Support for Create 3D Computer Graphics Images in GIS Systems

Home , Spatial analysis

GEOMATICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING • Volume 8 • Number 2 • 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2014.8.2.37http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2013.7.2.37

MarekMateusz Bana Ilba*ś*

A Review ofSupport Robust for Estimation Create Methods 3D ComputerApplied Graphics in ImagesSurveying in GIS Systems Using Externals Renders Algorithm

1. Introduction 1. Visualization Capabilities Results of Analyzes Despitein GIS thePrograms continuous improvement of survey methods and advances made in survey equipment technology, the elimination of outliers still remains an issue today.Browsing When performing the possibilities an adjustment posed by one GIS often and assumes CAD programsa very simple in theprobability model- distributioning analysis of results errors, we such can as find a normal many distribution. similarities In classical and differences. statistics the correct-Features arise nessfrom of aims the resultsfor which relies these on the types assumption, of programs that havthe echosen been errors developed. distribution Goal of mod- GIS elsoftware is strictly is totrue. do Thisdifferent is, in fact,types often of spatial not the analysis. case, as Athe secondary large errors aim occur is to consider- do visu- ablyalization more of often the resultsthan the generated. normal distribution A secondary would aim issuggest. to doing Even visualization the high-quality of the samplesresults generated. analysed CADin astronomical software is takingresearch, data containing presentation several proposed thousands as an overrid-of mea- surementsing goal, however, each, do analysis not follow tools, the topology normal probability and relationship distribution. to the database Deviations are from lim- theited model to special may overlays occur due to theto e.g. main blunders program in or measuring, did not exist. incorrect Knowing point how numbering, to do the errorsmain task made of duringparticular data programs copying etc.we can[12]. say that the CAD software is better suited for theAlthough visualization there ofexists data a than wide GIS range applications. of literature concerned with gross errors detectionWe will and attempt elimination, to analyze this surveying possibility problem of these is twostill beingtypes discussed.of software There with arere- manygard to so-called ArcGIS Versionmethods 10 robust and CAD against graphics the in software uence of Cinema4Dgross errors, R13. which can gen- erallyFor be divided visualization into two in groups. the program ArcGIS we can use two 3D environ- ments:The ArcGlobe  rst group and includes ArcScene. methods They based are designed on the criteria for different of so-called uses. robust After esti- start- mation.ing ArcGlobe These application, methods minimise we can seethe thein globe,uence ofsuggests the outlying to us, thatobservations all analysis on and the visualization nal result of willthe computationsinvolve a large by area modifying of land. Theof the data observation can be presented weights. on a sphere Earth.The ArcScene second of is designedthem consists for analysisof methods and where visualization results, coveringobtained aby small the leastarea squaresof land. adjustmentData are presented are analysed on the with local the usereference of statistical plane. tests. Differences In these methodsalso include an identidata that ed we outlier can useis removed for analysis from and the visualization.dataset. If multiple In ArcGlobe, outliers alloccur, data the can iterative be dis- processplayed inof theleast specified squares adjustment simplification, is conducted depending and followedon the magnification. by tests. The observa- This elimi- tionsnates suspectedthe problem of grossof overloading errors are thediscarded computer from memory, the dataset we do[1]. not A few have commonly to resign usedfrom methodsless important of these data groups available. are presented In ArcScene, below. all available data are automatically stored in the computer memory, we have quick access to them. The downside of

* The Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, * Institute AGH University of Technical of Science Engineering, and Technology Poland

13 37 38 M. Ilba this is dependence of the maximum amount of data used to the quantities computer memory. Exceeding the limit of memory deteriorates the smooth operation of program. Many other differences between ArcGlobe and ArcScene software presented in the Table 1. After comparing the options above we can conclude that the best tool for visualizing data on a small range, for example, the analysis of place of the buildings and the analysis of hydrographic, is a software ArcScene.

Table 1. Selected differences between ArcGlobe and ArcScene applications

Software variants ArcGlobe ArcScene Ability to perform 3D analysis, extension 3D Analyst Yes No The ability to support large amounts of data by caching Yes No Ability to present data on the surface of the globe Yes No Dynamic shading of depends on the definition of the position of the main No Yes source of lighting Chance of presentation images as anaglyph, stereoscopic images No Yes Loading spatial data with no defined reference system, the local system No Yes Possibility of programming images animation No Yes

In the settings display quality graphics in ArcGlobe and ArcScene is available only poorly developed illumination option responsible for the lighting. It includes elements such as the angle of incidence of solar radiation, altitude and position of the simulated sun, and contrast. Poor number of options theory gives us to under- stand that the generated images are deviate significantly from the required photo realism. ArcScene software will be analyzed as a dedicated tool for visualizing data on a small range for example, the analysis of the location the building and the analysis of hydrographic. In ArcScene, layers can be textured by any images using the sym- bolization. Texture on one layer may differ between themselves after a proper clas- sification, or use of unique symbols for the layer arising from the database. Lighting the whole scene consists in dimming or brightening the textures depending on the angle and height of the sun. The big downside is the lack of shadows cast by the illu- minated object on the other layers, such as for example, houses do not cast shadows on the ground, what makes the visualized scene the artificial. An additional problem is the lack of antialising settings,i.e. smoothing the edges of objects. This minus may be removed by setting the appropriate option in the video card drivers. This will cause partial smoothing out all the edges of the escalator. Another downsides of the ArcScene are limited opportunities of modeling objects. A simple 3D model can be created from 2D polygon by extrude. Extrusion turns polygons into blocks. ȱȱȱřȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ǯǯǯ řş

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Fig. 3. Visualize the location and placement buildings designed holiday resort

3. Cooperation ArcGIS Software with the Program Cinema4D

By doing the analysis of various types, to a lot of software, we are not forced to use for everything only one software. There is no question that the program will ArcScene bett er suited to do analyzes, prepare data for visualization, while the rendering algorithm application Cinema4D – to generate an image presenting the results of analyzes. ȱȱȱřȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ǯǯǯ Śř

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