Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Kyunghun Jung , Russell M

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42103-4 — Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Kyunghun Jung , Russell M. Mersereau Frontmatter More Information

Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications

Get to grips with the principles and practise of signal processing used in real mobile communications systems. Focusing particularly on speech and video processing, pion- eering experts employ a detailed, top-down analytical approach to outline the network architectures and protocol structures of multiple generations of mobile communications systems, identify the logical ranges where media and radio signal processing occur, and analyze the procedures for capturing, compressing, transmitting and presenting media. Chapters are uniquely structured to show the evolution of network architectures and technical elements between generations up to and including 5G, with an emphasis on maximizing service quality and network capacity through reusing existing infrastruc- ture and technologies. Examples and data taken from commercial networks provide an in-depth insight into the operation of a number of different systems, including GSM, cdma2000, W-CDMA, LTE, and LTE-A, making this a practical, hands-on guide for both practicing engineers and graduate students in wireless communications.

Kyunghun Jung is a Principal Engineer at Samsung Electronics, where he leads the research and standardization for bringing immersive media services and vehicular applications to 5G systems. Russell M. Mersereau is Regents Professor Emeritus in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and a Fellow of the IEEE.

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42103-4 — Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications Kyunghun Jung , Russell M. Mersereau Frontmatter More Information

This impressive book provides an excellent comprehensive explanation of the principles and practices of media and radio signal processing in real mobile communications systems. It also wonderfully explains the evolution of signal processing operations and thereby gives the reader a deep insight into the challenges and how they were overcome. Kari Järvinen, Nokia Technologies

With today’s mobile user experience so inuenced by multimedia services, providing a clear background on the fundamentals of the entire protocol stack, from the physical layer to the multimedia codecs, media handling, and immersive media, is an invaluable book for understanding today’s mobile cellular systems. The authors’ experience with the development of the protocols and stan- dards of these systems provides unknown insights into the reason for their development that allows the reader to better understand these technologies. Nikolai Leung, Qualcomm

Media and Radio Signal Processing for Mobile Communications

KYUNGHUN JUNG Samsung Electronics

RUSSELL M. MERSEREAU Georgia Institute of Technology

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www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108421034 DOI: 10.1017/9781108363204 c Cambridge University Press 2018 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2018 Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jung, Kyunghun, 1970– author. | Mersereau, Russell M., author. Title: Media and radio signal processing for mobile communications / Kyunghun Jung, Samsung Electronics, Russell M. Mersereau, Georgia Institute of Technology. Description: New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiers: LCCN 2017054695 | ISBN 9781108421034 (alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Multimedia communications. | Mobile communication systems. | Signal processing–Digital techniques. Classication: LCC TK5105.15 .J86 2018 | DDC 621.39/167–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017054695 ISBN 978-1-108-42103-4 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. c 2001. 3GPPTM TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA and TTC who jointly own the copyright in them. They are subject to further modications and are therefore provided to you “as is” for information purposes only. Further use is strictly prohibited.

To Bongho, Hyesook, and Hoonjung, and to Martha

Contents

Preface page xiii Acknowledgments xv Glossary xvi

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.1.1 Problem Description 1 1.1.2 Performance Criteria 5 1.2 Analog Mobile Communications Systems 6 1.2.1 Network Architecture 7 1.2.2 Speech and Radio Signal Processing Operations 9 1.2.3 Cellular Operation 14 1.3 References 17

2 Signal Processing in TDMA Systems 18 2.1 Speech Signal Processing 18 2.1.1 Linear Predictive Coding 22 2.1.2 Fixed Bit-Rate versus Variable Bit-Rate Coding 30 2.2 AMPS Enhancements 31 2.2.1 Narrowband AMPS 31 2.2.2 Digital AMPS 32 2.2.3 Further Opportunities 42 2.3 Global System for Mobile Communications 42 2.3.1 Network Architecture 43 2.3.2 Channel Structure 44 2.3.3 Full-Rate Speech Codec 47 2.3.4 Uplink and Downlink Signal Processing 52 2.4 References 62

