Y Tesis Doctoral Homosexualidad Y Matrimonio En Ibero- América: Cambios Psicosociales E Institucionales César García Vázque

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Y Tesis Doctoral Homosexualidad Y Matrimonio En Ibero- América: Cambios Psicosociales E Institucionales César García Vázque UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SOCIALES Y DEL TRABAJO Departamento de Psicología Social, Trabajo Social, Antropología Social y Estudios de Asia Oriental Y UNIVERSIDAD DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales TESIS DOCTORAL HOMOSEXUALIDAD Y MATRIMONIO EN IBERO- AMÉRICA: CAMBIOS PSICOSOCIALES E INSTITUCIONALES CÉSAR GARCÍA VÁZQUEZ Málaga, 2 UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SOCIALES Y DEL TRABAJO Departamento de Psicología Social, Trabajo Social, Antropología Social y Estudios de Asia Oriental Y UNIVERSIDAD DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales TESIS DOCTORAL HOMOSEXUALIDAD Y MATRIMONIO EN IBERO-AMÉRICA: CAMBIOS PSICOSOCIALES E INSTITUCIONALES Presentada por: César García Vázquez Directores de la Universidad de Málaga: Dr. Juan Manuel Domínguez Fuentes Dra. Mª Isabel Hombrados Mendieta Director de la Universidad de São Paulo (Cotutela): Dr. Pedro Bohomoletz de Abreu Dallari Málaga, 3 4 5 6 7 AGRADECIMIENTOS Expresar con palabras el camino recorrido hasta aquí es querer creer que las utopías son reales, que los sueños apenas sueños son y que es más fácil acreditar en la magia que en el día en que se depositará la tesis. Cada paso que se da, a lo largo del proceso de elaboración de una tesis de doctorado, es un paso al vacío, a lo desconocido, a la incognita. Y, como todo avance hacia las sobras, se da con cierto miedo e inseguridad… Pero, mirando hacia atrás solo veo sonrisas, palabras de ánimo, cariño y comprensión. Apoyo sin igual, que me ha llevado hasta aquí. Son tantas las personas que me han acompañado en esta Odisea que sería imposible embarcarlas a todas en el navio de Ulises. ¡Cuántas veces me sentí en el deseo eterno de quedarme en la isla de Calipso! Y, sin embargo, ahí estaban dos de las personas a las que más debo poder poner un punto y final en estas páginas: mis orientadores. Los profesores Juan Manuel Domínguez y Mª Isabel Hombrados Mendieta, siempre al pie del cañón, soplando a las velas del navío si lo veían varado, creando tempestades en alta mar para despertarme del eterno letargo, siendo la brújula en el océano sin fin, dando sombra cuando el sol del estrés quemaba demasiado, evitando que echase el ancla al fondo del mar y no permitiendo que bebiese agua salada, jamás. Ambos me habéis acompañado en este camino, habéis sudado conmigo, habéis peleado y me habéis cambiado por dentro y por fuera. Gracias, Juanma y Maribel, por llevarme hasta puerto seguro. Pero, no solo en España he tenido el respaldo de mis orientadores. También en Brasil he contado con el apoyo y sincero compromiso de mi orientador Pedro Dallari, quien, pese a mis innumerables errores en el rumbo de navegación, siempre estuvo dispuesto a encender la luz del faro para enseñarme el camino, cuando más perdido estaba. Gracias, Pedro, por iluminar el horizonte en la noche más oscura. Además, este doble doctorado no sería hoy posible sin el compromiso de una gran persona, de un enorme corazón. Me refiero a ti, João. Tú fuiste quien botó el navío en el agua y quien lo llenó de víveres que me ayudasen a superar la larga y difícil travesía. Mi más sincero y profundo agradecimiento a los casi 1300 verdaderos protagonistas de esta tesis doctoral. Sin vosotros jamás podríamos haber llegado tan 8 lejos. Vuestra contribución anónima y desinteresada ha sido de vital importancia, gracias. Por supuesto, mis palabras y emociones se hacen extensivas a todas aquellas personas que me han empujado a seguir navegando, que me han abierto nuevos rumbos y me han mostrado nuevos océanos… Entre ellos estás tú, Paul, sin ti difícilmente estaría hoy aquí, habiendo alcanzado la muestra necesaria para realizar el estudio. Gracias, mi argentino de adopción. Y, llegando a lo más profundo de mi interior, quiero expresar mi incomesurable amor y agradecimiento a mi madre, a mi padre y a mi hermana. Vosotros sois mi lucero del alba, la luz eterna que, contra viento y marea, nunca se apagará. Gracias por darme el amor, las herramientas, la energía y el apoyo necesario para estar hoy ante un nuevo horizonte, sabiendo que aún me queda mucho que explorar y navegar (virtudes que me habéis inculcado con mucho acierto). A vosotros os debo no haber perdido la energía ni la ilusión en todo este tiempo. Gracias, por hacerme sentir tan feliz y querido. Gracias, también a ti, mi príncipe del desierto. Por enseñarme cada día, con cada sonrisa, con cada abrazo sincero y con cada mirada cómplice que la vida, compartida, es un tesoro incalculable. Gracias, por ilusionarme cada día dejando que vuele a las estrellas sin despegar los pies del suelo. Mi agradecimiento también a aquellos miembros de mi familia extensa que me han apoyado tanto a lo largo de mi vida. A mis abuelos, tías y a ti, Cristina. Gracias por aportar vuestro granito de arena y empujarme a ser valiente y buscar mi lugar en el mundo. Y, para finalizar, quiero dedicar unas palabras a mi otro gran maestro: mi abuelo. Fue mucho lo que aprendí de ti, lo que compartí contigo, lo que llevaré de ti en mi maleta a lo largo del viaje de la vida. Gracias, sé que me ves desde las estrellas mientras surcas… la última frontera. A bordo de la nave estelar «Enterprise», en una misión que no tendrá fin, dedicada a la exploración de mundos desconocidos, al descubrimiento de nuevas vidas y nuevas civilizaciones, hasta alcanzar lugares donde nadie ha podido llegar… Obrigado! 