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The 1953 Cosmic Ray Conference at Bagneres De Bigorre: the Birth of Sub Atomic Physics
The 1953 Cosmic Ray Conference at Bagneres de Bigorre: the Birth of Sub Atomic Physics James W. Cronin Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Ave. , Chicago, IL 60637, USA The cosmic ray conference at Bagn`eresde Bigorre in July, 1953 organized by Patrick Blackett and Louis Leprince-Ringuet was a seminal one. It marked the beginning of sub atomic physics and its shift from cosmic ray research to research at the new high energy accelerators. The knowledge of the heavy unstable particles found in the cosmic rays was essentially correct in fact and interpretation and defined the experiments that needed to be carried out with the new accelerators. A large fraction of the physicists who had been using cosmic rays for their research moved to the accelerators. This conference can be placed in importance in the same category as two other famous conferences, the Solvay congress of 1927 and the Shelter Island Conference of 1948. 1 Introduction In January 2010 the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN began to produce proton-proton collisions at a center of mass energy of 7 TeV. This machine is the most complex and most costly of a long series of accelerators. Results of these accelerators have led to a detailed understanding of how the subatomic world works. However fundamental questions remain and it is hoped that the LHC when it achieves its full energy (14 Tev) and intensity will answer some of these fundamental questions. The accelerators have been the mainstay of subatomic physics (or high energy physics or elementary particle physics) since 1953 when the 3 GeV Brookhaven Cosmotron began artificially producing the heavy unstable particles found in the cosmic rays. -
Bernard GREGORY 00 CD CD CD CD CM
WHO'S WHO IN CERN Bernard GREGORY 00 CD CD CD CD CM CL Z Directorate Member for Research Of LU o One of the decisions taken at the nuclear physics, the era of great dis parts one on top of the other. It was 26th Session of the Council, held last coveries made by a single person using installed near the Observatory at the December, was to appoint Professor primitive equipment is well and truly summit of the Pic du Midi de Bigorre. Bernard Gregory Directorate Member over. Since the War the emphasis has There at the same time was an experi for Research. He takes over this post been on 4 large-scale physics ', using mental team from the University of for the next two years and succeeds enormous machines costing millions to Manchester, including Raphaël Arm en Professor Gianpietro Puppi, who had run. There are few of these machines, ter os, who soon joined the French held it since September 1962. and it is all the more necessary to group, all of whose members, we may ensure their intensive exploitation with Bernard Gregory was born in 1919 mention in passing, now work at CERN. a minimum of lost time. For the at Bergerac, in the west of the French Bernard Gregory continued working 4 physicist who is somewhat of an idealist Massif Central \ He soon left this sub- with cloud chambers until 1957, when by nature this means a sudden transfer prefecture of the Dordogne, however, he took his sabbatical leave at the 4 to the planned atmosphere of the big to go up ' to Paris, where, after taking American laboratory of Brookhaven. -
CERN from the Mid-1960S to the Late 1970S
CHAPTER 1 CERN from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s John KRIGE Contents 1.1 Some preliminaries 7 1.2 The growth in the user population 13 1.3 Machines and beams 18 1.3.1 The Proton Synchrotron 19 1.3.2 The Synchro-Cyclotron 22 1.3.3 The Intersecting Storage Rings 23 1.4 Detectors 26 1.5 The member states 29 Notes 35 (CRHST, CNRS and Cite des Sciences et de I'lndustrie, 75930 Paris, France) 3 Before surveying the years in the Ufe of CERN covered by this book, let us pause for a moment to consider the periodization itself. How should one dissect this organization- dedicated-to-science? What moments is the historian to elevate to the status of 'turning points', so giving shape to the narrative but also inevitably imposing a particular rhythm and logic on it? There is no one answer to these questions, no one criterion for making one's cuts, no one way to transform a story into a history. The choice that we made - if one can call it a choice, for it was initially made only half-consciously - was to organize the history of CERN around the decisions to equip it with its major accelerators. Thus volume I took us up to 1954, when the organization was officially established with its 600 MeV synchro-cyclotron and its 28 GeV proton synchrotron ^ Volume II took us up to 1965 when it was decided that CERN should be equipped with a proton-proton collider, the Intersecting Storage Rings to be followed as soon as possible by a major fixed-target machine, formally adopted in fact only six years later (the 300 GeV Super Proton Syn chrotron)^. -
John Adams Memorial Lecture
S CERN 86 -04 vi 30 May 1986 00 85 « u ORGANISATION EUROPÉENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLÉAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH John Adams Memorial Lecture JOHN ADAMS AND HIS TIMES Lecture delivered at CERN on 2 December 1985 Edoardo Amaldi Dipartimento di Fisica délia Université 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy GENEVA 1986 ©Copyright CERN, Genève, 1986 Propriété littéraire et scientifique réservée pour Literary and scientific copyrights reserved in all tous les pays du monde. Ce document ne peut countries of the world. This report, or any part of être reproduit ou traduit en tout ou en partie sans it, may not be reprinted or translated without l'autorisation écrite du Directeur général du written permission of the copyright holder, the CERN, titulaire du droit d'auteur. Dans les cas Director-General of CERN. However, permission appropriés, et s'il s'agit d'utiliser le document à will be freely granted for appropriate non des fins non commerciales, cette autorisation commercial use. sera volontiers accordée. If any patentable invention or registrable design Le CERN ne revendique pas la propriété des is described in the report, CERN makes no claim inventions brevetables et dessins ou modèles to property rights in it but offers it for the free use susceptibles de dépôt qui pourraient être décrits of research institutions, manufacturers and dans le présent document; ceux-ci peuvent être others. CERN, however, may oppose any attempt librement utilisés par les instituts de recherche, by a user to claim any proprietary or patent rights les industriels et autres intéressés. Cependant, le in such inventions or designs as may be des CERN se réserve le droit de s'opposer à toute cribed in the present document.