3 Evolution of TDMA Systems 64 3.1 Enhancements in Speech Compression 64 3.1.1 Enhanced Full-Rate Speech Codec 64 3.1.2 Half-Rate Speech Codec 66 3.2 Enhancements in Coordination of Compression and Transmission 71 3.2.1 Joint Source-Channel Coding Theory 71

viii Contents

3.2.2 Adaptive Multi-Rate Speech Codec 74 3.2.3 Link Adaptation 79 3.3 Enhancements in Wireless Transmission 84 3.3.1 Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance 84 3.3.2 8-PSK Half-Rate Channel 87 3.3.3 Voice Services over Adaptive Multi-User Channels on One Slot 90 3.3.4 Adaptive Pulse Shaping 95 3.4 Performance Evaluation 96 3.4.1 Speech Compression and Transmission Performance 96 3.4.2 Live Call Analysis 106 3.4.3 VAMOS Operation 106 3.5 References 112

4 Signal Processing in CDMA Systems 114 4.1 TDMA Limitations 114 4.1.1 Guard Time and Guard Band 114 4.1.2 Fixed Bit-Rate Speech Coding 115 4.1.3 Frequency Re-Use Factor 115 4.1.4 Wideband Multipath Fading 116 4.2 CDMA Principles 116 4.2.1 Spread Spectrum Theory 117 4.2.2 Pseudo Noise Sequence 119 4.2.3 Generation of PN Sequence 120 4.2.4 Phase Shift of PN Sequence 122 4.2.5 Decimation of PN Sequence 125 4.2.6 Rake Receiver Theory 126 4.3 Interim Standard 95 127 4.3.1 Network Architecture 129 4.3.2 QCELP Speech Codec 130 4.3.3 Reverse Link Signal Processing 134 4.3.4 Forward Link Signal Processing 145 4.4 References 149

5 Evolution of CDMA Systems 150 5.1 Enhancements in Speech Compression 150 5.1.1 QCELP-13 Speech Codec 151 5.1.2 Enhanced Variable Rate Codec 155 5.2 cdma2000 156 5.2.1 Reverse Link Signal Processing 157 5.2.2 Forward Link Signal Processing Procedures 161 5.3 Enhancements in Coordination of Compression and Transmission 164 5.3.1 Selectable Mode Vocoder 164 5.3.2 4th Generation Vocoder 167 5.3.3 Network Control and Voice Control of Speech Compression 174

Contents ix

5.4 Enhancements in Wireless Transmission 175 5.4.1 cdma2000 Revision E 175 5.4.2 Reverse Link Signal Processing 175 5.4.3 Forward Link Signal Processing 177 1 5.4.4 Blanked-Rate 8 Frames 178 5.4.5 Reduced Power Control Rate 179 5.4.6 Frame Early Termination 180 5.4.7 Interference Cancellation 181 5.5 Performance Evaluation 182 5.5.1 Speech Compression and Transmission Performance 183 5.5.2 Live Call Analysis 188 5.5.3 Derivation of CDMA Voice Capacity 189 5.6 References 193

6 Signal Processing in W-CDMA Systems 195 6.1 W-CDMA Release 99 196 6.1.1 Network Architecture 198 6.1.2 Protocol Stack Principles 199 6.2 Radio Signal Processing 202 6.2.1 Radio Link Control 202 6.2.2 Medium Access Control 204 6.2.3 Physical Layer 206 6.2.4 Link Management 224 6.2.5 Operational Strategy 228 6.3 Video Signal Processing 234 6.3.1 A/D Conversion 235 6.3.2 Motion Estimation and Compensation 237 6.3.3 Multi-Dimensional Signal Processing 239 6.3.4 D/A Conversion 242 6.3.5 Combined Distortion from Compression and Transmission 242 6.3.6 Rate Control 249 6.4 Video Codecs 253 6.4.1 H.263 Video Codec 253 6.4.2 MPEG-4 Video Codec 255 6.5 3G-324M 258 6.5.1 System Architecture 258 6.5.2 Media Adaptation and Multiplexing Procedures 259 6.5.3 Radio Signal Processing 267 6.6 References 269

7 Evolution of W-CDMA Systems 272 7.1 Enhancements in Wireless Transmission 272 7.1.1 Pilot-Free Slot Format 273 7.1.2 SRB Power Boost 273

x Contents

7.1.3 Compressed DPDCH 274 7.1.4 Frame Early Termination 275 7.2 Enhancements in Media Negotiation 276 7.2.1 Media Conguration Delay 276 7.2.2 Accelerated Media Negotiation 281 7.3 Performance Evaluation 284 7.3.1 Video Compression and Transmission Performance 285 7.3.2 Live Call Analysis 287 7.3.3 Voice Capacity 290 7.4 References 291

