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Prevalence of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs Journal of Animal Research: v.10 n.3, p. 453-458. June 2020 DOI: 10.30954/2277-940X.03.2020.19 Prevalence of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs C.M. Abhilaasha1, D. Chandrasekaran2*, S. Kavitha1 and S. Vairamuthu3 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 2Department of Clinics, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 3Centralized Clinical Laboratory, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA *Corresponding author: D Chandrasekaran; E-mail: [email protected] Received: 28 April, 2020 Revised: 16 May, 2020 Accepted: 19 May, 2020 ABSTRACT The study was aimed to study the prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Forty dogs with history of acute onset of vomiting, abdominal pain and anorexia were screened for acute pancreatitis by radiography, abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by SNAP cPL (Canine pancreatic lipase) kit test. Fourteen (0.375 per cent of gastrointestinal cases) dogs found to be positive for acute pancreatitis by abdominal ultrasound, out of which SNAP cPL was positive in nine dogs (64 per cent). Among this 64.3 per cent was secondary acute pancreatitis and 35.7 per cent being primary acute pancreatitis. Highest prevalence was observed in male, Non-descriptive dogs, irrespective of age group. The common history and clinical findings recorded were anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, tachycardia, tachypnea, praying posture and pyrexia. Keywords: Acute pancreatitis, Dogs, prevalence Acute pancreatitis is defined as sudden onset and severe parasitic and mycoplasmal causes), or potentially immune inflammatory condition of pancreas, which is characterized mediated disease. by auto-digestion and necrosis of pancreas (Mansfield et Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on array of tests, al., 2012). Acute pancreatitis was a challenging medical as no single test is considered to be specific for acute condition, with the potential for high mortality and pancreatitis. Dogs are usually presented with history of morbidity in companion animal patients (Ruaux, 2003). anorexia, vomiting, cranial abdominal pain and lethargy Risk factors contributing to acute pancreatitis may vary and on physical examination tachycardia, tachypnea, between obesity, high fat rich diet, drugs (tetracyclines, dehydration, hypoglycemia and hypotension was clinically barbiturates, corticosteroids, etc.), duodenal reflux and observed (Xenoulis, 2015). endocrinal disorders (Hess et al., 1999). Jennifer et al. (2003) reported that most of the cases were Many diseases like renal disease, neoplasia mild and self-limiting but sometimes, they might develop and endocrinopathies such as diabetes mellitus, systemic complications with a mortality rate varying from hyperadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism have been 27 to 42 per cent. Al Mofleh (2008) reported that, acute documented as concurrent diseases for pancreatitis pancreatitis in dogs had a higher mortality rate of 5 to 15 in dogs (Hess et al.,1999). Graham (2006) reported potential causes of pancreatitis include pancreatic trauma, How to cite this article: Abhilaasha, C.M., Chandrasekaran, D., Kavitha, S. and Vairamuthu, S. (2020). Prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs. J. ischaemia (associated with shock, hypotension, or venous Anim. Res., 10(3): 453-458. occlusion), infectious agents (uncommon, but viral, Source of Support: None; Conflict of Interest: None Abhilaasha et al. per cent compared to humans. A better diagnostic aid for three thousand seven hundred and thirty three had acute pancreatitis among various diagnostic modalities gastrointestinal disorders. Forty dogs with history of acute helps in timely diagnosis and medical management in onset of vomiting, abdominal pain and anorexia were dogs. The present study with the objective to study the screened for acute pancreatitis. Fourteen dogs (0.375 per prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs. cent of gastrointestinal cases) had typical ultrasonographic changes of acute pancreatitis and out of which four dogs MATERIALS AND METHODS (29 per cent) had specific radiographic findings and nine dogs (64 per cent) were confirmed for acute pancreatitis Dogs with history of sudden onset of vomiting, inappetance by SNAP cPL kit test. and lethargy presented to the Small Animal Out-Patient Medicine Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Out of fourteen dogs, five (35.7 per cent) dogs had primary Hospital, TANUVAS, India were selected as the study acute pancreatitis and nine (64.3 per cent) dogs (Fig. 1) group. These cases were thoroughly interrogated followed had secondary acute pancreatitis. In secondary acute by physical examination and they were subjected to fecal pancreatitis, gastrointestinal foreign body was seen in examination, radiography and ultrsonography to rule four cases (44.45 per cent), renal disorders in three cases out other acute abdominal diseases. Necessary data was (33.33 per cent), hepatic tumor in one case (11.11 per cent) obtained from the clients about their dogs regarding the and hemoprotozoan disease in one case (11.11 per cent) deworming history, feeding habits, symptoms of vomiting (Fig. 2). or diarrhea, duration of illness and prior treatment. A total 5-10 grams of feces was collected in a container either manually or when voided by the dog during physical examination. Fecal examination including color, 35.7% consistency and odour was performed and further the (5) sample was subjected to other tests like direct examination, PRIMARY floatation technique and fecal culture to distinguishing other gastrointestinal diseases (Olivier, 2011). 