2017 Abstract|Full Text|References| PDF (390 KB) Article Solvent Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Annona squamosa L. Seeds for Determination of Bioactives, Fatty Acid/Fatty Oil Composition, and Antioxidant Activity Mohammad Zahid M. Pharm, Muhammad Arif PhD, Md. Akhlaquer Rahman PhD, Kuldeep Singh PhD & Mohd Mujahid PhD Pages: 613-623 Published online: 02 Nov 2017 Abstract|Full Text|References| PDF (527 KB) Article The Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Rosa canina (Dog Rose) Fruit on Liver Function and Structure in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats Mohsen Taghizadeh PhD, Ali Akbar Rashidi MSc, Ali Akbar Taherian PhD, Zarichehr Vakili PhD& Mehdi Mehran MSc Pages: 624-635 Published online: 02 Nov 2017 Abstract|Full Text|References|PDF (627 KB) Article Factors Associated with Vitamin D Testing, Deficiency, Intake, and Supplementation in Patients with Chronic Pain Manasi Gaikwad PhD, Simon Vanlint PhD, G.
    [Show full text]