8 Signal Processing in SC-FDMA/OFDMA Systems 292 8.1 Technical Background 292 8.1.1 New Problem Description 292 8.1.2 Packetization of Circuit-Switched Systems 294 8.2 Voice over Long Term Evolution 297 8.2.1 Network Architecture 297 8.2.2 Functional Split 299 8.3 Radio Signal Processing Procedures 303 8.3.1 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 304 8.3.2 Radio Link Control 313 8.3.3 Medium Access Control 314 8.3.4 Physical Layer 319 8.3.5 Link Management 335 8.3.6 Operational Strategy 340 8.4 Media Signal Processing Procedures 354 8.4.1 Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband Speech Codec 356 8.4.2 H.264 Video Codec 358 8.4.3 RTP/UDP/IP Packetization 360 8.4.4 Jitter Buffer Management 363 8.5 Resource Reservation Procedures 364 8.5.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem 364 8.5.2 SDP Offer 365 8.5.3 SDP Answer 368 8.5.4 Quality of Service Representation 368 8.5.5 Session Negotiation 374 8.6 References 375

9 Evolution of SC-FDMA/OFDMA Systems 378 9.1 Enhancements in Media Compression 378 9.1.1 Enhanced Voice Services Speech Codec 379 9.1.2 High Efciency Video Coding 393 9.1.3 Session Negotiation of Enhanced Media 394 9.2 Enhancements in Coordination of Compression and Transmission 395

Contents xi

9.2.1 Media Adaptation 395 9.2.2 Selective Intra-Refreshing 407 9.2.3 Coordination of Video Orientation 410 9.3 Enhancements in Session Negotiation 414 9.3.1 Reduction of Resizing-Induced Spectral and Computational Inefciency 414 9.3.2 Asymmetric Media Conguration 418 9.4 Enhancements in Wireless Transmission 419 9.4.1 Spectrum Usage Analysis 419 9.4.2 Carrier Aggregation 421 9.4.3 Recommendation of Media Bit-Rates 425 9.5 Remote Management of Operation 426 9.5.1 Session Negotiation Management 427 9.5.2 Media Adaptation Management 429 9.6 Performance Evaluation 431 9.6.1 Speech Compression and Transmission Performance 435 9.6.2 Video Compression and Transmission Performance 440 9.6.3 Live Session Analysis 441 9.6.4 Voice Capacity 446 9.6.5 Derivation of LTE Voice Capacity 447 9.7 References 449

10 Signal Processing in 5G Systems 451 10.1 Technical Background 451 10.2 Network Architecture 453 10.3 New Radio Access 454 10.4 Immersive Media Service 457 10.4.1 Virtual Reality 457 10.4.2 Ambisonic Audio Signal Processing 458 10.4.3 Omnidirectional Video Signal Processing 461 10.4.4 Controlling Quality–Capacity Tradeoff of Immersive Media 463 10.5 References 463

Index 465

Preface

Advances in media and radio signal processing have been the driving forces behind the industrial and social changes enabled by the widespread use of smartphones and mobile multimedia communications. We started our research on these exciting topics in January 1999, as the expectations for 3G mobile communications systems and their multimedia services were generating great excitement. Our research, initially from an academic viewpoint for a doctoral dissertation, shifted to more practical concerns when Dr. Jung joined Samsung Electronics and began working to design 3G and 4G mobile communications systems. We realized that many of the approaches and assumptions made in the literature were not realistic in actual systems and we identied new opportunities for improvements. Some of these approaches, which were based on extensions of conventional joint source-channel coding, were inadequate to reect real situations, such as the high cost of frequency spectrum or the need for a network entity to be responsible for controlling the tradeoff between media quality and network capacity. Books that analyzed real mobile communications systems, on the other hand, focused on the radio signal processing and network architectures, while providing limited guidance on the needs of the media signal processing. In light of the signicant discrepancy between the work in academia and industry that we observed, we prepared this book to explain the principles and practices of both media and radio signal processing used in actual mobile communications systems. We examine multiple generations of commercially deployed or standardized mobile communications systems and analyze in detail the areas where the media and radio signal processing take place and interact. We trace the evolution of the signal processing operations, as new technical elements were introduced to meet the challenges. We identify where elements were inherited from earlier systems for compatibility, and explain how the media codecs, network architectures, and radio access technologies interact to maximize quality and capacity in a consistent, top-down fashion. From Chapter 2 to Chapter 9, each pair of chapters covers the basic construction and operating principles of a mobile communications system and its evolved version in which the initial limitations are partially solved. Each pair is self-contained and can be read independently. Proceeding to the next pair shows more radical approaches made when evolutionary enhancements were not sufcient and completely new elements were required. We would like to point out that the signal processing techniques in the early chapters are