64.3% (9) SECONDARY Selected clinical cases were subjected to radiographic examination to rule out other gastrointestinal disease or neoplasia (Mix and Jones, 2006) with Digital X-ray (AGFA, CR-30 X) as per standard procedure Brant and Helms (2012). Fig. 1: Prevalence of type of acute pancreatitis in dogs (n=14) Ultrasound examination was done in selected cases with ultrasound scanner (ESOATE, Mylab 20) using 5 - 7.5 MHz high frequency probe as per standard procedure 11.11% G I FOREIGN BODY described by Nyland and Mattoon (2015). Positive cases diagnosed by ultrasonographic changes of pancreas (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) were confirmed with SNAP cPL (Steiner et 11.11% RENAL al., 2009). 44.45% HEPATIC TUMOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33.33% A total of thirty three thousand and twenty two dogs HEMOPROTOZOAN were brought to the Small Animal Outpatient Unit / DISEASE Critical Care Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital for treatment during the study period from Fig. 2: Prevalence of secondary acute pancreatitis (n= 9) June 2017 – May 2018. Out of all the cases presented, 454 Journal of Animal Research: v.10 n.3, June 2020 Prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs Steiner (2003a) reported that, in a study of 50 dogs MODS due to viral and hemoprotozoan diseases may end with histopathologic evidence of pancreatitis, a clinical up with pancreatitis. diagnosis had been made in less than 10 per cent of those Breed wise prevalence was highest in Non- descriptive dogs. Thomas (2008) opined that clinical prevalence of (42.86 per cent) followed by German shepherd (21.43 per acute pancreatitis was 0.32 – 2 per cent in dogs. Ravi (2009) cent), Labrador retriever (14.29 per cent), Spitz (14.29 per reported an prevalence of 0.5 per cent of pancreatitis in cent) and Pug (7.14 per cent) (Fig. 3). dogs during his study period in Chennai. The results of the present study concur with the above authors. The present study is contradictory to the findings of Hess et al. (1999) and Watson et al. (2007, 2010) who recorded In the present study, major causes for secondary acute highest incidence of the disease in particular breeds like pancreatitis were gastrointestinal foreign body (44.45 Border collie, Cocker spaniel, Miniature schnauzers and per cent), renal disorders (33.33 per cent), hepatic tumor Yorkshire terriers. The difference in the findings of present (11.11 per cent) and hemoprotozoan disease (11.11 per study might be due to scarce population of above breeds in cent). Chennai, India where the study was carried out. Prevalence of secondary acute pancreatitis at Madras Age of the animals in the present study was varying Veterinary College Teaching Hospital was comparatively among less than 1 year to more than 7 years age group. higher than primary acute pancreatitis. The results of the The maximum prevalence of acute pancreatitis was found present study are in agreement with the findings of Hesset to be similar in more than 7 years (36 per cent) and 1 to 7 al. (1999) who reported that prolonged concurrent diseases years age group (36 per cent), followed by less than 1 year like renal disease, neoplasia and any obstruction to the age group (28 per cent) (Fig. 4). bile duct causing duodenal reflux into the pancreatic duct, predisposes to acute pancreatitis. Watson (2010) opined that, delayed presentation of case to the hospital results from late-onset complications such as chronic relapsing pancreatitis and subsequent development of exocrine 28% pancreatic insufficiency. 36% <1 YEAR 42.86 %(6) 1-7 YEAR >7 YEAR 36% 21.43 %(3) 14.29 %(2) 14.29 %(2) 7.14 %(1) Fig. 4: Age wise prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs (n=14) This is in full agreement with the findings of Hess et al. ND GERMAN LABRADOR SPITZ PUG (1998) and Watson et al. (2010) who reported that, dogs SHEPHERD presented with pancreatitis are middle aged to old (usually Fig. 3: Breed wise prevalence of acute pancreatitis in dogs >5 years of age), although the age range is from a few (n=14) months to >15 years. Pancreatitis is a recognized complication of canine tick Result obtained in the present study is in partial agreement borne disease in which the pathophysiology may be at with the observations made by Saima et al. (2017) who least partly due to haemolysis (Mohr et al., 2000). Graham reported that, middle-aged to older dogs are commonly (2006) stated that, any potential causes including shock affected.
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