9 ÍNDICE. INTRODUCCIÓN 13 INTRODUÇÃO 15 PRIMERA PARTE. MARCO TEÓRICO 17 CAPÍTULO I: DIVERSIDAD AFECTIVA, SEXUAL Y DE GÉNERO 1.1. Contextualizando la diversidad afectiva, sexual y de género 18 1.1.1. Definiciones Conceptuales 24 1.1.2. Medición de la Sexualidad Humana 26 1.1.3. Investigación Psicosocial de la diversidad afectiva, sexual y de 34 genero 1.1.4. La Orientación y la Diversidad de Género 41 1.1.5. La Diversidad Sexual: Antecedentes 44 1.1.6. La Homofobia, bifobia y transfobia 49 1.2. Los Derecho Humanos y el colectivo LGTB 58 1.2.1. La Homosexualidad en Ibero-américa 62 1.2.2. Los Derechos Humanos y el Derecho Internacional 65 1.2.3. Los Principios de Yogyakarta 72 CAPÍTULO II: IBERO-AMÉRICA 4.1. Organizaciones Internacionales de Ibero-América 78 4.1.1. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos 83 4.1.2. OEA: Resoluciones 84 4.1.3. Relatoria o Reglamento de derechos de las personas LGTB 86 4.1.4. Casos: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y CIDH 87 4.1.5. Comité Jurídico Interamericano OEA 88 4.1.6. Red Iberoamericana de Organismos y Organizaciones 88 contra la Discriminación 4.2. Europa 89 4.3. Organizaciones no Intergubernamentales en Ibero-América 94 4.4. Visualización general de la situación de la homosexualidad 95 CAPÍTULO III: TRATAMIENTO INSTITUCIONAL DE LA HOMOSEXUALIDAD 3.1. El tratamiento Institucional de las homosexualidad 100 3.2. Contextualizando el matrimonio igualitario 101 10 3.3. La Unión civil como alternativa 104 3.4. La legalización del Matrimonio Igualitario: Dos décadas históricas 108 3.5. Ibero-América: Mezcla de contrastes 113 CAPÍTULO IV: ANÁLISIS PSICOSOCIAL EN EL COLECTIVO LGTB 4.1. Introducción 116 4.2. Apoyo Social y Bienestar en el colectivo LGTB 119 4.2.1. El Apoyo Social 122 4.2.2. Bienestar Social 126 4.3. Discriminación y Exclusión Social 129 4.3.1. Concepto de Discriminación y Exclusión Social 129 4.3.2. Discriminación Social en el colectivo LGTB 131 4.4. Empoderamiento en el colectivo LGTB 133 4.4.1. Concepto y perspectivas de empoderamiento 133 4.4.2. Empoderamiento en el colectivo LGTB 139 SEGUNDA PARTE. ESTUDIO EMPÍRICO 141 CAPÍTULO V: PLANTEAMIENTO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN 5.1. Introducción 142 5.2. Objetivo y Diseño de la Investigación 143 CAPÍTULO VI: ESTUDIO I. ESTUDIO INSTITUCIONAL 6.1. Objetivos e Hipótesis 145 6.2. Marco Jurídico en el Espacio Iberoamericano 145 6.3. Estudio de casos 146 6.4. Análisis comparativo de la situación institucional de Ibero-América 180 CAPÍTULO VII: ESTUDIO II. ESTUDIO PSICOSOCIAL 7.1. Objetivos e Hipótesis 186 7.2. Método 188 7.2.1. Participantes 188 7.2.2. Instrumento 189 7.2.3. Procedimiento 194 7.3. Resultados 197 7.3.1. Análisis descriptivo 197 7.3.2. Resultados de las diferencias entre variables 266 11 7.3.3. Análisis de correlaciones 280 7.3.4. Análisis de regresiones 282 CAPÍTULO VIII: DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES 8.1. Discusión 287 8.2. Conclusiones 300 8.3. Discusão 306 8.4. Conclusões 319 REFERENCIAS 325 ANEXOS Anexo I. Cuestionario en español 372 Anexo II. Questionário em português 379 Anexo III. Índice de figuras, gráficos y tablas. 386 12 INTRODUCCIÓN La homosexualidad es un tema de investigación que abarca diversas ramas sociales. La multidisciplinariedad que envuelve a todos los temas de estudios relacionados con la comunidad LGTB se torna de vital importancia, puesto que el enfoque de diferentes perspectivas garantiza una visión holística de la realidad actual. Por otra parte, Ibero-América representa un gran reto para los investigadores, pero también es una fuente enriquecedora de contrastes, perspectivas y realidades que pueden llegar a revelar datos de gran interés. Además, la población de Ibero-América representa un 10% de la población mundial aproximadamente. Si a todo esto le sumamos los rasgos culturales y el idioma que comparten los diferentes países que integran el espacio iberoamericano, el resultado es un campo de investigación prácticamente ilimitado. Conocer a nivel psicosocial cómo los cambios institucionales afectan al colectivo LGTB podrá contribuir a conocer y comprender mejor las diversas realidades y los cambios que se puedan estar produciendo.
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