xiv Preface

no less important than those in the later chapters on more state-of-the-art systems, as they often become critical design constraints when new systems are designed. Several media compression and wireless transmission techniques that looked promis- ing from their theoretical analysis and even made it into standardization and implementation, ultimately proved to be unsuccessful in attaining the envisioned performance in real environments. Since managing complexity and stability is a key requirement in the design of complex systems such as mobile communications, many procedures designed for previous systems are re-used. We discuss examples of borrowed technical concepts from earlier systems that are applied to different areas successfully. The simulations of communications systems often produce varying results depending on the complexity of the system models or conguration of their parameters. Moreover, evaluations of media quality often require subjective testing. In this book, we present the highest-quality simulation results recognized by the standardization organizations, ofcial results of subjective testing administered by expert agencies contracted for those services, and eld measurements from commercially-operational GSM, cdma2000, W-CDMA, and LTE and LTE-A handsets and networks that show the variation of key media and radio parameters during compression and transmission in the time domain. The trajectory of the technical evolution covered throughout the chapters shows that each generation has introduced new technical elements or absorbed elements previ- ously not included in mobile communications systems, as video in 3G and IP in 4G. These require new types of signal processing to meet the harsh mobile environment. Historically, compression and transmission of media have been the focus of mobile communications, but it is envisioned that other areas of signal processing, e.g., recog- nition and synthesis of media, will play key roles in next generation systems providing immersive media and vehicular applications. We expect that this book will bridge the gap between academia and industry, and provide its readers with insight for the design, analysis, and implementation of mobile multimedia communications systems.

Acknowledgments

We started our signal processing careers through the books, teaching, and collabora- tions of A. V. Oppenheim, R. W. Schafer, T. P. Barnwell III, J. H. McClellan, and L. R. Rabiner, whose inuence can be seen in the early chapters of this book. It was the DSP Leadership Universities Program of Texas Instruments, granted in April 1999 with the consideration of Gene Franz, Bob Hewes, Panos Papamichalis, and Raj Talluri, that enabled us to initiate our long-term research on the handling and interaction of media over mobile communications. In the systems from GSM to 5G, we were advised by many designers and developers of those systems. For GSM, Paolo Usai, Karl Hell- wig, Stefan Bruhn, and Jongsoo Choi shared with us their experience and expertise on this fundamental and still dominant mobile communications system. For IS-95 and cdma2000, we were deeply inuenced by the work of Jhongsam Lee, Vieri Vanghi, and Yucheun Jou. For W-CDMA and 3G-324M, Kwangcheol Choi, Yonghyun Lim, and Youngmin Jeong helped us with the real-time transmission of media over the system. We enjoyed the development and deployment of EVS over 4G systems with Hosang Sung, Kihyun Choo, Jonghoon Jeong, and Woojung Park. Thomas Belling contributed advice and suggestions we learned about core network issues. Terence Betlehem helped us understand a new signal processing area, ambisonic audio, and write the audio sec- tion of virtual reality. We also appreciate the ongoing efforts of Kyungmo Park and Imed Bouazizi for the realization of 5G systems, as outlined in the last chapter. We would like to thank especially Kari Järvinen, Tomas Frankkila, and Nikolai Leung for their decade- long services at the MTSI SWG during the historical transitions from circuit-switched to packet-switched mobile multimedia communications systems and the introduction of IMS. This small group of experienced and versatile experts adroitly handled complex engineering problems in the last stage of standardization and development where many technical issues are interwoven, and shared the thrill of stabilizing those systems just before their worldwide launches. With Ingemar Johansson, we introduced the negotiation of video resolution to the Internet community, via RFC 6236. We would also like to thank Byungoh Kim who managed the hosting of standardization meetings, in which many important technical decisions were made, at exotic venues in Korea. Finally, we appreciate the generous permission of NTT DOCOMO, Innowireless, Accuver, 3GPP, 3GPP2, and Samsung Electronics for the use of their images, experimental data, and other precious information that constitute key features of this book.

Glossary

4GV 4th Generation Vocoder. 164

ACELP Algebraic Code Excited Liner Prediction. 64 ACI Adjacent Channel Interference. 91 ACK Acknowledgment. 328 ACS Active Codec-mode Set. 75 ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Coded Modulation. 19 AES Advanced Encryption Standard. 313 AL Adaptation Layer. 263 AL2 Adaptation Layer Type 2. 198 AL3 Adaptation Layer Type 3. 263 AM Acknowledged Mode. 201 AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding. 302 AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System. 6 AMR Adaptive Multi-Rate. 71 AMR-WB Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband. 354 AOP Anchor Operating Point. 169 APCM Adaptive Pulse Coded Modulation. 48 APS Adaptive Pulse Shaping. 96 AQPSK Adaptive Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. 92 ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number. 44 AS Application Specic. 366 AS Application Server. 364 ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One. 278 ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode. 198 AW G N Additive White Gaussian Noise. 86

BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem. 12 BER Bit Error Rate. 34 BIC Blind Interference Cancellation. 87 BLER Block Error Rate. 228 BLP Bitmask of following Lost Packets. 408 BMC Broacasting and Multicasting Control. 202 BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying. 196

Glossary xvii

BS Base Station. 7 BSC Base Station Controller. 2 BSR Buffer Status Report. 316 BSS Base Station Subsystem. 58 BTS Base Transceiver Station. 2 BWE Bandwidth Extension. 389 BWM Bandwidth Multiplier. 427

CA Carrier Aggregation. 319 CABAC Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding. 360 CAZAC Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation. 337 CCI Co-Channel Interference. 91 CCSRL Control Channel Segmentation and Reassembly Layer. 259 CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport Channel. 206 CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. 116 CDVCC Coded Digital Verication Color Code. 34 CELP Code Excited Linear Prediction. 130 CFN Connection Frame Number. 295 CID Context Identier. 311 CIR Carrier-to-Interference Ratio. 49 CLDFB Complex Modulated Low Delay Filter Bank. 386 CLTD Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity. 223 CMC Codec Mode Command. 74 CMI Codec Mode Indication. 74 CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor. 235 CMR Codec Mode Request. 74 CNG Comfort Noise Generation. 384 CoID Codec Identier. 426 CP Control Plane. 303 CP Cyclic Prex. 321 CPICH Common Pilot Channel. 230 CQI Channel Quality Indicator. 328 CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check. 39 CRS Cell-specic Reference Signal. 338 CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access. 13 CSoHS Circuit-Switched Voice Services over HSPA. 295 CT Channel Type. 204 CTU Coding Tree Unit. 393 CVO Coordination of Video Orientation. 410 CVSD Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation. 416 CVT Continuously Variable Transmission. 175

D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System. 32 DARP Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance. 85

xviii Glossary

DC Direct Conversion. 216 DCI Downlink Control Information. 333 DCT Discrete Cosine Transform. 240 DFT Discrete Fourier Transform. 21 DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel. 316 DM Device Management. 427 DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal. 328 DN Data Network. 453 DP Data Partitioning. 257 DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel. 208 DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel. 208 DRX Discontinuous Reception. 274 DS Dynamic Scheduling. 341 DS Direct Source. 435 DS Direct Spread. 117 DSP Digital Signal Processor. 183 DST Discrete Sine Transform. 394 DTCH Dedicated Trafc Channel. 204 DTMF Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency. 366 DTS DARP Test Scenario. 85 DTX Discontinuous Transmission. 39 DU Digital Unit. 297

E-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network. 297 ECN Explicit Congestion Notication. 302 EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution. 90 EEP Equal Error Protection. 38 EFR Enhanced Full Rate. 64 EIB Erasure Indicator Bit. 151 EMR Enhanced Measurement Report. 59 Enhanced aacPlus Enhanced Advanced Audio Coding Plus. 385 EO End Ofce. 8 EPC Evolved Packet Core. 298 ERT Error Resilience Tool. 256 ESN Electronic Serial Number. 141 ESP Encapsulating Security Payload. 311 EV-DO Evolution Data Only. 294 EVRC Enhanced Variable Rate Codec. 155 EVS Enhanced Voice Services. 303

F-FCH Forward Fundamental Channel. 149 FBI Feedback Information. 212 FBR Fixed Bit-Rate. 30 FC Full Context. 308

Glossary xix

FCELP Full-Rate Code Excited Linear Prediction. 169 FDD Frequency Division Duplex. 7 FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access. 33 FET Frame Early Termination. 180 FFT Fast Fourier Transform. 240 FI Framing Information. 281 FIR Full Intra Request. 407 FM Frequency Modulation. 6 FO First-Order. 307 FOV Field of View. 461 FPPP Full-Rate Prototype Pitch Period. 169 FR Full Rate. 47 FSK Frequency Shift Keying. 11

GBR Guaranteed Bit-Rate. 370 GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying. 54 GOB Groups of Block. 239 GP Guard Period. 45 GPRS General Packet Radio Service. 43 GSC Generic Signal Audio Coder. 384 GSM Global System for Mobile Communications. 18

HARQ Hybrid Adaptive Repeat and Request. 214 HCELP Half-Rate Code Excited Linear Prediction. 169 HEC Header Extension Code. 257 HEC Header Error Control. 261 HEVC High Efciency Video Coding. 303 HMD Head Mounted Display. 453 HNELP Half-Rate Noise Excited Linear Prediction. 173 HR Half Rate. 66 HRM Half-Rate Max. 173 HRTF Head Related Transfer Function. 461 HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access. 295 HSPA High Speed Packet Access. 294 HSS Home Subscriber Server. 364 HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access. 296

I-CSCF Interrogation Call Session Control Function. 364 IC Interference Cancelation. 84 ICI Inter-Channel Interference. 92 ICM Initial Codec Mode. 81 IDR Instantaneous Decoding Refresh. 234 IE Information Element. 369 IETF Internet Engineering Task Force. 305 IF Intermediate Frequency. 216

xx Glossary

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem. 298 IOT Internet of Things. 452 IP Internet Protocol. 292 IR Initialization and Refresh. 307 IS-54 Interim Standard 54. 32 IS-95 Interim Standard 95. 114 ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network. 195 ISF Immittance Spectral Frequency. 357 ISI Inter-Symbol Interference. 144 ISO International Organization for Standardization. 253 ITU-T International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector. 253

JBM Jitter Buffer Management. 363 JD Joint Demodulation. 87 JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group. 258

LAR LogAreaRatio.28 LCD Liquid Crystal Display. 242 LCG ID Logical Channel Group Identier. 316 LCID Logical Channel Identier. 315 LDPC Low Density Parity Check. 455 LEC Local Exchange Carrier. 8 LGP Linearized GMSK Pulse. 90 LOS Line-of-Sight. 44 LPC Linear Predictive Coding. 22 LS Last Segment. 281 LSB Least Signicant Bit. 232 LSF Line Spectral Frequency. 28 LTE-A Long Term Evolution Advanced. 435

MAC Media Access Control. 201 MBM Motion Boundary Marker. 257 MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service. 202 MBR Maximum Bit-Rate. 370 MC Multiplex Control. 261 MCPTT Mission Critical Push To Talk. 439 MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme. 330 MD Music Detector. 165 MDCT Modied Discrete Cosine Transform. 383 MIB Master Information Block. 342 MIMO Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output. 330 MIPS Million Instructions Per Second. 96 MM Mixed Mode. 135 MME Mobility Management Entity. 298

Glossary xxi

MO Management Object. 428 MONA Media Oriented Negotiation Acceleration. 281 MOS Media Oriented Setup. 282 MOS Mean Opinion Score. 6 MPC Media Precongured Channels. 282 MPEG Motion Picture Expert Group. 253 MPL Multiplex Payload Length. 264 MRC Maximal Ratio Combining. 127 MS Mobile Station. 2 MSC Mobile Switching Center. 2 MSE Mean Square Error. 237 MSRG Modular Shift Register Generation. 120 MTSI Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS. 299 MTSIMA MTSI Media Adaptation. 430 MTSINP MTSI Network Preference. 428 MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Ofce. 7 MTU Maximum Transfer Unit. 301 MUD Multi-User Detector. 215 MuMe Multi-Media. 426 MUROS Multi-User Re-using One Slot. 109 MUX Multiplexer. 260

N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System. 32 NACK Negative Acknowledgment. 407 NAL Network Adaptation Layer. 359 NAS Non-Access Stratum. 303 NB Narrow Band. 19 NC No Context. 308 NELP Noise Excited Linear Prediction. 169 NFV Network Function Virtualization. 454 NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone. 43 NR New Radio. 454 NRZ Non-Return-to-Zero. 12 NSRP Numbered Simple Re-transmission Protocol. 259

O-mode Bi-directional Optimist Mode. 305 O-TCH/AHS Adaptive Multi-Rate Speech Channel at 8-PSK Half Rate. 87 OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. 319 OID Organization Identier. 426 OLED Organic Light Emitting Diode. 242 OLTD Open-Loop Transmit Diversity. 223 OoBTC Out-of-Band Transcoder Control. 231 OQPSK Offset QPSK. 144 OSC Orthogonal Sub-Channel. 95

xxii Glossary

OSI Open Systems Interconnection. 202 OTD Orthogonal Transmit Diversity. 162 OTT Over The Top. 457 OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor. 213

P-CSCF Proxy Call Session Control Function. 364 P-GW Packet Data Network Gateway. 298 PCC Primary Component Carrier. 422 PCCC Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code. 210 PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Functionality. 365 PCell Primary Cell. 422 PCG Power Control Group. 140 PCM Pulse Coded Modulation. 2 PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function. 364 PCS Personal Communications Service. 151 PDB Packet Delay Budget. 373 PDC Personal Digital Cellular. 74 PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel. 342 PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol. 201 PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel. 332 PDU Protocol Data Unit. 200 pDVD Percentage Degraded Video Duration. 249 PELR Packet-Error Loss Rate. 373 PEMR Packet Enhanced Measurement Report. 59 PHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel. 327 PHR Power Headroom Report. 316 PHS Personal Handy-Phone System. 258 PHY Physical Layer. 201 PID Packet ID. 408 PIP Picture In Picture. 269 PLI Picture Loss Indication. 407 PLR Packet Loss Ratio. 405 PM Packet Marker. 261 PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator. 328 PMRM Power Measured Report Message. 152 PN Pseudo Noise. 117 PPI Pixels Per Inch. 452 PPP Prototype Pitch Period. 169 PRACK Provisional Response Acknowledgment. 375 PSD Power Spectral Density. 117 PSNR Peak Signal to Noise Ratio. 243 PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. 2 PSVT Packet Switched Video Telephony. 404 PT Payload Type. 263

Glossary xxiii

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel. 316 PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel. 323

QCELP Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Prediction. 130 QCELP-13 Qualcomm Code Excited Linear Prediction 13 kbps. 151 QCI QoS Class Identier. 372 QNELP Quarter-rate Noise Excited Linear Prediction. 169 QOF Quasi-Orthogonal Function. 190 QoS Quality of Service. 199 QPP Quadrature Permutation Polynomial. 324 QPPP Quarter-rate Prototype Pitch Period. 169 QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. 196

R-FCH Reverse Fundamental Channel. 145 R-mode Bi-directional Reliable Mode. 305 RAB Radio Access Bearer. 201 RAT Radio Access Technology. 195 RATSCCH Robust AMR Trafc Synchronized Control Channel. 79 RB Resource Block. 320 RC Repeat Count. 262 RC Radio Conguration. 144 RCELP Relaxed Code Excited Linear Prediction. 155 Rev. E Revision E. 168 RF Radio Frequency. 3 RI Rank Indication. 328 RIV Resource Indication Value. 330 RLC Radio Link Control. 201 RM Resynchronization Marker. 256 RM Rate Matching. 221 RNC Radio Network Control. 198 ROHC Robust Header Compression. 201 RoT Rise over Thermal. 191 RPE-LTP Regular Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction. 47 RRC Radio Resource Control. 303 RRC Root-Raised Cosine. 96 RRH Remote Radio Head. 297 RS Rate Set. 154 RSCP Received Signal Code Power. 288 RSRP Reference Signal Received Power. 423 RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality. 423 RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator. 34 RTCP Real-time Transport Control Protocol. 299 RTP Real-time Transport Protocol. 299 RTT Round Trip Time. 441

xxiv Glossary

RV Redundancy Version. 325 RVLC Reversible Variable Length Code. 257 RXLEV Received Signal Level. 55 RXQUAL Received Signal Quality. 55

S-CSCF Session Call Session Control Function. 364 S-GW Serving Gateway. 298 SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel. 34 SAD Sum of Absolute Difference. 237 SAIC Single Antenna Interference Cancellation. 86 SAO Sample Adaptive Offset. 394 SAT Supervisory Audio Tone. 14 SBC Sub-Band Codec. 416 SBR Spectral Band Replication. 390 SC Static Context. 308 SC-VBR Source Controlled Variable Bit-Rate. 379 SCC Secondary Component Carrier. 422 SCell Secondary Cell. 422 SCH Synchronization Channel. 219 SCPIR Sub-Channel Power Imbalance Ratio. 92 SCS Supported Codec-mode Set. 426 SDP Session Description Protocol. 365 SDU Service Data Unit. 200 SF Signaling Flag. 45 SFH Slow Frequency Hopping. 57 SFN System Frame Number. 342 SIB2 System Information Block 2. 348 SID Silence Descriptor Frame. 41 SIGCOMP Signaling Compression. 301 SIN System Identication Number. 12 SIP Session Initiation Protocol. 299 SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio. 11 SLF Subscription Locator Function. 364 SMS Short Message Service. 202 SMV Selectable Mode Vocoder. 164 SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 9 SO Second-Order. 307 SPC Signaling of Precongured Channels. 282 SPS Semi Persistent Scheduling. 341 SR Spreading Rate. 190 SR Scheduling Request. 316 SRB Signalling Radio Bearers. 201 SRP Simple Re-transmission Protocol. 259 SRS Sounding Reference Signal. 338

Glossary xxv

SRVCC Single Radio Voice Call Continuity. 391 SSAC Service Specic Access Control. 348 SSN Segment Sequence Number. 281 SSRG Simple Shift Register Generation. 121 ST Signaling Tone. 16 STS Space Time Spreading. 162 STTD Space-Time block coding based Transmit Diversity. 223

TACS Total Access Communications System. 43 TB Tail Bits. 45 TBS Transport Block Set. 204 TBS Transport Block Size. 316 TCH/AFS Full Rate Speech Trafc Channel for AMR. 74 TCH/AHS Half Rate Speech Trafc Channel for AMR. 74 TCH/EFS Full Rate Speech Trafc Channel for EFR. 65 TCH/FS Full Rate Speech Trafc Channel. 44 TCP Transport Control Protocol. 301 TCTF Target Channel Type Field. 204 TCX Transform Codec Excitation. 384 TDMA Time Division Multiple Access. 7 TF Transport Format. 206 TFCI Transport-Format Combination Indicator. 208 TFI Transport-Format Indicator. 206 TFO Tandem Free Operation. 232 TM Trafc Mode. 136 TMMBR Temporary Maximum Media Bit-rate Request. 402 ToC Table of Contents. 361 TPC Transmit Power Control. 212 TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit. 3 TrFO Transcoder Free Operation. 231 TSC Training Sequence Code. 45 TT Trafc Type. 136 TTI Transmission Time Interval. 204

U-mode Uni-directional Mode. 305 UCF Until Closing Flag. 262 UDP User Datagram Protocol. 299 UE User Equipment. 198 UEP Unequal Error Protection. 37 UI User Interface. 268 UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card. 378 UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel. 316 UM Unacknowledged Mode. 201 UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband. 451

xxvi Glossary

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 195 UP User Plane. 303 UPF User Plane Function. 453 USAC Unied Speech and Audio Coding. 386

VA D Voice Activity Detector. 49 VAMOS Voice Services over Adaptive Multi-User Channels on One Slot. 91 VBR Variable Bit-Rate. 30 VLC Variable Length Code. 235 VLSI Very Large Scale Integration. 18 VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol. 3 VoLTE Voice over Long Term Evolution. 297 VR Virtual Reality. 457 VSELP Vector Sum Excited Linear Predictive. 32

W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access. 195 W-CDMA+ Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Plus. 272 WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. 451 WMOPS Weighted Million Operations Per Second. 183